Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03061
Febriyenti Febriyenti, A. M. Noor, S. Baie
Haruan spray (aerosol) dosage form is a new dosage form formulated for use as wound dressing and wound healing. Spray can minimize pain and emotional trauma experience during the application and removal process of conventional dressing and bandages. Haruan extract is incorporated as an active ingredient of the aerosol concentrate for its ability to enhance the healing process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical properties of Haruan spray using different propellant. The propellants evaluated were 1,1,1,2 – tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a), butane and propane. Concentrate of aerosol also contain hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as polymer and glycerine as plasticizer. All ingredients of the aerosol were packaged in an aluminium container fitted with continuous-spray valves. Evaluations for the Haruan spray included delivery rate, delivery amount, pressure, minimum fill, leakage, flammability, spray patterns and particles image. Glass containers were used to study incompatibility between the concentrate and propellant due to the ease of visible inspection. HFA 134a reacted with the concentrate and produced white aggregates, while propane had a very high vapour pressure. From safety and economics point of view, butane was chosen as the propellant because it met the requirements for aerosol and produced Haruan spray with the expected characteristics. Keywords: Aerosols; Haruan; 1,1,1,2 – tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a); propane; butane; aluminium canister
{"title":"Physical evaluations of Haruan spray for wound dressing and wound healing","authors":"Febriyenti Febriyenti, A. M. Noor, S. Baie","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03061","url":null,"abstract":"Haruan spray (aerosol) dosage form is a new dosage form formulated for use as wound dressing and wound healing. Spray can minimize pain and emotional trauma experience during the application and removal process of conventional dressing and bandages. Haruan extract is incorporated as an active ingredient of the aerosol concentrate for its ability to enhance the healing process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical properties of Haruan spray using different propellant. The propellants evaluated were 1,1,1,2 – tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a), butane and propane. Concentrate of aerosol also contain hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as polymer and glycerine as plasticizer. All ingredients of the aerosol were packaged in an aluminium container fitted with continuous-spray valves. Evaluations for the Haruan spray included delivery rate, delivery amount, pressure, minimum fill, leakage, flammability, spray patterns and particles image. Glass containers were used to study incompatibility between the concentrate and propellant due to the ease of visible inspection. HFA 134a reacted with the concentrate and produced white aggregates, while propane had a very high vapour pressure. From safety and economics point of view, butane was chosen as the propellant because it met the requirements for aerosol and produced Haruan spray with the expected characteristics. Keywords: Aerosols; Haruan; 1,1,1,2 – tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a); propane; butane; aluminium canister","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86213692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03056
G. Z. Abdullah, M. Abdulkarim, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, Mallikarjun Chitneni, E. S. Mahdi, M. Yam, Sakeena Hameem, M. Basri, M. Sattar, A. M. Noor
Biphasic systems, like emulsions and nano-scaled emulsions, are naturally unstable. The extent and rate of the destabilization process differ from system to another. The stability of such systems upon storage is an important aspect to ensure their abilities to exert the expected effects and consequently render them pharmaceutically acceptable. In the present study, the stability of the nano-scaled emulsion containing newly synthesized palm oil esters (POEs) was assessed under different storage conditions and over specified durations. Three nano-scaled emulsion formulae were chosen for this investigation. They basically comprised ibuprofen as the active ingredient, triethanolamine aqueous solution pH 7.4 as the external phase, POEs as the oil phase, Tween 80 as an emulsifier, Carbopol® 940 as the rheology modifier and menthol or limonene as penetration promoters. The evaluation processes were carried out at several temperatures (4, 25 and 40 °C) with factors, such as droplets size, electrical conductivity, drug content, pH and flow properties were relatively held constant. The data collectively showed that all formulations were stable over an observation period of three months. Keywords: Ibuprofen, nano-scaled emulsion, palm oil esters, stability
{"title":"Stability Studies of Nano-Scaled Emulsions Containing Ibuprofen for Topical Delivery","authors":"G. Z. Abdullah, M. Abdulkarim, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, Mallikarjun Chitneni, E. S. Mahdi, M. Yam, Sakeena Hameem, M. Basri, M. Sattar, A. M. Noor","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03056","url":null,"abstract":"Biphasic systems, like emulsions and nano-scaled emulsions, are naturally unstable. The extent and rate of the destabilization process differ from system to another. The stability of such systems upon storage is an important aspect to ensure their abilities to exert the expected effects and consequently render them pharmaceutically acceptable. In the present study, the stability of the nano-scaled emulsion containing newly synthesized palm oil esters (POEs) was assessed under different storage conditions and over specified durations. Three nano-scaled emulsion formulae were chosen for this investigation. They basically comprised ibuprofen as the active ingredient, triethanolamine aqueous solution pH 7.4 as the external phase, POEs as the oil phase, Tween 80 as an emulsifier, Carbopol® 940 as the rheology modifier and menthol or limonene as penetration promoters. The evaluation processes were carried out at several temperatures (4, 25 and 40 °C) with factors, such as droplets size, electrical conductivity, drug content, pH and flow properties were relatively held constant. The data collectively showed that all formulations were stable over an observation period of three months. Keywords: Ibuprofen, nano-scaled emulsion, palm oil esters, stability","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79894709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03062
G. Tripathi, Satyawan Singh
A gastro retentive pH sensitive system has been a frontier approach to release the drug in controlled manner in stomach and duodenum. The aim of the study is to develop reliable formulation of amoxicillin which will release the drug in controlled way at specific site with acidic pH stimulus present in the gastric region. In the present investigation pectin based oil entrapped micro gel beads were prepared by ionic gelation technique using castor oil and mineral oil. The developed beads were evaluated in term of diameter, surface morphology, floating lag time, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release.Prepared microbeads were regular and spherical in shape. The formulation exhibited sustained release profile and was best fitted in the Peppas model with n < 0.45. Subsequent coating of microbeads exhibited zero-order sustained pattern of amoxicillin release up to 8 hrs.The Results provides evidence that optimized gel bead may be used to incorporate antibiotics like amoxicillin and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach to cure microbial infection. Keywords: Amoxicillin (Am); Calcium pectinate bead; Residential time; pH Sensitive; Ethyl cellulose (EC)
{"title":"Formulation and In-vitro evaluation of pH sensitive oil entrapped buoyant beads of amoxicillin","authors":"G. Tripathi, Satyawan Singh","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03062","url":null,"abstract":"A gastro retentive pH sensitive system has been a frontier approach to release the drug in controlled manner in stomach and duodenum. The aim of the study is to develop reliable formulation of amoxicillin which will release the drug in controlled way at specific site with acidic pH stimulus present in the gastric region. In the present investigation pectin based oil entrapped micro gel beads were prepared by ionic gelation technique using castor oil and mineral oil. The developed beads were evaluated in term of diameter, surface morphology, floating lag time, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release.Prepared microbeads were regular and spherical in shape. The formulation exhibited sustained release profile and was best fitted in the Peppas model with n < 0.45. Subsequent coating of microbeads exhibited zero-order sustained pattern of amoxicillin release up to 8 hrs.The Results provides evidence that optimized gel bead may be used to incorporate antibiotics like amoxicillin and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach to cure microbial infection. Keywords: Amoxicillin (Am); Calcium pectinate bead; Residential time; pH Sensitive; Ethyl cellulose (EC)","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86546983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03059
M. V. Varma, .. P.Amareshwar, R. Devara
Magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in Methyl methacrylate (Eudragit L-100) microspheres containing Indomethacin drug were prepared and their detailed structural and magnetic characteristics were studied. Iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained by chemical coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts and stabilized with tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. We characterized the magnetic microspheres in terms of morphology, composite microstructure, size and size distribution, magnetic properties and in-vitro release patterns. The microspheres were uniform both in shape and usually also in size; their size distribution was narrow. All the magnetic parameters confirm superparamagnetic nature of the microspheres with magnetizations up to 20–30 emu/g of microspheres. The in-vitro release profile was studied in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer medium up to 8 hours using USP XXII dissolution apparatus. Drug release in the first hour was found to increase and reached a maximum, releasing approximately 60-85% of the total drug content from the microspheres within 8 hours. From this study, it could be suggested that magnetic Methyl methacrylate microspheres could be retained at their target site in-vivo and such microspheres can be used in biomedical applications and research areas such as target drug delivery, selective blood detoxification, tissue engineering and replacement, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Keywords: Methyl methacrylate, Magnetite, Indomethacin, single emulsion solvent evaporation Technique, Chemical co-precipitation technique.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Methyl Methacrylate Microspheres Loaded with Indomethacin by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique","authors":"M. V. Varma, .. P.Amareshwar, R. Devara","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03059","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in Methyl methacrylate (Eudragit L-100) microspheres containing Indomethacin drug were prepared and their detailed structural and magnetic characteristics were studied. Iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained by chemical coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts and stabilized with tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. We characterized the magnetic microspheres in terms of morphology, composite microstructure, size and size distribution, magnetic properties and in-vitro release patterns. The microspheres were uniform both in shape and usually also in size; their size distribution was narrow. All the magnetic parameters confirm superparamagnetic nature of the microspheres with magnetizations up to 20–30 emu/g of microspheres. The in-vitro release profile was studied in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer medium up to 8 hours using USP XXII dissolution apparatus. Drug release in the first hour was found to increase and reached a maximum, releasing approximately 60-85% of the total drug content from the microspheres within 8 hours. From this study, it could be suggested that magnetic Methyl methacrylate microspheres could be retained at their target site in-vivo and such microspheres can be used in biomedical applications and research areas such as target drug delivery, selective blood detoxification, tissue engineering and replacement, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Keywords: Methyl methacrylate, Magnetite, Indomethacin, single emulsion solvent evaporation Technique, Chemical co-precipitation technique.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80102524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03060
B. Gandhi, A. Mundada, K. Gandhi
Orodispersible tablets (ODTs), also known as fast melt, quick melts, fast disintegrating have the unique property of disintegrating in the mouth in seconds without chewing and the need of water. The purpose of this investigation was to develop mouth dissolving tablets of aceclofenac using KYRON T-314 (Polacrillin Potassium) as a novel superdisintegrant. Mouth dissolving tablets of aceclofenac were prepared by wet granulation technique using KYRON T-314 as superdisintegrant and menthol as subliming agent. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance. Keywords: KYRON T-314, Mouth dissolving tablet, Aceclofenac, Subliming agent, Superdisintegrant.
{"title":"Evaluation of KYRON T-314 (Polacrillin Potassium) as a novel super disintegrant","authors":"B. Gandhi, A. Mundada, K. Gandhi","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03060","url":null,"abstract":"Orodispersible tablets (ODTs), also known as fast melt, quick melts, fast disintegrating have the unique property of disintegrating in the mouth in seconds without chewing and the need of water. The purpose of this investigation was to develop mouth dissolving tablets of aceclofenac using KYRON T-314 (Polacrillin Potassium) as a novel superdisintegrant. Mouth dissolving tablets of aceclofenac were prepared by wet granulation technique using KYRON T-314 as superdisintegrant and menthol as subliming agent. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance. Keywords: KYRON T-314, Mouth dissolving tablet, Aceclofenac, Subliming agent, Superdisintegrant.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91530895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03050
S. Shilpa, B. P. Srinivasan, M. Chauhan
Over the past several years, treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a paradigm shift. Stemming from the nanobiotechnology research, not only a large number of disease-specific biologicals have been developed, but also enormous efforts have been made to effectively deliver these biologicals. Niosomes are vesicular systems prepared from self-assembly of hydrated non-ionic surfactants. Opinions of the usefulness of niosomes in delivery of proteins and biologicals range from unsubstantiated optimism to undeserved pessimism. This article reviews the current deepening and widening of interest of niosomes in many scientific disciplines, and their application in medicine particularly for the delivery of proteins (insulin, cyclosporine, bacitracin, trypsin), vaccines and antigens (bovine serum albumin, antigen tetanus toxoid, haemagglutinin). This article also presents an overview of techniques of noisome preparation, characterization of niosomes and their applications. Keywords: Niosomes, Proteins, Biologicals, Vaccines, Oral delivery
{"title":"Niosomes as vesicular carriers for delivery of proteins and biologicals","authors":"S. Shilpa, B. P. Srinivasan, M. Chauhan","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03050","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several years, treatment of infectious diseases and immunization has undergone a paradigm shift. Stemming from the nanobiotechnology research, not only a large number of disease-specific biologicals have been developed, but also enormous efforts have been made to effectively deliver these biologicals. Niosomes are vesicular systems prepared from self-assembly of hydrated non-ionic surfactants. Opinions of the usefulness of niosomes in delivery of proteins and biologicals range from unsubstantiated optimism to undeserved pessimism. This article reviews the current deepening and widening of interest of niosomes in many scientific disciplines, and their application in medicine particularly for the delivery of proteins (insulin, cyclosporine, bacitracin, trypsin), vaccines and antigens (bovine serum albumin, antigen tetanus toxoid, haemagglutinin). This article also presents an overview of techniques of noisome preparation, characterization of niosomes and their applications. Keywords: Niosomes, Proteins, Biologicals, Vaccines, Oral delivery","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91149943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03053
M. Abdulkarim, G. Z. Abdullah, M. Sakeena, Mallikarjun Chitneni, M. Yam, E. S. Mahdi, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, M. Sattar, M. Basri, A. M. Noor
Piroxicam is a NSAID that is widely used in the treatment of joint pain and osteoarthritis. The objectives of the study were to modify and validate HPLC method so as to obtain an accurate, sensitive and precise method to quantify piroxicam concentrations without interference from the other ingredients presence in the formulation. The method published by Owen et al. was adapted and modified to suit the above requirements. The modification was carried out on the mobile phase as the mobile phase used by the authors was not able to separate the drug peak from the interference of the formulation excipients. The modified mobile phase consisted of 5 mM of disodium hydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 3 with concentrated ortho phosphoric acid, methanol, acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid at ratios of 27:20:52:1 respectively. The method was validated and found to be specific, precise, accurate and reproducible even when run at different times of the same day or on different times on different days. The limit of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.035 μg/ml and 0.0625 μg/ml respectively. It could be concluded that this method could be used to determine piroxicam concentration in the samples collected from in vitro study of permeability through the synthetic membrane and excised rat skin. Keywords: Piroxicam, HPLC, Quantification analysis, Modification.
{"title":"Modification and Validation of an HPLC Method for Quantification of Piroxicam","authors":"M. Abdulkarim, G. Z. Abdullah, M. Sakeena, Mallikarjun Chitneni, M. Yam, E. S. Mahdi, I. M. Salman, O. Ameer, M. Sattar, M. Basri, A. M. Noor","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03053","url":null,"abstract":"Piroxicam is a NSAID that is widely used in the treatment of joint pain and osteoarthritis. The objectives of the study were to modify and validate HPLC method so as to obtain an accurate, sensitive and precise method to quantify piroxicam concentrations without interference from the other ingredients presence in the formulation. The method published by Owen et al. was adapted and modified to suit the above requirements. The modification was carried out on the mobile phase as the mobile phase used by the authors was not able to separate the drug peak from the interference of the formulation excipients. The modified mobile phase consisted of 5 mM of disodium hydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 3 with concentrated ortho phosphoric acid, methanol, acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid at ratios of 27:20:52:1 respectively. The method was validated and found to be specific, precise, accurate and reproducible even when run at different times of the same day or on different times on different days. The limit of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.035 μg/ml and 0.0625 μg/ml respectively. It could be concluded that this method could be used to determine piroxicam concentration in the samples collected from in vitro study of permeability through the synthetic membrane and excised rat skin. Keywords: Piroxicam, HPLC, Quantification analysis, Modification.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85367358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-10DOI: 10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03064
Sunisha Kulkarni, S. Gupta, N. Upmanyu, S. D. Tonpay
Product development of ophthalmic preparations has received considerable attention in the last few years. With the increasing emphasis on their sterility, some of the differences between them and parenteral preparations are becoming less evident. Both classes of preparations employ similar added substances and manufacturing procedures. The successful formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the major problems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Poorly water-soluble drugs, such as indomethacin, may show low and erratic oral bioavailability due to poor dissolution of the drug in the fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. Indomethacin is a water insoluble drug, so problems of formulating an aqueous eye-drop are well known. Moreover, unstability of Indomethacin aqueous preparations is also a great challenge. In this research work, considering pharmacological importance of drug Indomethacin, we tried to overcome the problem of poor water solubility by making a salt of it and thus formulating an aqueous ophthalmic preparation. Keywords: ophthalmic preparation, indomethacin salt, aqueous eye drops, poor water soluble drugs.
{"title":"Solubility Enhancement of Water Insoluble Drug for Ophthalmic Formulation","authors":"Sunisha Kulkarni, S. Gupta, N. Upmanyu, S. D. Tonpay","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.2010.0975.0215.03064","url":null,"abstract":"Product development of ophthalmic preparations has received considerable attention in the last few years. With the increasing emphasis on their sterility, some of the differences between them and parenteral preparations are becoming less evident. Both classes of preparations employ similar added substances and manufacturing procedures. The successful formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs is one of the major problems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Poorly water-soluble drugs, such as indomethacin, may show low and erratic oral bioavailability due to poor dissolution of the drug in the fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. Indomethacin is a water insoluble drug, so problems of formulating an aqueous eye-drop are well known. Moreover, unstability of Indomethacin aqueous preparations is also a great challenge. In this research work, considering pharmacological importance of drug Indomethacin, we tried to overcome the problem of poor water solubility by making a salt of it and thus formulating an aqueous ophthalmic preparation. Keywords: ophthalmic preparation, indomethacin salt, aqueous eye drops, poor water soluble drugs.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74573403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Wilson, Patel Hardikkumar Sitarambhai, M. S. Sajeev, G. Vinothapooshan
The objective of present work was to formulate and evaluate sustained release matrix tablets of levofloxacin for treating microbial infections effectively. Levofloxacin is the active component of the racemate ofloxacin, and used for treating a variety of clinical conditions such as lower respiratory tract infections, acute sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and soft-tissue infections and complicated urinary tract infections. Different formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using various release rate controlling hydrophilic polymers. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability and drug content uniformity. The in vitro release of drug from the formulations was studied in pH 1.2 acidic buffer and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, and it was found that the prepared tablets were able to sustain the release of the drug. The release of levofloxacin from the tablets was diffusion controlled and the release mechanism was non-Fickian. For conclusion, the developed formulations may reduce the dosing intervals, reduce the dose related side effects and increase the drug’s efficacy for treating infections. Keywords: Matrix tablets, levofloxacin, HPMC, guar gum, xantham gum, locust bean gum, Amorphophallus starch.
{"title":"Design and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of levofloxacin for effective treatment of microbial infections","authors":"B. Wilson, Patel Hardikkumar Sitarambhai, M. S. Sajeev, G. Vinothapooshan","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.V3I2.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.V3I2.225","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of present work was to formulate and evaluate sustained release matrix tablets of levofloxacin for treating microbial infections effectively. Levofloxacin is the active component of the racemate ofloxacin, and used for treating a variety of clinical conditions such as lower respiratory tract infections, acute sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and soft-tissue infections and complicated urinary tract infections. Different formulations were prepared by wet granulation method using various release rate controlling hydrophilic polymers. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability and drug content uniformity. The in vitro release of drug from the formulations was studied in pH 1.2 acidic buffer and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, and it was found that the prepared tablets were able to sustain the release of the drug. The release of levofloxacin from the tablets was diffusion controlled and the release mechanism was non-Fickian. For conclusion, the developed formulations may reduce the dosing intervals, reduce the dose related side effects and increase the drug’s efficacy for treating infections. Keywords: Matrix tablets, levofloxacin, HPMC, guar gum, xantham gum, locust bean gum, Amorphophallus starch.","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90631298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Screening and expression of protease producing 66 strains of different microbes were obtained from the various places in Chennai, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. The isolates were positive on tyrosin caesin nitrate agar (1%) and thus are selected as protease producing strain. 11 of them belong to miscellaneous microbes. The microbial growth is revealed by the mycelial dry weight determination. Maximum growth is observed in the case of Bacillus (0.78 mg). Equally, the maximum growth is observed in Aspergillus sp. (0.064 mg), Fusarium sp. (0.62 mg) and Penicillium sp. (0.62 mg). Finally the enzyme protease was purified by column chromatography. The protein was characterized using SDS-PAGE. Maximum protein content is observed in the case of Alternaria sp. (0.902mg) and Penicillium sp. (0.624 mg). Maximum proteinase content is observed in Aspergillus sp. (0.866mg). This results showed that microbes under study is a good producer of extra cellular protease, which can be beneficial for industries. Keywords: Expression; production; purification; proteinases
{"title":"Expression, production and purification of proteinases from microbes","authors":"J. Rajamurugan, B. Annadurai","doi":"10.5138/IJDD.V3I2.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5138/IJDD.V3I2.228","url":null,"abstract":"Screening and expression of protease producing 66 strains of different microbes were obtained from the various places in Chennai, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. The isolates were positive on tyrosin caesin nitrate agar (1%) and thus are selected as protease producing strain. 11 of them belong to miscellaneous microbes. The microbial growth is revealed by the mycelial dry weight determination. Maximum growth is observed in the case of Bacillus (0.78 mg). Equally, the maximum growth is observed in Aspergillus sp. (0.064 mg), Fusarium sp. (0.62 mg) and Penicillium sp. (0.62 mg). Finally the enzyme protease was purified by column chromatography. The protein was characterized using SDS-PAGE. Maximum protein content is observed in the case of Alternaria sp. (0.902mg) and Penicillium sp. (0.624 mg). Maximum proteinase content is observed in Aspergillus sp. (0.866mg). This results showed that microbes under study is a good producer of extra cellular protease, which can be beneficial for industries. Keywords: Expression; production; purification; proteinases","PeriodicalId":13912,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Delivery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87905870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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