Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.14419/IJPT.V8I1.31211
M. Rizk, Deena El-Deberky, F. El-Sayed, A. Amin, A. El-Mahmoudy
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a frequent cause of liver injury worldwide. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible hepato-protective potential Agaricus bisporus extract (ABE; a type of mushrooms) in albino rats using Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-model of liver injury. Forty-two albino rats were utilized in this experiment arranged randomly in seven groups, six rats each, of different treatments. He-patic injury model was induced by administration of CCl4 (25% in corn oil) at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg, interperitoneally, twice weekly for 8 weeks (+ve control); test group rats received ABE at escalating doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg, orally, daily for 8 weeks with exposure to CCl4; standard group rats received Silymarin at dose of 100 mg/kg, orally, daily for 8 weeks along with CCl4; further 2 groups of rats received only ABE at the same dose levels; while rats of -ve control group received only the vehicles of the used drugs. Blood and liver tissue sam-ples were picked out at the end of the experimental course for different assays. Biochemical analysis revealed that ABE exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotection indicated by almost normalized biomarkers, including, enzymatic liver function parameters, namely, AST, ALT, GGT & ALP with potential % of 93.1, 58.2, 65.2, 68.9, respectively, after ABE large dose when standardized by Silymarin; non-enzymatic parameters, namely, total protein, albumin, globulins, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, TAGs, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL & VLDL with potential % of 59.3, 54.5, 57.3, 81.8, 81.0, 80.0, 75.5, 90.4, 80.8, 84.5 & 78.7, respectively, after ABE large dose when standardized by Silymarin. The mechanism of the obtained hepatoprotection of ABE may be based on impeding the oxidative stress mediated by the used hepatotoxin, indicated by reduced MDA (37.9 % of Silymarin), and restored SOD, Catalase & GPx in liver homogenate with potentials of 94.9, 63.0 & 88.4 % of Silymarin, respectively. Pathological findings, both macroscopic and microscopic, were supportive to the biochemical findings, where the pathological lesions caused by CCl4 as fatty degeneration of hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, proliferated fibrous connective tissue with eosinophilic edematous fluid cells plus focal and diffuse necrotic areas and hyperplastic biliary epithelium, were ameliorated dose-dependently when ABE was administered together with CCl4. Data of the present study may suggest ABE as a good natural source for promising hepatoprotective and antioxidative remedies.
{"title":"Pharmacological impact of Agaricus bisporus extract in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","authors":"M. Rizk, Deena El-Deberky, F. El-Sayed, A. Amin, A. El-Mahmoudy","doi":"10.14419/IJPT.V8I1.31211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJPT.V8I1.31211","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a frequent cause of liver injury worldwide. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible hepato-protective potential Agaricus bisporus extract (ABE; a type of mushrooms) in albino rats using Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-model of liver injury. Forty-two albino rats were utilized in this experiment arranged randomly in seven groups, six rats each, of different treatments. He-patic injury model was induced by administration of CCl4 (25% in corn oil) at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg, interperitoneally, twice weekly for 8 weeks (+ve control); test group rats received ABE at escalating doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg, orally, daily for 8 weeks with exposure to CCl4; standard group rats received Silymarin at dose of 100 mg/kg, orally, daily for 8 weeks along with CCl4; further 2 groups of rats received only ABE at the same dose levels; while rats of -ve control group received only the vehicles of the used drugs. Blood and liver tissue sam-ples were picked out at the end of the experimental course for different assays. Biochemical analysis revealed that ABE exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotection indicated by almost normalized biomarkers, including, enzymatic liver function parameters, namely, AST, ALT, GGT & ALP with potential % of 93.1, 58.2, 65.2, 68.9, respectively, after ABE large dose when standardized by Silymarin; non-enzymatic parameters, namely, total protein, albumin, globulins, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, TAGs, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL & VLDL with potential % of 59.3, 54.5, 57.3, 81.8, 81.0, 80.0, 75.5, 90.4, 80.8, 84.5 & 78.7, respectively, after ABE large dose when standardized by Silymarin. The mechanism of the obtained hepatoprotection of ABE may be based on impeding the oxidative stress mediated by the used hepatotoxin, indicated by reduced MDA (37.9 % of Silymarin), and restored SOD, Catalase & GPx in liver homogenate with potentials of 94.9, 63.0 & 88.4 % of Silymarin, respectively. Pathological findings, both macroscopic and microscopic, were supportive to the biochemical findings, where the pathological lesions caused by CCl4 as fatty degeneration of hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, proliferated fibrous connective tissue with eosinophilic edematous fluid cells plus focal and diffuse necrotic areas and hyperplastic biliary epithelium, were ameliorated dose-dependently when ABE was administered together with CCl4. Data of the present study may suggest ABE as a good natural source for promising hepatoprotective and antioxidative remedies.","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88593730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-04DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30534
I. Abubakar, H. Yankuzo, Y. S. Baraya, M. A. Gusau
Background: Peptic ulcer disease remains endemic in our society affecting about four million people every year worldwide. Hannoa klaineana is used traditionally in the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases including ulcer.Aim: This study aims at evaluating the gastroprotective effect of ethylacetate fraction of the leaves of Hannoa klaineana (Simaroubaceae).Methods: The gastroprotective effect of ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana (50, 100 and 200mg/kg b.wt) was evaluated using aspirin and histamine induced ulcer models.Results: In aspirin-induced ulcer model, the ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana demonstrated significant (p<0.001) decreased in mean ulcer index with the maximum protective effect (99.84%) at 200 mg/kg against the gastric damages. While histamine-induced ulcer model, the solvent fraction significantly (p<0.001) decreased mean ulcer index with the protective effect up to 99.83% against the gastric lesions. In both models, a significant (p<0.001) increased in pH value coupled with significant (p<0.001) decreased in gastric volume, free and total acidity in rats pre-treated with varying doses of the ethylacetate fraction was found.Conclusion: The mechanism of gastroprotective effects of ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana could be attributed to its ability to stimulate prostaglandins secretion or possess prostaglandins like-substances or suppression of histamine-induced vasospastic effect and gastric secretion.
{"title":"Gastroprotective effect of ethylacetate fraction of the leaves of Hannoa klaineana on aspirin and histamine-induced gastric ulcer in rats","authors":"I. Abubakar, H. Yankuzo, Y. S. Baraya, M. A. Gusau","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30534","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Peptic ulcer disease remains endemic in our society affecting about four million people every year worldwide. Hannoa klaineana is used traditionally in the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases including ulcer.Aim: This study aims at evaluating the gastroprotective effect of ethylacetate fraction of the leaves of Hannoa klaineana (Simaroubaceae).Methods: The gastroprotective effect of ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana (50, 100 and 200mg/kg b.wt) was evaluated using aspirin and histamine induced ulcer models.Results: In aspirin-induced ulcer model, the ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana demonstrated significant (p<0.001) decreased in mean ulcer index with the maximum protective effect (99.84%) at 200 mg/kg against the gastric damages. While histamine-induced ulcer model, the solvent fraction significantly (p<0.001) decreased mean ulcer index with the protective effect up to 99.83% against the gastric lesions. In both models, a significant (p<0.001) increased in pH value coupled with significant (p<0.001) decreased in gastric volume, free and total acidity in rats pre-treated with varying doses of the ethylacetate fraction was found.Conclusion: The mechanism of gastroprotective effects of ethylacetate fraction of the Hannoa klaineana could be attributed to its ability to stimulate prostaglandins secretion or possess prostaglandins like-substances or suppression of histamine-induced vasospastic effect and gastric secretion. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81825077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-08DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30141
Julius UkoNaku, B. Inah, Dominic A. Mowang, Terngu P. Ugosor
The present study highlights the health risk factor of heavy metals in cosmetics considering their habitual use in the society today. This safety assessment has become inevitable because of the high demand for these products which has resulted to flooding the markets with low quality cosmetics. Digestion was by 20 mL mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the ratio of 3:1 and was heated in a hot plate for 2-3 hours at 90 °C. The choice of this mixture was informed by literature to yield the highest amounts in metal digestion. The mean metal concentrations of these products are; 1.2758, 0.9599, 0.1262, 0.0504 and 0.0068 mg/kg while the ranges are: 0.140-5.823, 0.054-3.908, 0.021-0.820, 0.028-0.071 and 0.001-0.236 mg/kg respectively for Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb. From the analysis, 40 %, 74.28 %, and 17.14 % of the products has Cd, Ni and Mn respectively exceeded the standard. Pb was not detected in majority of the products. Though cosmetic safety cannot be ascertained only by their heavy metal content, the present paper focuses solely on the contribution of heavy metals as a risk factor to the consumption of these products.
{"title":"Health impact of toxic metals in facial cosmetics used in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"Julius UkoNaku, B. Inah, Dominic A. Mowang, Terngu P. Ugosor","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.30141","url":null,"abstract":"The present study highlights the health risk factor of heavy metals in cosmetics considering their habitual use in the society today. This safety assessment has become inevitable because of the high demand for these products which has resulted to flooding the markets with low quality cosmetics. Digestion was by 20 mL mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the ratio of 3:1 and was heated in a hot plate for 2-3 hours at 90 °C. The choice of this mixture was informed by literature to yield the highest amounts in metal digestion. The mean metal concentrations of these products are; 1.2758, 0.9599, 0.1262, 0.0504 and 0.0068 mg/kg while the ranges are: 0.140-5.823, 0.054-3.908, 0.021-0.820, 0.028-0.071 and 0.001-0.236 mg/kg respectively for Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb. From the analysis, 40 %, 74.28 %, and 17.14 % of the products has Cd, Ni and Mn respectively exceeded the standard. Pb was not detected in majority of the products. Though cosmetic safety cannot be ascertained only by their heavy metal content, the present paper focuses solely on the contribution of heavy metals as a risk factor to the consumption of these products. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82194985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-23DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.29531
Nikolay Yakovlevich Golovenko, V. Kovalenko, V. Larionov, Аnatoliy Semenovich Reder
Propoxazepam, 7-bromo-5 - (o-chlorophenyl)-3-propoxy - 1,2-dihydro - 3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, in the models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain showed significant analgesic activity. In order to explore clinical potential of propoxazepam for long term human consumption, toxicology testing in laboratory animals using well-accepted international guidelines is required. Acute toxicity tests were conducted by the oral administration of 2500; 3500; 4000; 4500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight to male and female mice and rats for a period of 3, 7 and 14 day. In subacute study, male rats were administered with various doses of propoxazepam (0.9, 4.5, and 9.0 mg/kg) to evaluate its toxicity for a period of 90 days. The effect of propoxazepam on body weight gain and organ weights, food and water consumptions were analyzed. From the present study, it can be concluded that the acute (3, 7 and 14 days) and subchronic (90 days) oral administrations of propoxazepam did not produce any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality of the male and female mice and rats. These results revealed that the LD50 of propoxazepam is greater than 5000 mg/kg and it therefore, belongs to the category V of relatively non-toxic substances according to the GHS. In the acute toxicity study, neither mortality no significant change in the body weight and the relative organ weights were recorded in all treated mice and rats. Present data set revealed that there wasn`t a strong correlation between body weight with food and water consumptions. The result indicates that the oral administration of propoxazepam did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice and rats and the substance can be safely used for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.
{"title":"Dose and time-dependent acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of propoxazepam in mice and rats","authors":"Nikolay Yakovlevich Golovenko, V. Kovalenko, V. Larionov, Аnatoliy Semenovich Reder","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.29531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v8i1.29531","url":null,"abstract":"Propoxazepam, 7-bromo-5 - (o-chlorophenyl)-3-propoxy - 1,2-dihydro - 3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, in the models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain showed significant analgesic activity. In order to explore clinical potential of propoxazepam for long term human consumption, toxicology testing in laboratory animals using well-accepted international guidelines is required. Acute toxicity tests were conducted by the oral administration of 2500; 3500; 4000; 4500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight to male and female mice and rats for a period of 3, 7 and 14 day. In subacute study, male rats were administered with various doses of propoxazepam (0.9, 4.5, and 9.0 mg/kg) to evaluate its toxicity for a period of 90 days. The effect of propoxazepam on body weight gain and organ weights, food and water consumptions were analyzed. From the present study, it can be concluded that the acute (3, 7 and 14 days) and subchronic (90 days) oral administrations of propoxazepam did not produce any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality of the male and female mice and rats. These results revealed that the LD50 of propoxazepam is greater than 5000 mg/kg and it therefore, belongs to the category V of relatively non-toxic substances according to the GHS. In the acute toxicity study, neither mortality no significant change in the body weight and the relative organ weights were recorded in all treated mice and rats. Present data set revealed that there wasn`t a strong correlation between body weight with food and water consumptions. The result indicates that the oral administration of propoxazepam did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice and rats and the substance can be safely used for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"180 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75714924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29477
A. Hussein, Rabab Shaban El-shafey
Gentamicin (GM) is an effective and probably the most commonly used aminoglycosides antibiotic, however the risk of causing nephrotoxicity limits its use. In the present study, the possible protective effects of Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane juice) on gentamicin induced acute oxidative renal injury in experimental rats were investigated. Twenty adult albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (5 rats in each) and treated once daily for a period of 7 days as follows; group A being the negative control and was injected intraperitoneal with normal saline, group B (sugar cane juice treated group) was given sugar cane juice orally at a dose of 15 ml/kg/day, group C (GM treated group) and group D (sugar cane juice + GM treated group) were the experimental groups and were injected intraperitoneal with (80 mg/kg/day GM) & (sugar cane juice 15 ml/kg/day orally + 80 mg/kg/day GM intraperitoneal) respectively. By the end of the experiment, the biochemical kidney functions tests (urinary cystatin C and kidney injury molecule-1, blood urea and creatinine) were investigated. Also, oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] level, superoxide dismutase [SOD] & glutathione peroxidase [GPX] enzymatic activity) in renal tissue were evaluated. Histopathological examinations of kidney were done to assess the degree of renal protection induced by sugarcane juice, Gentamicin treated rats showed; marked significant rise in the biochemical kidney functions tests and lipid peroxidation (MDA) parameter in renal tissues, along with significant reduction in renal tissue antioxidant enzymatic activity of both SOD & GPX. However, co-administration of sugar cane juice in group D leading to marked reduction in previous biochemical markers and MDA levels together with significant elevated renal SOD &GPX enzymatic activity which nearly tend to return to normal values. The histopathological examination of groups A and B showed normal kidney structure which was deranged in group C (GM treated), whereas group D showed significant recovery in histological structures. Gentamicin induced acute renal injury and oxidative damage. Co-administration of sugar cane juice may reduce this damage by improving antioxidant defense and tissue integrity in experimental albino rats.
{"title":"The possible protective effects of saccharum officinarum l. (sugar cane) juice co-supplementation on gentamicin induced acute renal toxicity in adult albino rats","authors":"A. Hussein, Rabab Shaban El-shafey","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29477","url":null,"abstract":"Gentamicin (GM) is an effective and probably the most commonly used aminoglycosides antibiotic, however the risk of causing nephrotoxicity limits its use. In the present study, the possible protective effects of Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane juice) on gentamicin induced acute oxidative renal injury in experimental rats were investigated. Twenty adult albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (5 rats in each) and treated once daily for a period of 7 days as follows; group A being the negative control and was injected intraperitoneal with normal saline, group B (sugar cane juice treated group) was given sugar cane juice orally at a dose of 15 ml/kg/day, group C (GM treated group) and group D (sugar cane juice + GM treated group) were the experimental groups and were injected intraperitoneal with (80 mg/kg/day GM) & (sugar cane juice 15 ml/kg/day orally + 80 mg/kg/day GM intraperitoneal) respectively. By the end of the experiment, the biochemical kidney functions tests (urinary cystatin C and kidney injury molecule-1, blood urea and creatinine) were investigated. Also, oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] level, superoxide dismutase [SOD] & glutathione peroxidase [GPX] enzymatic activity) in renal tissue were evaluated. Histopathological examinations of kidney were done to assess the degree of renal protection induced by sugarcane juice, Gentamicin treated rats showed; marked significant rise in the biochemical kidney functions tests and lipid peroxidation (MDA) parameter in renal tissues, along with significant reduction in renal tissue antioxidant enzymatic activity of both SOD & GPX. However, co-administration of sugar cane juice in group D leading to marked reduction in previous biochemical markers and MDA levels together with significant elevated renal SOD &GPX enzymatic activity which nearly tend to return to normal values. The histopathological examination of groups A and B showed normal kidney structure which was deranged in group C (GM treated), whereas group D showed significant recovery in histological structures. Gentamicin induced acute renal injury and oxidative damage. Co-administration of sugar cane juice may reduce this damage by improving antioxidant defense and tissue integrity in experimental albino rats. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90822841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29194
A. Elkomy, M. Aboubakr, F. Elsayed, E. Emam, M. Kassem
The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of cephradine on cellular and humeral immune responses in broiler chickens. One hundred one-day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into four equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group healthy broiler chickens non-vaccinated non medicated (control group), 2nd healthy broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine only, 3rd group healthy broilers received 20 mg cephradine in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days and 4th group healthy broilers vaccinated and received 20 mg/kg b.wt cephradine daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination total and differential leucocytic count, phagocytic activity, index, killing percentage and HI titer. Vaccinated broilers by Newcastle disease virus vaccine only, showed insignificant increase in leukocytic count, lymphocyte, heterophils, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, total, γ globulin and HI titers at 1st day post vaccination. Beside significant increase at 10th and 20th day post vaccination coupled with insignificant increase in eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing %, albumin and α globulin and non-significant decrease in serum β globulin and A/G ratio allover experimental periods post vaccination. Broilers received cephradine and/or vaccinated with Newcastle vaccineeither alone or together, showed insignificant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, lymphocyte, eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, albumin, total, α, β, γ globulin, A/G ratio throughout experimental period post vaccination. Beside significant decrease in phagocytosis, phagocytic index and killing % at 1st day and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination coupled with significant decrease in HI titers at 1st day post administration and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination. It was concluded that vaccination by Newcastle disease virus vaccine induced immune-stimulant but cephradine provoked a remarkable immunosuppressive effect in broiler chickens. Therefore, vaccination not recommended during treatment by cephradine.
{"title":"Immunological status in broiler chickens vaccinated with newcastle vaccine and treated with cephradine","authors":"A. Elkomy, M. Aboubakr, F. Elsayed, E. Emam, M. Kassem","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29194","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of cephradine on cellular and humeral immune responses in broiler chickens. One hundred one-day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into four equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group healthy broiler chickens non-vaccinated non medicated (control group), 2nd healthy broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine only, 3rd group healthy broilers received 20 mg cephradine in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days and 4th group healthy broilers vaccinated and received 20 mg/kg b.wt cephradine daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination total and differential leucocytic count, phagocytic activity, index, killing percentage and HI titer. Vaccinated broilers by Newcastle disease virus vaccine only, showed insignificant increase in leukocytic count, lymphocyte, heterophils, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, total, γ globulin and HI titers at 1st day post vaccination. Beside significant increase at 10th and 20th day post vaccination coupled with insignificant increase in eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing %, albumin and α globulin and non-significant decrease in serum β globulin and A/G ratio allover experimental periods post vaccination. Broilers received cephradine and/or vaccinated with Newcastle vaccineeither alone or together, showed insignificant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, lymphocyte, eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, albumin, total, α, β, γ globulin, A/G ratio throughout experimental period post vaccination. Beside significant decrease in phagocytosis, phagocytic index and killing % at 1st day and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination coupled with significant decrease in HI titers at 1st day post administration and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination. It was concluded that vaccination by Newcastle disease virus vaccine induced immune-stimulant but cephradine provoked a remarkable immunosuppressive effect in broiler chickens. Therefore, vaccination not recommended during treatment by cephradine. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78160536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-22DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29020
A. Elkomy, M. Aboubakr, E. Emam, M. Kassem
The present study was carried out using 100, one-day old broiler chicks to evaluate the immunological status of broiler chicks vaccinated with Newcastle virus vaccine and infected with E coli and treated by cephradinee.At day 15th of age, broilers chicks were divided into 4 equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group, healthy non infected non treated broilers (control group). 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups expermintally infected with E. coli was done at 15th day of age. 2nd group infected, non treated broilers, 3rd group infected broilers and vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine, 4th group infected broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine and received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradinee in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination cellular and humeral immune response. Infected broilers with E coli only or infected broilers and vaccinated display significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing percentage, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and gamma globulin. Beside significant decrease in lymphocyte, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, A/G ratio and HI titer coupled with insignificant decrease in esinophils, basophils and monocyte, beta globulin associated with insignificant increase in alpha globulin allover experimental period post vaccination when compared with control broilers. Vaccinated-Infected broilers that received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradine daily for five consecutive days revealed significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing % and gamma globulin at 1st day post treatment coupled with insignificant increase at 10th and 20th day post treatment. In-addition to significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, total globulin A/G ratio and HI associated with non significant decrease in esinophils, basophils, monocyte,beta globulin and non significant increase in nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and alpha globulin allover the experiment when compared with control broilers. It could be concluded that, colibacillosis in broiler chickens and cephradine induced some adverse effects on immunological status of broiler chickens. Therefore, it’s important not vaccinated broiler during colibacelosis or using cephradine in treatment.
本试验以100只1日龄肉鸡为试验对象，对接种新城病毒疫苗、感染大肠杆菌并经头孢定处理的肉鸡的免疫状况进行了评价。15日龄肉鸡随机分为4组，每组25只。第一组为健康未感染未处理肉鸡(对照组)。第2、3、4组在15日龄进行大肠杆菌实验感染。第2组感染肉鸡，未处理;第3组感染肉鸡，接种新城疫病毒疫苗;第4组感染肉鸡，接种新城疫病毒疫苗，连续5 d，每天在饮水中添加20 mg/kg白头猪嘌呤。分别于给药后第1、10、20天采血，测定细胞和肱骨免疫应答。感染大肠杆菌的肉鸡或接种大肠杆菌的肉鸡白细胞、嗜杂细胞、吞噬活性、吞噬指数、杀伤率、一氧化氮、溶菌酶活性和γ球蛋白均显著增加。与对照肉鸡相比，接种后整个试验期内，淋巴细胞、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、总球蛋白、A/G比和HI滴度均显著降低，嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核细胞均不显著降低，β球蛋白与α球蛋白均不显著升高。连续5 d每天注射20 mg/kg b. wcephradine的肉鸡，在处理后第1天白细胞、嗜白细胞、吞噬活性、吞噬指数、杀伤率和γ -球蛋白显著增加，而在处理后第10天和第20天不显著增加。与对照肉鸡相比，试验期间血清总蛋白、白蛋白、总球蛋白A/G比和HI均显著降低，嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、单核细胞、β -球蛋白均无显著降低，一氧化氮、溶菌酶活性和α -球蛋白均无显著升高。由此可见，肉仔鸡大肠杆菌病和头孢定对肉仔鸡的免疫状态有一定的不良影响。因此，在大肠杆菌病期间不接种疫苗或使用头孢拉定治疗是很重要的。
{"title":"Studies on the effects of cephradine and colibacellosis on immunological status of broiler chicken vaccinated with newcastle virus vaccine","authors":"A. Elkomy, M. Aboubakr, E. Emam, M. Kassem","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v7i2.29020","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out using 100, one-day old broiler chicks to evaluate the immunological status of broiler chicks vaccinated with Newcastle virus vaccine and infected with E coli and treated by cephradinee.At day 15th of age, broilers chicks were divided into 4 equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group, healthy non infected non treated broilers (control group). 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups expermintally infected with E. coli was done at 15th day of age. 2nd group infected, non treated broilers, 3rd group infected broilers and vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine, 4th group infected broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine and received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradinee in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination cellular and humeral immune response. Infected broilers with E coli only or infected broilers and vaccinated display significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing percentage, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and gamma globulin. Beside significant decrease in lymphocyte, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, A/G ratio and HI titer coupled with insignificant decrease in esinophils, basophils and monocyte, beta globulin associated with insignificant increase in alpha globulin allover experimental period post vaccination when compared with control broilers. Vaccinated-Infected broilers that received 20 mg/kg b.wtcephradine daily for five consecutive days revealed significant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing % and gamma globulin at 1st day post treatment coupled with insignificant increase at 10th and 20th day post treatment. In-addition to significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, total globulin A/G ratio and HI associated with non significant decrease in esinophils, basophils, monocyte,beta globulin and non significant increase in nitric oxide, lysozyme activity and alpha globulin allover the experiment when compared with control broilers. It could be concluded that, colibacillosis in broiler chickens and cephradine induced some adverse effects on immunological status of broiler chickens. Therefore, it’s important not vaccinated broiler during colibacelosis or using cephradine in treatment. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73707475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-12DOI: 10.14419/ijpt.v7i1.25340
Marvit Osman Widdat Allah, Ayat Ahmed Alrasheid, E. Elamin
Diabetes mellitus in Sudan is one of public health concern since it causes significant mortality and complications for long term. Though conventional drugs are used in the management of diabetes mellitus they are expensive, unavailable and also have numerous side effects. Khaya senegalensis has traditionally used in the management of diabetes. The present study was conducted to examine the In vitro and In vivo anti-diabetic activity of leaves and bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis. The leaves and bark of the plant were extracted with ethanol 96%, and then tested for anti-diabetic activity in a series of in vitro models and a type 2 diabetes model of rats. In vitro bark extract of k.senegalensis showed higher inhibitory activities against the enzyme with IC50 value 226.14 µg/ml. In vivo oral administration of the extracts of the k. senegalensis exhibited decrease in blood sugar level and was found to be time dependent. Bark extract showed strong in vitro and in vivo anti diabetic activity.
{"title":"In vitro and in vivo studies of anti diabetic effect of khaya senegalensis leaves and bark extracts","authors":"Marvit Osman Widdat Allah, Ayat Ahmed Alrasheid, E. Elamin","doi":"10.14419/ijpt.v7i1.25340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v7i1.25340","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus in Sudan is one of public health concern since it causes significant mortality and complications for long term. Though conventional drugs are used in the management of diabetes mellitus they are expensive, unavailable and also have numerous side effects. Khaya senegalensis has traditionally used in the management of diabetes. The present study was conducted to examine the In vitro and In vivo anti-diabetic activity of leaves and bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis. The leaves and bark of the plant were extracted with ethanol 96%, and then tested for anti-diabetic activity in a series of in vitro models and a type 2 diabetes model of rats. In vitro bark extract of k.senegalensis showed higher inhibitory activities against the enzyme with IC50 value 226.14 µg/ml. In vivo oral administration of the extracts of the k. senegalensis exhibited decrease in blood sugar level and was found to be time dependent. Bark extract showed strong in vitro and in vivo anti diabetic activity. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"359 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76384472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-27DOI: 10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28585
B. Bako, S. Malami, Garba Uthman Sadiq, Lawan Gana Ashiekh
Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine. Its mood elevation property and sex enhancement potentials are the main reason for its abuse. The aim of the study was to determine the short-term effect of tramadol administration on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Testosterone (TEST) levels in Male Sahel Goats. This was an experimental study conducted from 1st October 2017 to 12th November 2017 at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria involving 20 Male Sahel Goats. The goats were divided in to 4 groups of 5 each; group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3 and 4 were injected intramuscularly with 4 mg/kg (low dose), 8 mg/kg (medium dose) and 12 mg/kg (high dose) of Tramadol respectively. The injections were given intramuscularly, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of FSH, LH and TEST at 0, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks of tramadol injections. The Mean±SD of the hormones were computed using SPSS 20. The difference in mean was compared using t test and ANOVA with p < 0.05 set for statistical significance. The baseline levels of FSH, LH and TEST in Male Sahel Goat in Maiduguri were 2.91±5.74 Miu/ml, 0.29±0.72 Miu/ml and 3.92±6.39 ng/ml respectively. Only the goats in group 4 showed a significant increase in serum FSH and LH by the 4th week (P=0.01 and 0.03 respectively) while no significant change was noted in the other groups. The was a decline in the level of Testosterone from 1st week through 4th week in all the experimental group but the level in the control group remain fairly constant throughout the experiment. The decline is inversely proportional to the dose of tramadol injection and most marked in group 4.High dose and prolonged used of Tramadol should be avoided because of side effects of Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism.
{"title":"Short-term effect of Tramadol injection on the serum levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone in Male Sahel Goats in Maiduguri, Nigeria","authors":"B. Bako, S. Malami, Garba Uthman Sadiq, Lawan Gana Ashiekh","doi":"10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28585","url":null,"abstract":"Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine. Its mood elevation property and sex enhancement potentials are the main reason for its abuse. The aim of the study was to determine the short-term effect of tramadol administration on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Testosterone (TEST) levels in Male Sahel Goats. This was an experimental study conducted from 1st October 2017 to 12th November 2017 at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria involving 20 Male Sahel Goats. The goats were divided in to 4 groups of 5 each; group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3 and 4 were injected intramuscularly with 4 mg/kg (low dose), 8 mg/kg (medium dose) and 12 mg/kg (high dose) of Tramadol respectively. The injections were given intramuscularly, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of FSH, LH and TEST at 0, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks of tramadol injections. The Mean±SD of the hormones were computed using SPSS 20. The difference in mean was compared using t test and ANOVA with p < 0.05 set for statistical significance. The baseline levels of FSH, LH and TEST in Male Sahel Goat in Maiduguri were 2.91±5.74 Miu/ml, 0.29±0.72 Miu/ml and 3.92±6.39 ng/ml respectively. Only the goats in group 4 showed a significant increase in serum FSH and LH by the 4th week (P=0.01 and 0.03 respectively) while no significant change was noted in the other groups. The was a decline in the level of Testosterone from 1st week through 4th week in all the experimental group but the level in the control group remain fairly constant throughout the experiment. The decline is inversely proportional to the dose of tramadol injection and most marked in group 4.High dose and prolonged used of Tramadol should be avoided because of side effects of Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80929423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-05DOI: 10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28033
A. Elkomy, E. Farag, Elshahat I. Elgharbawy, M. Elbadawy
A total of 100 one-day-old healthy broiler chicks were used to study the effects of lincomycin and bacitracin on some hematobiochemical and immunological parameters. Chicks were divided into four equal groups, 25 each. The first group was kept as control; the 2nd group was received 0.5 g of lincomycin per liter; the 3rd group was received 100 mg bacitracin per liter and the 4th group was administered both lincomycin and bacitracin, each at the above-mentioned dose. Drugs were given in drinking water for 5 successive days from 20th to 25th day of age. Bodyweight was recorded at the beginning of the experiment and at 1st-day post administration where body performance was recorded. One day post administration, blood samples were collected for estimation of hematobiochemical and immunological alterations. The obtained results revealed that broiler chicks administered lincomycin or bacitracin or both revealed a marked increase in bodyweight, weight gain, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, erythrocytic count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume, total leukocytic count, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, α, β and γ globulin. Furthermore, a significant elevation in malondialdehyde associated with a marked reduction in albumin-globulin ratio, serum total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride and a significant decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase, were recorded, compared with the control group. In conclusion, lincomycin and bacitracin either alone or in combination have positive impacts on growth performance, immunological and hematobiochemical parameters of broiler chickens. So, it is recommended to use both drugs as growth promoters in broiler chickens.
采用100只1日龄健康肉鸡，研究了林可霉素和杆菌肽对肉鸡血液生化和免疫指标的影响。小鸡被分成四组，每组25只。第一组作为对照;第二组给予林可霉素0.5 g / l;第三组给予杆菌肽100 mg / l，第四组同时给予林可霉素和杆菌肽，均按上述剂量给予。20 ~ 25日龄连续5 d饮水给药。试验开始时记录体重，给药后第1天记录体性能。给药后1天，采集血液样本，评估血液生化和免疫学改变。结果表明，饲喂林可霉素或杆菌肽或两者均显著提高了肉鸡的体重、增重、吞噬活性、吞噬指数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白水平、堆积细胞体积、总白细胞计数、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、总球蛋白、α、β和γ球蛋白。此外，与对照组相比，丙二醛的显著升高与白蛋白-球蛋白比、血清总脂、胆固醇和甘油三酯的显著降低以及过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的显著降低有关。综上所述，林可霉素和杆菌肽单独或联合使用对肉鸡生长性能、免疫和血液生化指标均有积极影响。因此，推荐使用这两种药物作为肉鸡的生长促进剂。
{"title":"Comparative studies on the effects of lincomycin and bacitracin on hematobiochemical and immunological parameters in broiler chickens","authors":"A. Elkomy, E. Farag, Elshahat I. Elgharbawy, M. Elbadawy","doi":"10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJPT.V7I1.28033","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 100 one-day-old healthy broiler chicks were used to study the effects of lincomycin and bacitracin on some hematobiochemical and immunological parameters. Chicks were divided into four equal groups, 25 each. The first group was kept as control; the 2nd group was received 0.5 g of lincomycin per liter; the 3rd group was received 100 mg bacitracin per liter and the 4th group was administered both lincomycin and bacitracin, each at the above-mentioned dose. Drugs were given in drinking water for 5 successive days from 20th to 25th day of age. Bodyweight was recorded at the beginning of the experiment and at 1st-day post administration where body performance was recorded. One day post administration, blood samples were collected for estimation of hematobiochemical and immunological alterations. The obtained results revealed that broiler chicks administered lincomycin or bacitracin or both revealed a marked increase in bodyweight, weight gain, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, erythrocytic count, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume, total leukocytic count, serum total protein, albumin, total globulin, α, β and γ globulin. Furthermore, a significant elevation in malondialdehyde associated with a marked reduction in albumin-globulin ratio, serum total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride and a significant decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase, were recorded, compared with the control group. In conclusion, lincomycin and bacitracin either alone or in combination have positive impacts on growth performance, immunological and hematobiochemical parameters of broiler chickens. So, it is recommended to use both drugs as growth promoters in broiler chickens. ","PeriodicalId":13897,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy and toxicology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87612779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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