The pathogenesis of melanoma is influenced by a complex combination of environmental factors and individual genetic susceptibility. Familial melanoma refers to cases where there are two first-degree relatives with a melanoma diagnosis. Less strict definitions include second-degree relatives or even three or more of any degree from the same family, although this is not clearly defined in the literature. The term hereditary melanoma is reserved for sporadic or familial melanomas linked to high-risk genes with high penetrance. The first genes related to melanoma were CDKN2A and CDK4, but recently, other genes, mostly tumor suppressor genes, have been described. Internal malignancies, particularly pancreatic cancer, have also been associated with melanoma. Recent studies suggest that there could be a link between melanoma and other neoplasms and tumor predisposition syndromes. This review presents an updated overview of familial melanoma criteria and genes involved in melanoma pathogenesis, emphasizing their clinicopathological aspects and other associated malignancies.
Immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases (IMIDs) frequently result in chronic and debilitating health conditions that significantly diminish patients' quality of life. In the past 10 years, we have seen a huge breakthrough in treating IMIDs by blocking cytokines or cytokine receptors through monoclonal antibodies and by blocking the signaling pathway using Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Nowadays, an increasing number of patients with different immune-mediated skin diseases are being treated with systemic and topical JAK inhibitors. Dermatologists frequently use these new medications in an off-label way to treat various skin diseases. Thus, in the January issue of the Journal, we show the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in treating erythema nodosum leprosum, silicone-induced foreign body reactions in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease, but also cover the potential side effects of JAK inhibitors in treating skin diseases.
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