Raghunandan, V. Pai, Lakshmi Crs, D. V. Gowda, M. S. Khan, S. Bhat
The aim of the present study was to develop Gastro retentive effervescent floating tablets (GREFT) containing 20 mg of simvastatin were developed by direct compression method using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M with different drug to polymer ratio. Tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics, viz ., hardness, friability, drug content and floating properties. Further, tablets were studied for in vitro drug release characteristics for 12 h. The tablets exhibited controlled and prolonged drug release, with optimum hardness, consistent uniformity in weight and low friability. The formulation with F2 (HPMC K100M 1:3 ratio) showed 85.83 % drug release at the end of 12 h and exhibited optimum floating lag time. A decrease in release rate of the drug was observed on increasing polymer ratio and also by increasing viscosity grades of the polymer (HPMC). Drug release from effervescent floating matrix tablets was sustained over 12 h with buoyant properties. DSC study revealed that there is no drug excipient interaction. Based on the release kinetics, all formulations best fitted the Higuchi, first-order model and non-Fickian as the mechanism of drug release. Optimized formulation (F9) was selected based on the similarity factor ( f 2) (71.32) and invitro dissolution was used in radiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. In vivo X-ray studies in human volunteers showed that the mean gastric residence time was 5.4 ± 0.32 h.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of gastro retentive floating tablets of anti hyperlipidemic drug","authors":"Raghunandan, V. Pai, Lakshmi Crs, D. V. Gowda, M. S. Khan, S. Bhat","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.V4I2.572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.V4I2.572","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to develop Gastro retentive effervescent floating tablets (GREFT) containing 20 mg of simvastatin were developed by direct compression method using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M with different drug to polymer ratio. Tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics, viz ., hardness, friability, drug content and floating properties. Further, tablets were studied for in vitro drug release characteristics for 12 h. The tablets exhibited controlled and prolonged drug release, with optimum hardness, consistent uniformity in weight and low friability. The formulation with F2 (HPMC K100M 1:3 ratio) showed 85.83 % drug release at the end of 12 h and exhibited optimum floating lag time. A decrease in release rate of the drug was observed on increasing polymer ratio and also by increasing viscosity grades of the polymer (HPMC). Drug release from effervescent floating matrix tablets was sustained over 12 h with buoyant properties. DSC study revealed that there is no drug excipient interaction. Based on the release kinetics, all formulations best fitted the Higuchi, first-order model and non-Fickian as the mechanism of drug release. Optimized formulation (F9) was selected based on the similarity factor ( f 2) (71.32) and invitro dissolution was used in radiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. In vivo X-ray studies in human volunteers showed that the mean gastric residence time was 5.4 ± 0.32 h.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91523975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sarabia‐Sainz, G. R. Montfort, J. Lizardi‐Mendoza, M. Sánchez‐Saavedra, M. Candia-Plata, R. Guzman, A. Lucero‐Acuña, L. Vázquez-Moreno
The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize gentamicin-loaded albumin microspheres for their potential therapeutic use in E. coli K88 infections. Based on in vitro assays, it is proposed that microspheres may serve as a carrier of gentamicin and may provide localized antibacterial activity in the treatment of porcine colibacillosis. Gentamicin-albumin microspheres (GAM) were obtained using a water/oil (W/O) emulsion followed by cross-linking with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Electron microscopy showed spherical particles with indentations. The average size of the GAM was 10.5-12.3 µm. At pH 7.2, the release kinetics of gentamicin from the GAM was successfully described as an initial burst defined by a first order equation. Gentamicin release was unaffected by the glutaraldehyde concentrations used but was affected by acidic conditions. The behavior of gentamicin release from the GAM was not altered by digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin at pH 7.2. Additionally, the concentration of gentamicin released from GAM to reach antibacterial activity was similar to that of free gentamicin against E. coli K88. This work shows the potential use of GAM as therapeutic vehicles of gentamicin to counteract intestinal infections in pigs
{"title":"Formulation and characterization of gentamicin-loaded albumin microspheres as a potential drug carrier for the treatment of E. coli K88 infections","authors":"A. Sarabia‐Sainz, G. R. Montfort, J. Lizardi‐Mendoza, M. Sánchez‐Saavedra, M. Candia-Plata, R. Guzman, A. Lucero‐Acuña, L. Vázquez-Moreno","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.V4I2.603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.V4I2.603","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize gentamicin-loaded albumin microspheres for their potential therapeutic use in E. coli K88 infections. Based on in vitro assays, it is proposed that microspheres may serve as a carrier of gentamicin and may provide localized antibacterial activity in the treatment of porcine colibacillosis. Gentamicin-albumin microspheres (GAM) were obtained using a water/oil (W/O) emulsion followed by cross-linking with different concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Electron microscopy showed spherical particles with indentations. The average size of the GAM was 10.5-12.3 µm. At pH 7.2, the release kinetics of gentamicin from the GAM was successfully described as an initial burst defined by a first order equation. Gentamicin release was unaffected by the glutaraldehyde concentrations used but was affected by acidic conditions. The behavior of gentamicin release from the GAM was not altered by digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin at pH 7.2. Additionally, the concentration of gentamicin released from GAM to reach antibacterial activity was similar to that of free gentamicin against E. coli K88. This work shows the potential use of GAM as therapeutic vehicles of gentamicin to counteract intestinal infections in pigs","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90412935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03054
Chan Ma, S. Prabhu
The purpose of this research was to prepare and characterize a novel lyophilized chitosan-based hydrogel complex (termed CS-M) for controlled drug delivery applications using a highly water soluble model drug, niacinamide. Characterization studies were undertaken to evaluate the physical-chemical properties, polymer swelling, in vitro controlled release kinetics, tissue bioadhesion, intestinal permeability and stability of the novel chitosan complex. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with commercial polymers namely, Carbopol 974P-NF® and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M). FT–IR and 1H NMR studies confirmed that despite alteration in physical structure and morphology of the chitosan complex the chemical properties remained unchanged, when compared to the parent chitosan compound. Polymer swelling studies showed consistency in the structural integrity and water uptake of CS-M compared to other polymers which showed inconsistent swelling and disintegration behavior over a 5 h period. In vitro controlled release profiles of CS-M showed a slower, more controlled release rate of niacinamide than other polymers indicating the influence of polymer swelling capacity on water uptake and subsequent drug release. CS-M demonstrated an overall increase in bioadhesion to intestinal tissue when compared to commercial polymers at same concentrations. Similarly, drug transport through everted sac intestinal tissue showed enhanced absorption properties of CS-M when compared to other polymers. Finally, a 3 month accelerated stability study showed all polymers including CS-M to be stable when formulated with niacinamide. Overall, the modified chitosan-based hydrogel polymer, CS-M, demonstrated enhanced characteristics indicating its potential to be used as a controlled release excipient in oral drug formulations. Keywords: Chitosan hydrogel complex, controlled drug delivery, niacinamide, lyophilization, Carbopol 974P-NF, HPMC K4M
{"title":"Characterization of a novel lyophilized chitosan hydrogel complex for the controlled release of a highly water soluble drug, niacinamide","authors":"Chan Ma, S. Prabhu","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03054","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research was to prepare and characterize a novel lyophilized chitosan-based hydrogel complex (termed CS-M) for controlled drug delivery applications using a highly water soluble model drug, niacinamide. Characterization studies were undertaken to evaluate the physical-chemical properties, polymer swelling, in vitro controlled release kinetics, tissue bioadhesion, intestinal permeability and stability of the novel chitosan complex. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted with commercial polymers namely, Carbopol 974P-NF® and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M). FT–IR and 1H NMR studies confirmed that despite alteration in physical structure and morphology of the chitosan complex the chemical properties remained unchanged, when compared to the parent chitosan compound. Polymer swelling studies showed consistency in the structural integrity and water uptake of CS-M compared to other polymers which showed inconsistent swelling and disintegration behavior over a 5 h period. In vitro controlled release profiles of CS-M showed a slower, more controlled release rate of niacinamide than other polymers indicating the influence of polymer swelling capacity on water uptake and subsequent drug release. CS-M demonstrated an overall increase in bioadhesion to intestinal tissue when compared to commercial polymers at same concentrations. Similarly, drug transport through everted sac intestinal tissue showed enhanced absorption properties of CS-M when compared to other polymers. Finally, a 3 month accelerated stability study showed all polymers including CS-M to be stable when formulated with niacinamide. Overall, the modified chitosan-based hydrogel polymer, CS-M, demonstrated enhanced characteristics indicating its potential to be used as a controlled release excipient in oral drug formulations. Keywords: Chitosan hydrogel complex, controlled drug delivery, niacinamide, lyophilization, Carbopol 974P-NF, HPMC K4M","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75709811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03055
H. S. Chiong, M. N. Hakim, M. Sulaiman, Z. A. Zakaria, A. Zuraini, S. Ong, K. Yuen
The objective of present work was to develop a novel liposomes-based drug delivery system for a lipophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, piroxicam. The system was prepared using proliposomes method and optimised for different preparation parameters including type of proliposomes, concentration of drug, duration of hydration and type of particle size reduction treatment used. All prepared liposomal samples were extensively characterized for their drug-entrapment and size profile using various in-vitro techniques. Present work showed that the most optimum formulation (Pro-lipoTM Duo; 12mg piroxicam per gram Pro-lipoTM; 10 hours hydration time) produced highest amount of actual drug been entrapped in liposomes (800.4 mg/g Pro-lipoTM) with a satisfactory entrapment efficiency of 15.36%. This formulation had also produced liposomal samples with a homogenous (polydispersity index = 0.45) and small particle size (359.95nm). Extrusion technique was found to cause significant reduction in drug-entrapment and size profile of drug-loaded liposomes. A 4-weeks storage study showed that drug-entrapment and size profile of liposomal samples were stable in both refrigerated and room temperature. Electron microscopy revealed that prepared liposomal samples were spherical-shaped and showed concentric lamellae. In conclusion, present work successfully demonstrated a simple, reproducible and practical method of preparation for liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam. Keywords: Proliposomes; Liposomes; Piroxicam; Encapsulation; Particle size; Transmission electron microscopy
{"title":"Development and characterisation study of liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam","authors":"H. S. Chiong, M. N. Hakim, M. Sulaiman, Z. A. Zakaria, A. Zuraini, S. Ong, K. Yuen","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03055","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of present work was to develop a novel liposomes-based drug delivery system for a lipophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, piroxicam. The system was prepared using proliposomes method and optimised for different preparation parameters including type of proliposomes, concentration of drug, duration of hydration and type of particle size reduction treatment used. All prepared liposomal samples were extensively characterized for their drug-entrapment and size profile using various in-vitro techniques. Present work showed that the most optimum formulation (Pro-lipoTM Duo; 12mg piroxicam per gram Pro-lipoTM; 10 hours hydration time) produced highest amount of actual drug been entrapped in liposomes (800.4 mg/g Pro-lipoTM) with a satisfactory entrapment efficiency of 15.36%. This formulation had also produced liposomal samples with a homogenous (polydispersity index = 0.45) and small particle size (359.95nm). Extrusion technique was found to cause significant reduction in drug-entrapment and size profile of drug-loaded liposomes. A 4-weeks storage study showed that drug-entrapment and size profile of liposomal samples were stable in both refrigerated and room temperature. Electron microscopy revealed that prepared liposomal samples were spherical-shaped and showed concentric lamellae. In conclusion, present work successfully demonstrated a simple, reproducible and practical method of preparation for liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam. Keywords: Proliposomes; Liposomes; Piroxicam; Encapsulation; Particle size; Transmission electron microscopy","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80465677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03051
Nitish Kumar, Peeyush Kumar, P. Kumar, Mithilesh Kumar, Rajeev Kumar
Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like Tuberculosis (TB), continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional TB treatment are the development of multiple drug resistance, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Therefore there is a need of a new system have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have considerable potential for treatment of TB. The important technological advantages of nanoparticles used as drug carriers are high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral application and inhalation. Nanoparticles can also be designed to allow controlled (sustained) drug release from the matrix. These properties of nanoparticles enable improvement of drug bioavailability and reduction of the dosing frequency, and may resolve the problem of nonadherence to prescribed therapy, which is one of the major obstacles in the control of TB epidemics. In this review, we discuss the challenges with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on the remarkable potential of nanotechnology to provide more effective treatment and prevention for TB. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Nanotechnology; liposome; Polymeric nanoparticle; non-polymeric nanoparticle.
{"title":"Nanotechnology: A focus on Treatment of Tuberculosis","authors":"Nitish Kumar, Peeyush Kumar, P. Kumar, Mithilesh Kumar, Rajeev Kumar","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03051","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like Tuberculosis (TB), continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional TB treatment are the development of multiple drug resistance, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Therefore there is a need of a new system have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have considerable potential for treatment of TB. The important technological advantages of nanoparticles used as drug carriers are high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral application and inhalation. Nanoparticles can also be designed to allow controlled (sustained) drug release from the matrix. These properties of nanoparticles enable improvement of drug bioavailability and reduction of the dosing frequency, and may resolve the problem of nonadherence to prescribed therapy, which is one of the major obstacles in the control of TB epidemics. In this review, we discuss the challenges with the current treatment of the disease and shed light on the remarkable potential of nanotechnology to provide more effective treatment and prevention for TB. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Nanotechnology; liposome; Polymeric nanoparticle; non-polymeric nanoparticle.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76203732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03063
M. Shekar, B. B. Chary, S. Srinivas, B. Kumar, M. Mahendrakar, M. V. Varma
{"title":"Effect of Ultrasonication on Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions.","authors":"M. Shekar, B. B. Chary, S. Srinivas, B. Kumar, M. Mahendrakar, M. V. Varma","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72706835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03058
M. Abdulkarim, G. Z. Abdullah, M. Sakeena, Mallikarjun Chitneni, F. Mun, Yam, E. S. Mahdi, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, M. Sattar, Mahiran, Basri, A. M. Noor
Palm oil esters are high molecular weight esters oil that has been newly synthesized by University Putra Malaysia researchers. It has received a lot of attention for its pharmaceutical and chemical application. The aim of this study is to study the effects of the palm oil esters with different HLB surfactant mixture on the ternary diagrams behaviour and to confine the various systems resulted from these combinations. These systems include traditional emulsion, gel area, transpernat micro-emulsion area, O/W and W/O emulsions. In this study, pseudoternary phase diagrams of water, POEs and non-ionic surfactant mixture of several HLB values were constructed using water titration method. The resultant mixtures collected after each addition and mixing of water were analysed visually, along with conductivity, dilution in water and dye test (methylene blue) to classify them as O/W emulsion (transparent and opaque) or W/O (opaque) and liquid or gel. As a conclusion, palm oil esters were found to be suitable for the formulation of different types of emulsion. Additionally, different HLB value of non-ionic surfactant(s) exhibited different pseudoternary phase diagram characteristics. Keywords: palm oil esters, Tween, Span, Pseudoternary phase diagram, O/W emulsion
{"title":"Study of Pseudoternary Phase Diagram Behaviour and the Effect of Several Tweens and Spans on Palm Oil Esters Characteristics","authors":"M. Abdulkarim, G. Z. Abdullah, M. Sakeena, Mallikarjun Chitneni, F. Mun, Yam, E. S. Mahdi, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, M. Sattar, Mahiran, Basri, A. M. Noor","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03058","url":null,"abstract":"Palm oil esters are high molecular weight esters oil that has been newly synthesized by University Putra Malaysia researchers. It has received a lot of attention for its pharmaceutical and chemical application. The aim of this study is to study the effects of the palm oil esters with different HLB surfactant mixture on the ternary diagrams behaviour and to confine the various systems resulted from these combinations. These systems include traditional emulsion, gel area, transpernat micro-emulsion area, O/W and W/O emulsions. In this study, pseudoternary phase diagrams of water, POEs and non-ionic surfactant mixture of several HLB values were constructed using water titration method. The resultant mixtures collected after each addition and mixing of water were analysed visually, along with conductivity, dilution in water and dye test (methylene blue) to classify them as O/W emulsion (transparent and opaque) or W/O (opaque) and liquid or gel. As a conclusion, palm oil esters were found to be suitable for the formulation of different types of emulsion. Additionally, different HLB value of non-ionic surfactant(s) exhibited different pseudoternary phase diagram characteristics. Keywords: palm oil esters, Tween, Span, Pseudoternary phase diagram, O/W emulsion","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85359445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03052
A. Saravanakumar, N. Ramaswamy
The recent advances in controlled delivery systems for protein pharmaceuticals such as microspheres, liposomes, pumps and implants, have provided a new avenue for delivery of vaccine antigens. Adjuvants aimed at increasing the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens remain a focus in vaccine development worldwide, there is currently considerable care for the development of chitosan microspheres as controlled release of vaccines, since the major disadvantage of several currently available vaccines is the need for repeated administration. Microspheres prepared from the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, chitosan have been shown to be effective adjuvants for a number of antigens. This review mainly focuses on chitosan microspheres adjuvant as vaccine delivery systems by summarizing our and other research groups’ investigation on properties of microspheres formulation encapsulating several kinds of antigens. The results indicate that compared with commonly used PLA and PLGA, chitosan biomaterial has several potentials in vaccine delivery systems. Chitosan microspheres can control the rate of release of entrapped antigens and therefore, offer generation adjuvant to replace or complement existing aluminium salts for vaccine potential. The review mainly aims to promote the investigation of chitosan microspheres adjuvant for antigens for world wide researcher. Keywords: Tetanus toxoid; Chitosan microspheres; Vaccine delivery system; Biodegradable polymers.
{"title":"Chitosan Microspheres as Potential Vaccine Delivery Systems","authors":"A. Saravanakumar, N. Ramaswamy","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03052","url":null,"abstract":"The recent advances in controlled delivery systems for protein pharmaceuticals such as microspheres, liposomes, pumps and implants, have provided a new avenue for delivery of vaccine antigens. Adjuvants aimed at increasing the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens remain a focus in vaccine development worldwide, there is currently considerable care for the development of chitosan microspheres as controlled release of vaccines, since the major disadvantage of several currently available vaccines is the need for repeated administration. Microspheres prepared from the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, chitosan have been shown to be effective adjuvants for a number of antigens. This review mainly focuses on chitosan microspheres adjuvant as vaccine delivery systems by summarizing our and other research groups’ investigation on properties of microspheres formulation encapsulating several kinds of antigens. The results indicate that compared with commonly used PLA and PLGA, chitosan biomaterial has several potentials in vaccine delivery systems. Chitosan microspheres can control the rate of release of entrapped antigens and therefore, offer generation adjuvant to replace or complement existing aluminium salts for vaccine potential. The review mainly aims to promote the investigation of chitosan microspheres adjuvant for antigens for world wide researcher. Keywords: Tetanus toxoid; Chitosan microspheres; Vaccine delivery system; Biodegradable polymers.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80371117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03057
B. Kumar, S. Jain, S. Prajapati
The aim of this research was to enhance the flux of transdermal drug delivery by using penetration enhancers DMSO. Skin penetration enhancers have been used to improve bioavailability and increase the range of drugs for which topical and transdermal delivery is a viable option which penetrate into skin to reversibly decrease the barrier resistance. Penetration enhancing activity of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) at 5% w/w and 10% w/w concentration were determined in aqueous solution of ACV and in microemulsion formulations though calculation of transdermal flux of ACV with Keshary Chein Frenz Diffusion cell by using wistar albino rat skin. The transdermal flux of formulations PD, PD5D, PD10D, ME1 and ME10D was found to be 2.47, 50.7529, 119.7691, 238.1432 and 266.6721μg/cm2/h. The flux of microemulsion formulation ME10D was found 266.6721± 8.49 μg/cm2/h. Which showed highest value and skin flux of the drug could be enhanced up to 107 fold compared to its aqueous solution by preparing microemulsion ME10D. DMSO in microemulsion formulation is safe to the skin at 10% DMSO w/w. Keywords: DMSO, Penetration enhancer, Ethanol, Transdermal Microemulsion, Acyclovir (ACV)
{"title":"Effect of Penetration Enhancer DMSO on In-Vitro Skin Permeation of Acyclovir Transdermal Microemulsion Formulation","authors":"B. Kumar, S. Jain, S. Prajapati","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03057","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to enhance the flux of transdermal drug delivery by using penetration enhancers DMSO. Skin penetration enhancers have been used to improve bioavailability and increase the range of drugs for which topical and transdermal delivery is a viable option which penetrate into skin to reversibly decrease the barrier resistance. Penetration enhancing activity of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) at 5% w/w and 10% w/w concentration were determined in aqueous solution of ACV and in microemulsion formulations though calculation of transdermal flux of ACV with Keshary Chein Frenz Diffusion cell by using wistar albino rat skin. The transdermal flux of formulations PD, PD5D, PD10D, ME1 and ME10D was found to be 2.47, 50.7529, 119.7691, 238.1432 and 266.6721μg/cm2/h. The flux of microemulsion formulation ME10D was found 266.6721± 8.49 μg/cm2/h. Which showed highest value and skin flux of the drug could be enhanced up to 107 fold compared to its aqueous solution by preparing microemulsion ME10D. DMSO in microemulsion formulation is safe to the skin at 10% DMSO w/w. Keywords: DMSO, Penetration enhancer, Ethanol, Transdermal Microemulsion, Acyclovir (ACV)","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77921773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03049
Ashish Jain, A. Mishra, S. Nayak, V. Soni
Transdermal Drug Delivery System is viable drug delivery platform technology and has a strong market world wide. Transdermal Drug Delivery System is particularly desirable for drugs that need prolonged administration at controlled plasma level that basis make appropriateness to antihypertensive agents for their transdermal development. Controlled zero order absorption, easily termination of drug delivery, easy to administration also support for popularity of transdermal delivery. This paper reviews the work on transdermal studies of antihypertensive agents in the tabular form. Keywords: Transdermal, Antihypertensive agents.
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