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Biomarkers in the Atacama Desert along the moisture gradient and the depth in the hyperarid zone: Phosphatase activity as trace of microbial activity 阿塔卡马沙漠中沿湿度梯度和超干旱带深度的生物标志物:作为微生物活动痕迹的磷酸酶活性
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000325
Kensei Kobayashi, Philippe Nauny, Y. Takano, Chiho Honma, Taihei Kurizuka, Yuto Ishikawa, Shusuke Yogosawa, Y. Obayashi, T. Kaneko, Y. Kebukawa, H. Mita, M. Ogawa, K. Enya, Yoshitaka Yoshimura, C. Mckay
Abstract Microbiological activities can be detected in various extreme environments on Earth, which suggest that extraterrestrial environments, such as on Mars, could host life. There have been proposed a number of biomarkers to detect extant life mostly based on specific molecules. Because terrestrial organisms have catalytic proteins (enzymes), enzymatic activity may also be a good indicator to evaluate biological activities in extreme environments. Phosphatases are essential for all terrestrial organisms because phosphate esters are ubiquitously used in genetic molecules (DNA/RNA) and membranes. In this study, we evaluated microbial activity in soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile, by analysing several biomarkers, including phosphatase activity. Phosphatases extracted with Tris buffer were assayed fluorometrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as a substrate. The horizontal distribution of phosphatase activity and other parameters in soils from the Atacama Desert showed that phosphatase activity was positively correlated with amino acid concentration and colony-forming units and negatively correlated with precipitation amount. We found consistent that biochemical indicators including phosphatase significantly decreased in the extreme hyper-arid zone where rainfall of <25 mm year−1. The results were compared with phosphatase activities detected in extreme environments, such as submarine hydrothermal systems and Antarctic soils, as well as soils from ordinary environments. Overall, our results suggested that phosphatase activity could be a good indicator for evaluating biological activities in extreme environments.
摘要在地球上的各种极端环境中都可以检测到微生物活动,这表明火星等地外环境可能存在生命。已经提出了许多生物标志物来检测现存的生命,主要基于特定的分子。由于陆地生物具有催化蛋白(酶),酶活性也可能是评估极端环境中生物活性的良好指标。磷酸酶对所有陆地生物都是必不可少的,因为磷酸酯广泛用于遗传分子(DNA/RNA)和膜中。在这项研究中,我们通过分析包括磷酸酶活性在内的几种生物标志物,评估了智利阿塔卡马沙漠土壤中的微生物活性。用Tris缓冲液提取的磷酸酶以4-甲基伞形基磷酸酯为底物进行荧光测定。阿塔卡马沙漠土壤磷酸酶活性和其他参数的水平分布表明,磷酸酶活性与氨基酸浓度和菌落形成单位呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关。我们一致发现,在降雨量<25毫米年-1的极端超干旱地区,包括磷酸酶在内的生化指标显著下降。将结果与在极端环境中检测到的磷酸酶活性进行了比较,如海底热液系统和南极土壤,以及普通环境中的土壤。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,磷酸酶活性可能是评估极端环境中生物活性的一个很好的指标。
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引用次数: 2
Prebiotic decluttering: the thermodynamic tail-wind to asymmetric autocatalysis 益生元整理:不对称自催化的热力学尾风
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000295
Slobodan Perović
I outline a general thermodynamic condition for the earliest steps in the origin of life based on fluctuation theorems developed in the last two decades. I argue that the exponentially developing loop of asymmetric autocatalysis and thermodynamic tail-wind condition (TTC) in the prebiotic clutter was a key to a particular trajectory of decluttering via a sequence of early symmetry breaking events. Such decluttering was bound to result, most prominently, in homochiral amino acids and homochiral sugars composing nucleotides as the TTC exponentially favoured asymmetric autocatalytic processes over catalytic and symmetric autocatalytic processes in the clutter. I describe the loop's structure, including its chemical and physical properties, and explain that the TTC/asymmetric autocatalysis loop intersected with multiple chemical, geological and climatological feedback loops, thus providing conditions for the propagation of living systems as we know them.
我根据近二十年来发展起来的涨落定理,概述了生命起源最早阶段的一般热力学条件。我认为,不对称自催化和热力学尾风条件(TTC)在益生元杂波中的指数发展循环是通过一系列早期对称性破坏事件的特定整理轨迹的关键。这种整理必然导致,最突出的是,在同手性氨基酸和同手性糖组成核苷酸,因为TTC指数倾向于不对称自催化过程,而不是杂乱中的催化和对称自催化过程。我描述了回路的结构,包括其化学和物理性质,并解释了TTC/不对称自催化回路与多个化学、地质和气候反馈回路相交,从而为我们所知道的生命系统的传播提供了条件。
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引用次数: 1
Searching for biosignatures by their rotational spectrum: global fit and methyl group internal rotation features of dimethylsulphoxide up to 116 GHz 通过旋转光谱寻找生物特征:二甲基亚砜在116GHz下的全局拟合和甲基内旋转特征
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000271
A. Maris, L. Favero, Wentao Song, D. Lv, L. Evangelisti, S. Melandri
Abstract The identification and quantification of molecules in interstellar space and atmospheres of planets in the solar systems and in exoplanets rely on spectroscopic methods and laboratory work is essential to provide the community with the spectral features needed to analyse cosmological observations. Rotational spectroscopy in particular, with its intrinsic high resolution, allows the unambiguous identification of biomolecular building blocks and biosignature gases which can be correlated with the origin of life or the identification of habitable planets. We report the extension of the measured rotational transition frequencies of dimethylsulphoxide and its 34S and 13C isotopologues in the millimetre wave range (59.6–78.4 GHz) by use of an absorption spectrometer based on the supersonic expansion technique. Hyperfine patterns related to the methyl group internal rotation were analysed in the microwave range region (6–18 GHz) with a Pulsed Jet Fourier Transform spectrometer at extremely high resolution (2 kHz) and reliable predictions up to 116 GHz are provided. The focus on sulphur-bearing molecules is motivated by the fact that sulphur is largely involved in the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in proteins and although it is the 10th most abundant element in the known Universe, understanding its chemistry is still a matter of debate. Moreover, sulphur-bearing molecules, in particular dimethylsulphoxide, have been indicated as possible biosignature gases to be monitored in the search of habitable exoplanets.
摘要太阳系和系外行星的星际空间和大气层中分子的识别和量化依赖于光谱方法和实验室工作,对于为社区提供分析宇宙学观测所需的光谱特征至关重要。特别是旋转光谱,凭借其固有的高分辨率,可以明确识别生物分子构建块和生物信号气体,这些物质可以与生命起源或宜居行星的识别相关联。我们报道了通过使用基于超声膨胀技术的吸收光谱仪,在毫米波范围(59.6–78.4 GHz)内测量的二甲基亚砜及其34S和13C同位素的旋转跃迁频率的扩展。在微波范围(6–18 GHz)内,用脉冲射流傅立叶变换光谱仪以极高的分辨率(2 kHz)分析了与甲基内旋相关的超精细模式,并提供了高达116 GHz的可靠预测。硫在很大程度上参与了蛋白质的分子内和分子间氢键,尽管硫是已知宇宙中含量第十丰富的元素,但对其化学性质的理解仍然存在争议。此外,含硫分子,特别是二甲基亚砜,已被认为是寻找宜居系外行星时可能监测的生物信号气体。
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引用次数: 1
Early taphonomic processes in a microbial-based sedimentary system from a temperate salt-pan site (Cervia salterns, Italy) 温带盐田遗址(Cervia salterns,意大利)微生物沉积体系的早期埋藏学过程
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000283
R. Barbieri, B. Cavalazzi
Abstract In the only salt evaporation pond retaining its natural setting of the historic Salina di Cervia (Italy), the northernmost salterns of the Mediterranean area, a number of potentially preservable textures derive from the interactions between photosynthetic mat producers and the sedimentary substrate. These morphologies occur at the beginning of the taphonomic processes when repeated emerged-submerged conditions take place. In these conditions the cohesive nature of the diatom- and cyanobacterial-derived mucilage favours the stabilization of otherwise ephemeral structures. Surface micromorphologies for which diatoms and cyanobacteria have played some active role when still living in the soft microlayer and down to the sediment-water interface, such as during the gliding motility, can overcome the surface layer of most intense mixing (i.e., the taphonomically active zone) and keep traces of them in the fossil record either as body fossils or as texture contributors. Tiny microbial-derived remnants, such as filaments and biofilm strands of halotolerant microorganisms, while fragile upon their formation, can therefore stabilize as biosignatures when combined with salt precipitation. Halophilic and halotolerant ecosystems are models for life in extreme environments (analogue sites) with similarity to those strongly suspected to occur and/or have occurred on Mars and on other planetary bodies. The study of hypersaline systems such as Salina di Cervia which harbour diverse and abundant microbial life, can be relevant for astrobiology since it allows the investigation of potential biosignatures and their preservation, and of further understand the range of conditions and the planetary processes sustaining potentially habitable systems.
在地中海地区最北端的盐沼——意大利历史悠久的Cervia盐沼(Salina di Cervia),唯一保留其自然环境的盐蒸发池中,许多潜在的可保存纹理来自光合作用席生产者和沉积基质之间的相互作用。这些形态发生在埋藏过程的开始,当反复出现的淹没条件发生时。在这些条件下,硅藻和蓝藻衍生的黏液的凝聚力有利于稳定其他短暂的结构。硅藻和蓝藻在生活在软质微层及沉积物-水界面时,如在滑动运动期间,对表面微形态发挥了积极作用,它们可以克服最强烈混合的表层(即埋藏活跃带),并作为体化石或纹理贡献物在化石记录中留下痕迹。微生物衍生的微小残留物,如耐盐微生物的细丝和生物膜链,虽然在形成时很脆弱,但当与盐沉淀结合时,可以作为生物特征稳定下来。嗜盐和耐盐生态系统是极端环境(模拟地点)中的生命模式,与强烈怀疑在火星和其他行星上可能发生和/或已经发生的生命模式相似。研究高盐系统,如Salina di Cervia,它拥有多样化和丰富的微生物生命,可以与天体生物学相关,因为它允许调查潜在的生物特征及其保存,并进一步了解维持潜在宜居系统的条件范围和行星过程。
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引用次数: 3
The prospect of von neumann probes and the implications for the sagan-tipler debate 冯?诺依曼探索者的前景及其对萨甘?多路复用器争论的启示
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000301
A. Ellery
In the early 1980s, Carl Sagan and Frank Tipler published a series of articles in the pages of the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society on ETI that became a cause celebre at the time. Whilst reading for an MSc in Astronomy at the University of Sussex in the early 1990s, I expressed my interest in SETI as a staunch Saganite (influenced not only by the phenomenal Cosmos TV series, recently re-vamped by Neil de Grasse Tyson, but also by Sagan’s preceding Royal Institution Christmas lecture series) to Professor John Barrow who introduced me to the relevant chapter in the book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle that he co-authored with Frank Tipler (I still recommend the entire book for its visionary scope). I immediately went to source material and was struck by the von Neumann or self-replicating probe concept under discussion (I shall use the latter term to avoid conflation with von Neumann machine which has a well-established meaning in computer engineering). This was my road to Damascus in converting me from ETI believer to skeptic (but by the power of scientific argument rather than any epiphany). Thence, I decided to pursue a PhD in space engineering specialising in space robotics (though my research project was rather more mundane than self-replicating probes). Yet, despite its foundational importance, the Sagan-Tipler debate is almost forgotten today despite the fact that it exposes the root-and-branch of the SETI venture. However, every now and then, there is still the occasional paper on self-replicating probes but they appear to be sidestream to the SETI programme. This special issue seeks to re-focus the self-replicating probe back into the SETI mainstream where it belongs. There are four papers in this special issue. Dobler’s (2022) paper provides the ideal contextual discussion of the Fermi paradox that extant ETI are not here now. He suggests that any optimistic interpretation must accept that there must be a low probability of contact and that this state of affairs shall continue. He suggests that, although no one explanation can account for the Fermi paradox, perhaps a suite of explanations applicable to different categories of ETI are sufficient to cover the universality of the problem. And this will remain so. This is reminiscent of the “wedges” approach to combatting climate change (Pacala & Solow 2004). It does require that the explanatory wedges, even if they shift their weightings over time due to dynamic factors, must retain their universal coverage of non-contact. Nevertheless, from an instrumental viewpoint, this differs not from the assertion that ETI do not exist as Dobler (2022) points out. Only stable factors such as implausibility of interstellar travel are universal enough to account for the existence of ETI with the persistent lack of evidence. This dovetails neatly into Matloff’s (2022) paper who addresses issues associated with the selfreplicating probes including propulsion for interstellar flight.
20世纪80年代初,卡尔·萨根和弗兰克·蒂普勒在《皇家天文学会季刊》上发表了一系列关于ETI的文章,这在当时引起了轰动。20世纪90年代初,在苏塞克斯大学攻读天文学硕士学位时,我向约翰·巴罗教授表达了我对SETI的兴趣,他向我介绍了他与弗兰克·蒂普勒合著的《人类宇宙学原理》一书中的相关章节(我仍然推荐整本书的远见卓识)。我立即找到了原始材料,并被正在讨论的冯·诺依曼或自复制探针概念所打动(我将使用后一个术语来避免与冯·诺伊曼机器混淆,后者在计算机工程中有着公认的含义)。这是我通往大马士革的道路,使我从ETI信徒转变为怀疑论者(但靠的是科学论证的力量,而不是任何顿悟)。从那时起,我决定攻读太空工程博士学位,专门研究太空机器人(尽管我的研究项目比自我复制探测器更平凡)。然而,尽管萨根-提普勒的辩论具有基础性的重要性,但今天它几乎被遗忘了,尽管它暴露了SETI冒险的根源和分支。然而,偶尔仍会有关于自我复制探测器的论文,但它们似乎是SETI计划的次要内容。这期特刊试图将自我复制的探测器重新聚焦到SETI的主流中。这期特刊有四篇论文。Dobler(2022)的论文为费米悖论提供了理想的上下文讨论,即现存的ETI现在不在这里。他建议,任何乐观的解释都必须接受这样一个事实,即接触的可能性一定很低,这种情况将继续下去。他认为,尽管没有一种解释可以解释费米悖论,但也许一套适用于不同类别ETI的解释足以涵盖这个问题的普遍性。这让人想起应对气候变化的“楔形”方法(Pacala&Solow,2004年)。它确实要求解释性楔子,即使它们由于动态因素而随着时间的推移而改变权重,也必须保持其非接触性的普遍覆盖范围。然而,从工具的角度来看,这与Dobler(2022)指出的ETI不存在的断言并不不同。只有稳定的因素,如星际旅行的不可置信性,才足以在持续缺乏证据的情况下解释ETI的存在。这与Matloff(2022)的论文非常吻合,该论文讨论了与自复制探测器相关的问题,包括星际飞行的推进。他分析了几个技术日益成熟的可行方案。重力辅助的使用,无论是无动力的还是有动力的,都是公认的,但这种方法会产生超长的星际传输时间~10-10年/年。在下个世纪,这种探测器几乎肯定会被更先进的探测器所取代。各种形式的核推进被认为可以提高性能,并将飞行时间减少到~1000年/年。无推进剂帆也被认为具有类似的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Curbing the fruitfulness of self-replicating machines 抑制自我复制机器的繁殖
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000246
A. Ellery
Abstract The self-replicating machine has high utility by virtue of its universal construction properties and its productive capacity for exponential growth. Their capacity is unrivalled. They can be deployed to the Moon to industrialize it using local in-situ resources in the short term to open up the solar system and thence deployed on interstellar spacecraft to explore the entire Galaxy by exploiting in-situ stellar system resources. Nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding the inherent safety of self-replicating machines. We consider the general problem of runaway population growth in physical self-replicating machines to prevent the grey goo problem, the number of offspring spawned by self-replicating machines may be controlled at a genetic level. We adopt a biologically-inspired approach based on telomeres, DNA endcaps that are progressively shortened during cellular replication. This acts as a counter that imposes a limit to the number of replication cycles (Hayflick limit). By examining the biological process in detail, we can obtain some insights in implementing similar mechanisms in self-replicating machines. In particular, we find that counting mechanisms are vulnerable to cancerous runaway.
自复制机具有通用性和指数增长的生产能力,具有很高的实用性。他们的能力是无与伦比的。它们可以在短期内部署到月球上,利用当地的原位资源将其工业化,从而打开太阳系,然后部署到星际飞船上,通过开采原位恒星系统资源来探索整个银河系。然而,对于自我复制机器的固有安全性,存在着重大的担忧。为了防止灰粘问题,我们考虑了物理自复制机器中种群增长失控的一般问题,自复制机器产生的后代数量可以在遗传水平上加以控制。我们采用基于端粒的生物学启发方法,DNA端粒在细胞复制过程中逐渐缩短。这作为一个计数器,对复制周期的数量施加限制(海弗利克限制)。通过详细研究生物过程,我们可以在自我复制机器中实现类似机制方面获得一些见解。特别是,我们发现计数机制很容易发生癌变。
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引用次数: 1
Self-replicating probes are imminent – implications for SETI 自我复制的探测器对SETI的影响迫在眉睫
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000234
A. Ellery
Abstract In the early 1980s, the Sagan-Tipler debate raged regarding the interpretation of the Fermi paradox but no clear winner emerged. Sagan favoured the existence of ETI on the basis of the Copernican principle and Tipler favoured the non-existence of ETI on the basis of the Occam's razor principle. Tipler's stance was an expansion of the similar but earlier Hart declaration. However, crucial to the Tipler argument was the role played by self-replicating interstellar robot probes. Any technologically capable species will develop self-replication technology as the most economical means of exploring space and the Galaxy as a whole with minimal investment. There is no evidence of such probes in our solar system including the asteroid belt, ergo, ETI do not exist. This is a powerful and cogent argument. Counter-arguments have been weak including Sagan's sociological explanations. We present a Copernican argument that ETI do not exist – humans are developing self-replication technology today. We are developing the ability to 3D print entire robotic machines from extraterrestrial resources including electric motors and electronics as part of a general in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) capability. We have 3D-printed electric motors which can be potentially leveraged from extraterrestrial material that should be available in every star system. From a similar range of materials, we have identified a means to 3D print neural network circuitry. From our industrial ecology, self-replicating machines and indeed universal constructors are feasible. We describe in some detail how a self-replicating interstellar spacecraft may be constricted from asteroidal resources. We describe technological signatures of the processing of asteroidal material (which is expected to be common to most star systems), and the excess production of certain types of clay and other detritus materials. Self-replication technology is under development and imminent – if humans are pursuing self-replication technology, then by the Copernican principle, so would any technologically savvy species elsewhere. There is no evidence that they have.
摘要在20世纪80年代初,关于费米悖论的解释,萨甘·提普勒争论愈演愈烈,但没有明确的赢家出现。萨根在哥白尼原理的基础上赞成ETI的存在,蒂普勒在奥卡姆剃刀原理的基础下赞成ETI不存在。蒂普勒的立场是类似但更早的哈特宣言的扩展。然而,对提普勒争论至关重要的是自我复制的星际机器人探测器所扮演的角色。任何有技术能力的物种都将开发自我复制技术,将其作为探索太空和整个银河系的最经济手段,只需最少的投资。没有证据表明在我们的太阳系中有这样的探测器,包括小行星带,呃,ETI不存在。这是一个有力而有说服力的论点。包括萨根的社会学解释在内的反驳一直很弱。我们提出了一个哥白尼式的论点,认为ETI并不存在——今天人类正在发展自我复制技术。作为通用原位资源利用(ISRU)能力的一部分,我们正在开发从地外资源(包括电动机和电子设备)3D打印整个机器人机器的能力。我们有3D打印的电动马达,可以利用每个恒星系统中都应该有的地外物质。从类似的材料中,我们已经确定了一种3D打印神经网络电路的方法。从我们的工业生态来看,自我复制的机器和通用的建设者是可行的。我们详细描述了一个自我复制的星际飞船是如何被小行星资源限制的。我们描述了处理小行星物质(预计这在大多数恒星系统中都很常见)的技术特征,以及某些类型的粘土和其他碎屑物质的过量生产。自我复制技术正在开发中,而且迫在眉睫——如果人类正在追求自我复制技术,那么根据哥白尼原理,其他任何精通技术的物种也会如此。没有证据表明他们有。
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引用次数: 3
Nucleic acids and melanin pigments after exposure to high doses of gamma rays: a biosignature robustness test 暴露于高剂量伽马射线后的核酸和黑色素:生物标记稳健性测试
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-07-06 DOI: 10.1017/S1473550422000180
A. Cassaro, C. Pacelli, M. Baqué, A. Maturilli, U. Boettger, R. Moeller, A. Fujimori, J. D. de Vera, S. Onofri
Abstract The question about the stability of certain biomolecules is directly connected to the life-detection missions aiming to search for past or present life beyond Earth. The extreme conditions experienced on extraterrestrial planet surface (e.g. Mars), characterized by ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, CO2-atmosphere and reactive species, may destroy the hypothetical traces of life. In this context, the study of the biomolecules behaviour after ionizing radiation exposure could provide support for the onboard instrumentation and data interpretation of the life exploration missions on other planets. Here, as a part of STARLIFE campaign, we investigated the effects of gamma rays on two classes of fungal biomolecules–nucleic acids and melanin pigments – considered as promising biosignatures to search for during the ‘in situ life-detection’ missions beyond Earth.
某些生物分子的稳定性问题直接关系到旨在寻找地球外过去或现在生命的生命探测任务。在地外行星(如火星)表面经历的极端条件,以电离和非电离辐射、二氧化碳大气和活性物质为特征,可能会破坏假设的生命痕迹。在这种背景下,研究电离辐射暴露后生物分子的行为可以为其他行星生命探测任务的机载仪器和数据解释提供支持。在这里,作为STARLIFE活动的一部分,我们研究了伽马射线对两类真菌生物分子的影响——核酸和黑色素色素——被认为是在地球以外的“原位生命探测”任务中有希望寻找的生物特征。
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引用次数: 3
Protecting ocean worlds: Europa Clipper planetary protection inputs to a probabilistic risk-based approach 保护海洋世界:欧罗巴快船行星保护输入到基于概率风险的方法
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000192
Alvin L. Smith, Ryan C. Hendrickson
There is increased interest in exploring planetary bodies that have ocean worlds, and planetary protection (PP) practices for spacecraft are important to avoid harmful biological contamination of these sensitive environments. In the autumn of 2018 a diverse set of subject matter experts were assembled to examine the environmental input parameters (e.g. space radiation, Europa surface turnover) and biological input parameters that are referenced by the Europa Clipper project probabilistic risk model, to assess the < 1 × 10−4 probability of contamination requirement derived from NASA Procedural Requirements 8020.12D. A joint NASA–JPL lead workshop entitled, ‘Europa Clipper Planetary Protection Workshop’ was convened on 13–15 November 2018, to validate probability model input values, current Europa Clipper PP requirements and implementation strategy, and identify future PP research topics. The three objectives for the 3 day workshop were: (1) to validate the probability of contamination modelling framework for Europa Clipper PP; (2) to agree on probability of contamination model input values, or on a plan to derive/identify appropriate model inputs and (3) to develop workshop concurrence regarding future PP research plans and their priority. Workshop participants engaged in detailed scientific and engineering discussions focusing on Clipper mission objectives and trajectories, Europan ice shell geophysics and understanding the impact of initial microbial bioburdens and spacecraft cleanliness with all three objectives being successfully completed by the end of the workshop.
人们对探索具有海洋世界的行星体越来越感兴趣,航天器的行星保护(PP)实践对于避免这些敏感环境的有害生物污染非常重要。2018年秋季,一组不同的主题专家聚集在一起,研究欧罗巴快船项目概率风险模型引用的环境输入参数(例如空间辐射、欧罗巴表面周转率)和生物输入参数,以评估来自NASA程序要求8020.12D的< 1 × 10−4污染概率要求。2018年11月13日至15日,nasa和jpl联合召开了名为“Europa Clipper行星保护研讨会”的联合牵头研讨会,以验证概率模型输入值、当前Europa Clipper PP要求和实施策略,并确定未来PP研究主题。为期3天的研讨会的三个目标是:(1)验证欧罗巴快船PP污染建模框架的概率;(2)就污染模型输入值的概率达成一致,或就导出/识别适当模型输入的计划达成一致;(3)就未来PP研究计划及其优先级制定车间共识。讲习班与会者进行了详细的科学和工程讨论,重点是克利伯号任务目标和轨迹、欧罗巴冰壳地球物理学以及了解初始微生物生物负荷的影响和航天器清洁度,讲习班结束前成功完成了所有三个目标。
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引用次数: 1
Database on mineral mediated carbon reduction: implications for future research 矿物介导的碳减排数据库:对未来研究的启示
IF 1.7 4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550422000052
Medha Prakash, J. Weber, L. E. Rodriguez, R. Sheppard, L. Barge
Carbon reduction is an important process for Earth-like origins of life events and of great interest to the astrobiology community. In this paper, we have collected experimental results, field work and modelling data on CO and CO2 reduction in order to summarize the research that has been carried out particularly in relation to the early Earth and Mars. By having a database of this work, researchers will be able to clearly survey the parameters tested and find knowledge gaps wherein more experimentation would be most beneficial. We focused on reviewing the modelling parameters, field work and laboratory conditions relevant to Mars and the early Earth. We highlight important areas addressed as well as suggest future work needed, including identifying relevant parameters to test in both laboratory and modelling work. We also discuss the utility of organizing research results in such a database in astrobiology.
碳减少是类地生命起源事件的一个重要过程,也是天体生物学界非常感兴趣的过程。在本文中,我们收集了关于减少CO和CO2的实验结果、实地工作和建模数据,以总结已经进行的研究,特别是与早期地球和火星有关的研究。通过建立这项工作的数据库,研究人员将能够清楚地调查测试的参数,并发现知识差距,在这些差距中,更多的实验将是最有益的。我们重点审查了与火星和早期地球有关的建模参数、实地工作和实验室条件。我们强调了所解决的重要领域,并提出了未来需要开展的工作,包括确定实验室和建模工作中需要测试的相关参数。我们还讨论了在这样一个数据库中组织研究结果在天体生物学中的效用。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International Journal of Astrobiology
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