The increasing interest in female entrepreneurship advanced our understanding of how psychological and personality traits and the contextual factors surrounding the decision of women to become founders influence their ways of establishing and managing organizations. Recent literature points to the fact that the differences among men and women as founders and leaders of organizations might exist also when major crises happen: in front of radical changes and events that abruptly disrupt the processes and operations of firms, women might manage situations in a peculiar way. From this perspective, Covid-19 represents a fruitful testbed. The onset of the pandemic had social and economic consequences at global level: the outbreak has caused major disruptions in supply chains and shifts in consumption patterns. Relevant current questions are how Covid-19 pandemic has been affecting female entrepreneurs and how resilient they were. The paper looks at women-owned wineries in the Northern part of Italy as an interesting case: indeed, the wine industry has been traditionally a male-dominated industry and it has been heavily impacted by the covid-19 pandemic. Through qualitative research we explore how female wineries were able to change their direction or implement new services. We find that women weigh strategic choices such as using e-commerce with the need to maintain extant relationships, make decisions influenced by the need to preserve communities and rely on peer-networks to provide mutual support.
{"title":"Female Entrepreneurship in the Wine Sector: The Role of Identity in Small and Medium-sized Wineries’ Formation, Growth and Response to Covid-19","authors":"C. Colapinto, Vladi Finotto, Mauracher Christine","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3904199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904199","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing interest in female entrepreneurship advanced our understanding of how psychological and personality traits and the contextual factors surrounding the decision of women to become founders influence their ways of establishing and managing organizations. Recent literature points to the fact that the differences among men and women as founders and leaders of organizations might exist also when major crises happen: in front of radical changes and events that abruptly disrupt the processes and operations of firms, women might manage situations in a peculiar way. From this perspective, Covid-19 represents a fruitful testbed. The onset of the pandemic had social and economic consequences at global level: the outbreak has caused major disruptions in supply chains and shifts in consumption patterns. Relevant current questions are how Covid-19 pandemic has been affecting female entrepreneurs and how resilient they were. The paper looks at women-owned wineries in the Northern part of Italy as an interesting case: indeed, the wine industry has been traditionally a male-dominated industry and it has been heavily impacted by the covid-19 pandemic. Through qualitative research we explore how female wineries were able to change their direction or implement new services. We find that women weigh strategic choices such as using e-commerce with the need to maintain extant relationships, make decisions influenced by the need to preserve communities and rely on peer-networks to provide mutual support.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116730361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the traditional Indian society where once women were confined to four walls is now participating in all types of activities including entrepreneurship. In India, empowering women has become an important part of development efforts aiming at women development, economic growth and social stability of the society. The focus of this paper is on motivation behind women participating in entrepreneurial ventures and the problems faced by them in their efforts. In this study we will understand the role of women entrepreneurs and also about the different marketing related issues and challenges faced by them.
{"title":"Motivation of Women Entrepreneurs and Their Challenges","authors":"Vaishali Goel, Priyanka Dalmia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3585362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3585362","url":null,"abstract":"In the traditional Indian society where once women were confined to four walls is now participating in all types of activities including entrepreneurship. In India, empowering women has become an important part of development efforts aiming at women development, economic growth and social stability of the society. The focus of this paper is on motivation behind women participating in entrepreneurial ventures and the problems faced by them in their efforts. \u0000 \u0000In this study we will understand the role of women entrepreneurs and also about the different marketing related issues and challenges faced by them.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133425009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.35609/gjbssr.2019.7.4(4)
N. Othman, Rafiza Mohd Asiar
Objective - Unemployment and marketability among graduates are the country's current issues. This became clear when the unemployment percentage among graduates continued to increase yearly. Therefore, entrepreneurship education has been chosen as an alternative solution. However, currently, student involvement in entrepreneurship is still low. As low involvement occurs among students, especially those in private colleges, students may lack entrepreneurial behavior and intentions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the level of the entrepreneurial behavior and intentions among Bumiputra's students studying in Kuala Lumpur's private colleges.Methodology/Technique - A total of 387 students participated in a quantitative survey. Using a questionnaire as the study's research instrument, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0.Finding - The findings showed that the entrepreneurial behavior and intentions among students are at a moderate level. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated a significantly positive, although moderate, relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial intentions. The result suggests that to increase the number of entrepreneurs among students in Malaysia, all stakeholders should be involved in inculcating an entrepreneurial culture.Novelty - An innovative and practical-based entrepreneurship curriculum should be developed to encourage students to choose entrepreneurship as a career option upon graduation.Type of Paper - Empirical.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Behavior and Intentions among Bumiputera's Students","authors":"N. Othman, Rafiza Mohd Asiar","doi":"10.35609/gjbssr.2019.7.4(4)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2019.7.4(4)","url":null,"abstract":"Objective - Unemployment and marketability among graduates are the country's current issues. This became clear when the unemployment percentage among graduates continued to increase yearly. Therefore, entrepreneurship education has been chosen as an alternative solution. However, currently, student involvement in entrepreneurship is still low. As low involvement occurs among students, especially those in private colleges, students may lack entrepreneurial behavior and intentions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the level of the entrepreneurial behavior and intentions among Bumiputra's students studying in Kuala Lumpur's private colleges.Methodology/Technique - A total of 387 students participated in a quantitative survey. Using a questionnaire as the study's research instrument, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0.Finding - The findings showed that the entrepreneurial behavior and intentions among students are at a moderate level. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated a significantly positive, although moderate, relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial intentions. The result suggests that to increase the number of entrepreneurs among students in Malaysia, all stakeholders should be involved in inculcating an entrepreneurial culture.Novelty - An innovative and practical-based entrepreneurship curriculum should be developed to encourage students to choose entrepreneurship as a career option upon graduation.Type of Paper - Empirical.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127539892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates how overconfidence (as an endogenous characteristic of the decision-maker) and misjudgment of merit (as an exogenous property of the market) influence the decision to enter a competitive market. In the experimental design, we use a heterogeneous subject pool composed of people with different knowledge of entrepreneurship: full-time entrepreneurs, part-time entrepreneurs, salespeople, MBA students, women attending a course in entrepreneurship, and members of criminal gangs. We find that overconfidence is a determinant of market entry, and in the presence of merit-misjudgment, overconfidence becomes more relevant for individuals already embedded in an entrepreneurial network.
{"title":"Overconfidence, Misjudgment, and Market Entry: Experimental Evidence from Panama","authors":"V. Rotondi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3145036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3145036","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates how overconfidence (as an endogenous characteristic of the decision-maker) and misjudgment of merit (as an exogenous property of the market) influence the decision to enter a competitive market. In the experimental design, we use a heterogeneous subject pool composed of people with different knowledge of entrepreneurship: full-time entrepreneurs, part-time entrepreneurs, salespeople, MBA students, women attending a course in entrepreneurship, and members of criminal gangs. We find that overconfidence is a determinant of market entry, and in the presence of merit-misjudgment, overconfidence becomes more relevant for individuals already embedded in an entrepreneurial network.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129789425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Failure of a prior business provides an opportunity for an entrepreneur to learn in the subsequent entrepreneurial endeavor, but learning from failure is not guaranteed. Why do some entrepreneurs learn less from failure than others? In this study, we propose that a narcissistic personality can create cognitive and motivational obstacles to learning. We further posit that the inhibiting effect of narcissism will be more salient when the costs of failure, especially social costs, are higher. Our analysis with a survey sample of startups provides the initial empirical evidence about the negative impact of narcissism on learning from entrepreneurial failure. The study adds to research on learning from failure and narcissism in entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Narcissism and Learning from Entrepreneurial Failure","authors":"Yiran Liu, Yong Li, Hao Ling, Yuli Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3316465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3316465","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Failure of a prior business provides an opportunity for an entrepreneur to learn in the subsequent entrepreneurial endeavor, but learning from failure is not guaranteed. Why do some entrepreneurs learn less from failure than others? In this study, we propose that a narcissistic personality can create cognitive and motivational obstacles to learning. We further posit that the inhibiting effect of narcissism will be more salient when the costs of failure, especially social costs, are higher. Our analysis with a survey sample of startups provides the initial empirical evidence about the negative impact of narcissism on learning from entrepreneurial failure. The study adds to research on learning from failure and narcissism in entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124925607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social constructionism as an underlying philosophical approach offers much potential in entrepreneurship research. This chapter introduces social constructionism, explains the underlying philosophy that guides approaches of this nature and highlights prior approaches using a social constructionist frame of reference. The first part of the chapter aims to introduce the reader to this approach to research and explains its value. In the second part the chapter focuses on one particular area of debate in the entrepreneurship domain and provides a constructionist viewpoint. The focus during this part is to explore how entrepreneurial opportunities are currently conceptualized. The chapter unpicks views about entrepreneurial opportunity based on a ‘discovery’ versus ‘creation’ perspective.
{"title":"Social Constructionism and Entrepreneurial Opportunity","authors":"L. Pittaway, R. Aissaoui, J. Fox","doi":"10.4324/9781315625454-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315625454-4","url":null,"abstract":"Social constructionism as an underlying philosophical approach offers much potential in entrepreneurship research. This chapter introduces social constructionism, explains the underlying philosophy that guides approaches of this nature and highlights prior approaches using a social constructionist frame of reference. The first part of the chapter aims to introduce the reader to this approach to research and explains its value. In the second part the chapter focuses on one particular area of debate in the entrepreneurship domain and provides a constructionist viewpoint. The focus during this part is to explore how entrepreneurial opportunities are currently conceptualized. The chapter unpicks views about entrepreneurial opportunity based on a ‘discovery’ versus ‘creation’ perspective.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129635377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-01DOI: 10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0290
Andreas Kuckertz, T. Kollmann, Patrick Krell, Christoph Stöckmann
Purpose Opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation are two central concepts in the entrepreneurial process. However, there is a lack of both a clear specification of the content domains of the constructs and valid and reliable multi-item scales for their measurement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper first reveals existing issues around the definitions and measures relating to the concepts, then defines their content domains, and also proposes scale items to measure the concepts. Four samples are used to develop the measurement instruments. Findings Two scales are suggested, one to measure opportunity recognition, and other to measure opportunity exploitation. The scales demonstrate reliability and construct, discriminant, and nomological validity. Originality/value The resulting instruments provide tools for research and practice that could prove valuable when examining the antecedents and consequences of both opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation.
{"title":"Understanding, Differentiating, and Measuring Opportunity Recognition and Opportunity Exploitation","authors":"Andreas Kuckertz, T. Kollmann, Patrick Krell, Christoph Stöckmann","doi":"10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0290","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation are two central concepts in the entrepreneurial process. However, there is a lack of both a clear specification of the content domains of the constructs and valid and reliable multi-item scales for their measurement. The paper aims to discuss these issues. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper first reveals existing issues around the definitions and measures relating to the concepts, then defines their content domains, and also proposes scale items to measure the concepts. Four samples are used to develop the measurement instruments. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Two scales are suggested, one to measure opportunity recognition, and other to measure opportunity exploitation. The scales demonstrate reliability and construct, discriminant, and nomological validity. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The resulting instruments provide tools for research and practice that could prove valuable when examining the antecedents and consequences of both opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121686895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study looks at the trajectory of dual career entrepreneurs and their motivation for change. It brings out organizations, personal and family related motivations for change. It is found that few entrepreneurs are motivated by money, and the relationship with money is generally instrumental rather than teleological. The study primarily focused on how these dual entrepreneurs viewed themselves on the big five personality traits: extraversion varies, they are low on neuroticism and high on open-mindedness and on conscientiousness. However, contradicting previous research, this study finds that these entrepreneurs see themselves as agreeable rather than disagreeable. Future research directions are presented.
{"title":"The Agreeable Entrepreneur","authors":"A. Ashta","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2576924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2576924","url":null,"abstract":"This study looks at the trajectory of dual career entrepreneurs and their motivation for change. It brings out organizations, personal and family related motivations for change. It is found that few entrepreneurs are motivated by money, and the relationship with money is generally instrumental rather than teleological. The study primarily focused on how these dual entrepreneurs viewed themselves on the big five personality traits: extraversion varies, they are low on neuroticism and high on open-mindedness and on conscientiousness. However, contradicting previous research, this study finds that these entrepreneurs see themselves as agreeable rather than disagreeable. Future research directions are presented.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129632929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We show that managerial career experiences have significant explanatory power for corporate investment decisions. We use the setting of economic conditions changed from Central Planning to Market Economy, which is an exogenous shock to managerial characteristic, as a natural experiment to test the impact on corporate investment. To establish causality, we use a unique dataset from China and identify two extraordinary events of China that are likely to be formative experiences of CEOs early in life: growth after the Reform and Open-up era and original-and-persistent in business circles. Through these experiences, managerial characteristics can be formed and lead to attitude changes in investment activity. Chinese Reform and Open-up policy initiate a unique experiment environment in which corporatization and entrepreneur growth are synchronous from a new beginning. First, we document that RO-CEOs who experienced the Reform and Open-up in early adulthood tend to have higher likelihood of overinvestment and more confidence than CP-CEOs who were grow-up in central planning era experienced economic shocks and recessions. Second, OP-CEOs who are original and persistent in business circle choose more aggressive capital investments and more confidence than PB-CEOs who have long-term public administration experience before acting as executive. Furthermore, OP-CEOs and RO-CEOs are overconfident relative to PB-CEOs and CP-CEOs, respectively, and have more likelihood of underinvestment in financial constraint firms.
{"title":"Career Experiences, Managerial Overconfidence and Investment Efficiency: A Natural Experiment from Chinese CEO Growth Path","authors":"Ying Hao, Robin K. Chou, Kuan‐Cheng Ko","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2512690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2512690","url":null,"abstract":"We show that managerial career experiences have significant explanatory power for corporate investment decisions. We use the setting of economic conditions changed from Central Planning to Market Economy, which is an exogenous shock to managerial characteristic, as a natural experiment to test the impact on corporate investment. To establish causality, we use a unique dataset from China and identify two extraordinary events of China that are likely to be formative experiences of CEOs early in life: growth after the Reform and Open-up era and original-and-persistent in business circles. Through these experiences, managerial characteristics can be formed and lead to attitude changes in investment activity. Chinese Reform and Open-up policy initiate a unique experiment environment in which corporatization and entrepreneur growth are synchronous from a new beginning. First, we document that RO-CEOs who experienced the Reform and Open-up in early adulthood tend to have higher likelihood of overinvestment and more confidence than CP-CEOs who were grow-up in central planning era experienced economic shocks and recessions. Second, OP-CEOs who are original and persistent in business circle choose more aggressive capital investments and more confidence than PB-CEOs who have long-term public administration experience before acting as executive. Furthermore, OP-CEOs and RO-CEOs are overconfident relative to PB-CEOs and CP-CEOs, respectively, and have more likelihood of underinvestment in financial constraint firms.","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133458945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.9774/gleaf.3709.2014.ap.00007
Shanan G. Gibson, Michael L. Harris, P. Walker, William C. McDowell
IntroductionAs noted in multiple reports from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), entrepreneurs often pursue business ownership based on either opportunity recognition or financial necessity due to the lack of economic alternatives. Consistent with this finding, research indicates that minorities are seeking out more entrepreneurial opportunities as a way to overcome the frustration and discontent associated with the lack of advancement opportunities in their current organizations (Heilman & Chen, 2003; Weiler & Bernasek, 2001). While these numbers indicate that the entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well, research indicates that many individuals have high levels of entrepreneurial potential that is never acted upon (Kent, 1990). In fact, the Kaufman Foundation indicates that minority entrepreneurs are a largely untapped resource in the economy of the United States. Of special concern is the degree to which African Americans may experience barriers that limit their potential in the entrepreneurial sector.Before addressing potential obstacles historically faced by African Americans in regards to business ownership, it is first important to understand the significance of entrepreneurship for minority groups. As suggested by Acs, Tarpley and Phillips (1998), a primary contribution of entrepreneurship for minorities is the opportunity it creates to enter the economic and social mainstream of American society. Similarly, past research has argued that the health and growth of African American-owned small businesses often serves as a strong barometer for the overall progress made by minorities in the U.S. (Feldman, Koberg & Dean, 1991; Thompson, 1999).The passage of the Small Business Act has positively impacted the number of minorities who have considered entrepreneurship as a viable career choice. The Act enhances the use of entrepreneurial training to grow the capacity and skills of potential small business owners (Martin, Wech, Sandefur & Pan, 2006). As a result of the governmental and educational initiatives, the number of opportunities for minorities to receive training and education for small business development has substantially increased over the past few decades.Between 1997 and 2002, minority-owned companies increased in number, annual gross receipts, and paid employees at a rate faster than non-minority firms. According to a report from the Minority Business Development Agency (2006), these businesses represented almost 18% of classifiable firms, employed 9% of all paid employees, and grossed 8% of all annual gross receipts ($668 billion) in 2002. More recent research indicates that there are approximately one million African American owned businesses in the U.S., accounting for over $100 billion in annual sales (African American Entrepreneurs, 2009). Additional evidence also indicates that minority entrepreneurship has steadily increased during the past decade, with estimations that currently 30% of small businesses in the U.S. are
{"title":"Investigating the Entrepreneurial Attitudes of African Americans: A Study of Young Adults","authors":"Shanan G. Gibson, Michael L. Harris, P. Walker, William C. McDowell","doi":"10.9774/gleaf.3709.2014.ap.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3709.2014.ap.00007","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionAs noted in multiple reports from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), entrepreneurs often pursue business ownership based on either opportunity recognition or financial necessity due to the lack of economic alternatives. Consistent with this finding, research indicates that minorities are seeking out more entrepreneurial opportunities as a way to overcome the frustration and discontent associated with the lack of advancement opportunities in their current organizations (Heilman & Chen, 2003; Weiler & Bernasek, 2001). While these numbers indicate that the entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well, research indicates that many individuals have high levels of entrepreneurial potential that is never acted upon (Kent, 1990). In fact, the Kaufman Foundation indicates that minority entrepreneurs are a largely untapped resource in the economy of the United States. Of special concern is the degree to which African Americans may experience barriers that limit their potential in the entrepreneurial sector.Before addressing potential obstacles historically faced by African Americans in regards to business ownership, it is first important to understand the significance of entrepreneurship for minority groups. As suggested by Acs, Tarpley and Phillips (1998), a primary contribution of entrepreneurship for minorities is the opportunity it creates to enter the economic and social mainstream of American society. Similarly, past research has argued that the health and growth of African American-owned small businesses often serves as a strong barometer for the overall progress made by minorities in the U.S. (Feldman, Koberg & Dean, 1991; Thompson, 1999).The passage of the Small Business Act has positively impacted the number of minorities who have considered entrepreneurship as a viable career choice. The Act enhances the use of entrepreneurial training to grow the capacity and skills of potential small business owners (Martin, Wech, Sandefur & Pan, 2006). As a result of the governmental and educational initiatives, the number of opportunities for minorities to receive training and education for small business development has substantially increased over the past few decades.Between 1997 and 2002, minority-owned companies increased in number, annual gross receipts, and paid employees at a rate faster than non-minority firms. According to a report from the Minority Business Development Agency (2006), these businesses represented almost 18% of classifiable firms, employed 9% of all paid employees, and grossed 8% of all annual gross receipts ($668 billion) in 2002. More recent research indicates that there are approximately one million African American owned businesses in the U.S., accounting for over $100 billion in annual sales (African American Entrepreneurs, 2009). Additional evidence also indicates that minority entrepreneurship has steadily increased during the past decade, with estimations that currently 30% of small businesses in the U.S. are","PeriodicalId":138825,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Attitudes & Emotions (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115470706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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