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Muslim Healers and Healing: An Ethnographic Study of Aboabo Community of Ghana 穆斯林疗愈者与疗愈:加纳阿博博社区的民族志研究
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/IJMA.V2I14.4
Samuel Adu-Gyamfi, Abubakar Teikillah, Ali Yakubu Nyaaba, Mariama Marciana Kuusaana, Benjamin Dompreh Darkwa, Lucky Tomdi
Societies that have accepted Islam have blended their native culture with what was, rightly and wrongly, linked to Islam. Here, we present an example of this combination concerning traditional healing processes in Muslim societies. Focusing on the Aboabo community, we did an ethnographic study of healing processes and rites used by healers and further discussed the rites, practices, contributions and challenges of Muslim traditional healing in the community. Based on a qualitative research approach, the current study uses both theories of diffusionism and syncretism and empirical evidence to highlight the mode of treating some diseases using medicinal plants and rituals including prayers and Qur‟an verses recommended in ancient narrations received from earlier Muslim societies (particularly Arab societies). Although Muslim traditional healers are nearly disappearing from many contemporary Muslim societies, the continuation of their presence in some societies such as Aboabo is partly related to the standard of living of the people. The know-how of these healers is mainly limited to their native traditions, some principles of Islam and related questionable narrations. The activities of Muslim traditional practice have remained archaic, often questionable and/or unhygienic despite Islam‟s exhortation of its believers to respect, among other things, cleanliness and hygiene, and especially to increasingly develop their knowledge in major areas such as those concerning medicine and anthropology. Finally, we realized that although the idea of modernization of Muslim traditional healing in Ghana is expressed in some local discourses, it remains at the periphery. Keyword: Muslim, Islam, Aboabo community, Healing, Muslim healers, Traditional Medicine, Cultures
接受伊斯兰教的社会将他们的本土文化与伊斯兰教联系在一起,无论是对是错。在这里,我们举一个例子,说明穆斯林社会的传统治疗过程。以Aboabo社区为重点,我们对治疗师使用的治疗过程和仪式进行了民族志研究,并进一步讨论了穆斯林传统治疗在社区中的仪式、实践、贡献和挑战。基于定性研究方法,本研究使用扩散论和融合论以及经验证据来强调使用药用植物和仪式治疗某些疾病的模式,包括早期穆斯林社会(特别是阿拉伯社会)的古代叙事中推荐的祈祷和古兰经。尽管穆斯林传统治疗师在许多当代穆斯林社会中几乎消失,但他们在Aboabo等一些社会中的持续存在在一定程度上与人民的生活水平有关。这些治疗师的专业知识主要局限于他们的本土传统、伊斯兰教的一些原则和相关的可疑叙述。尽管伊斯兰教敦促信徒尊重清洁和卫生,尤其是在医学和人类学等主要领域不断发展知识,但穆斯林传统习俗的活动仍然陈旧、经常令人怀疑和/或不卫生。最后,我们意识到,尽管加纳穆斯林传统治疗现代化的理念在一些地方话语中得到了表达,但它仍然处于边缘。关键词:穆斯林,伊斯兰教,Aboabo社区,治疗,穆斯林治疗师,传统医学,文化
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引用次数: 0
The Iberian-Guanche rock inscriptions at La Palma Is.: all seven Canary Islands (Spain) harbour these scripts 拉帕尔马的伊比利亚管切岩石铭文:所有七个加那利群岛(西班牙)都有这些文字
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/IJMA.V2I14.5
A. Arnaiz-Villena, Fabio Suarez-Trujillo, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, Adrián López-Nares, Felipe Jorge Pais-Pais
Rock Iberian-Guanche inscriptions have been found in all Canary Islands including La Palma: they consist of incise (with few exceptions) lineal scripts which have been done by using the Iberian semi-syllabary that was used in Iberia and France during the 1st millennium BC until few centuries AD .This confirms First Canarian Inhabitants navigation among Islands. In this paper we analyze three of these rock inscriptions found in westernmost La Palma Island: hypotheses of transcription and translation show that they are short funerary and religious text, like of those found widespread through easternmost Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and also Tenerife Islands. They frequently name “Aka” (dead), “Ama” (mother godness) and “Bake” (peace), and methodology is mostly based in phonology and semantics similarities between Basque language and prehistoric Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary transcriptions. These Iberian-Guanche scripts are widespread in La Palma usually together with spiral and circular typical Atlantic motifs which are similar to these of Megalithic British Isles, Brittany (France) and Western Iberia. Sometimes linear incise Iberian-Guanche inscriptions are above the circular ones (more recent) but they are also found underneath (less recent). The idea that this prehistoric Iberian semi-syllabary was originated in Africa and/or Canary Islands is not discarded. It is discussed in the frame of Saharian people migration to  Mediterranean, Atlantic (i.e.: Canary Islands) and other areas, when hyperarid climate rapidly established. On the other hand, an Atlantic gene and possibly linguistic and cultural pool is shared among people from British Isles, Brittany (France), Iberia (Spain, Portugal), North Africa and Canary Islands. Keywords: La Palma, Iberian-Guanche, Latin, Inscriptions, Iberian, Celts, Sahara, Africa, Garafia, Santo Domingo, Canary Islands, Lybic British, Brittons, Basque, Irish, Lybic Canarian, Palmeses, Benahoaritas, Awaritas, Tricias, Prehistory, Guache, Tartessian.
在包括拉帕尔马在内的所有加那利群岛都发现了伊比利亚管切岩石铭文:它们由下刻(除少数例外)的直系文字组成,这些文字是使用伊比利亚和法国在公元前一千年至公元几个世纪使用的伊比利亚半音节书写的。这证实了第一批加那利居民在群岛之间的航行。在本文中,我们分析了在最西部的拉帕尔马岛发现的三个岩石铭文:转录和翻译的假设表明,它们是简短的葬礼和宗教文本,就像在最东部的兰萨罗特岛、富特文图拉岛和特内里费群岛发现的那些铭文一样。他们经常命名“Aka”(死亡)、“Ama”(圣母)和“Bake”(和平),方法论主要基于巴斯克语和史前伊比利亚-鞑靼语半音节转录之间的音韵和语义相似性。这些伊比利亚管切文字广泛分布在拉帕尔马,通常与典型的螺旋和圆形大西洋图案一起出现,这些图案类似于大石器时代的不列颠群岛、布列塔尼(法国)和西伊比利亚。有时,线性切割伊比利亚管车铭文在圆形铭文之上(较新),但它们也在下方(较不新)。这种史前伊比利亚半音节起源于非洲和/或加那利群岛的想法并没有被抛弃。它是在撒哈拉人迁移到地中海、大西洋(即加那利群岛)和其他地区的框架下讨论的,当时超干旱气候迅速形成。另一方面,来自不列颠群岛、布列塔尼(法国)、伊比利亚(西班牙、葡萄牙)、北非和加那利群岛的人共享大西洋基因,可能还有语言和文化库。关键词:La Palma,Iberian Guanche,拉丁语,铭文,伊比利亚语,凯尔特人,撒哈拉,非洲,加拉菲亚,圣多明各,加那利群岛,利比克英国人,布里顿人,巴斯克人,爱尔兰人,利比克加那利人,Palmeses,Benaharatas,Awaritas,Tricias,史前,Guache,Tartesian。
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引用次数: 8
Intramural Burials from the Ancient Byzantine Settlement in Khirbet es-Samrā in Jordan 在约旦Khirbet es-Samrā的古代拜占庭定居点的内部埋葬
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/IJMA.V2I14.2
A. Nabulsi, P. Schönrock-Nabulsi, Jean Humbert, A. Desreumaux, C. Wurst
The church burials of Room-94 and Church-79 as well as the Tower 35-Tomb were excavated within the ancient Byzantine settlement in Khirbet es-Samrā, North Jordan. They were initially dated between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. The report provides the results of macroscopic analyses of the obtained human skeletal remains. These include demographic, anthropometric, epigenetic, and pathologic features. The available biological and archaeological evidence tend to suggest that the five adults and child buried in Room-94 tomb were related males, possibly of one local and highly positioned family that was associated with the adjacent Church 95. The six were successively buried in the “private” tomb in Room-94 of Church-95 and not in the “public” cemetery just outside the settlement. The two probable cases of brucellar lesions on the cervical vertebrae of two adults could be indicative of an animal breeding family and that dairy products were part of the local diet. The report also suggests a possible relatedness between Room-94 tomb burials and the 7th century AD senile female burial in Church-79, which was previously assumed to be a male church-functionary burial. Despite being marked by a cross-engraved stone and a probably lethal arrow injury, the available evidence lead to conclude that the male Tower burial, previously identified as of the 9th century AD, was in fact a medieval burial and that it is neither related to the ancient settlement nor to its ancient population. Also presented are some rarely reported biological features, e.g. the “en bloc” manifestation of the transverse foramen division on the cervical vertebrae C5 to C7. Keywords: Jordan - Byzantine Period - Church Burial – Anthropometry - Epigenetics- Paleopathology.
94室和79室的教堂墓地以及35塔墓都是在约旦北部Khirbet es Samrā的古代拜占庭定居点内挖掘的。它们最初的年代是公元7世纪至9世纪。该报告提供了对所获得的人类骨骼遗骸进行宏观分析的结果。这些特征包括人口统计学、人体测量、表观遗传学和病理学特征。现有的生物学和考古证据往往表明,埋葬在94室墓中的五名成人和儿童是有亲属关系的男性,可能是一个与邻近的95号教堂有关的当地地位较高的家庭。这六人先后被安葬在95号教堂94室的“私人”墓中,而不是定居点外的“公共”墓地。两名成年人的颈椎上可能出现两例布鲁氏菌病变,这可能表明一个动物繁殖家族,乳制品是当地饮食的一部分。该报告还表明,94号房间的坟墓埋葬与公元7世纪79号教堂的老年女性埋葬之间可能存在关联,此前人们认为这是一场男性教会官员的葬礼。尽管有十字架雕刻的石头和可能致命的箭伤,但现有证据表明,之前确定为公元9世纪的男性塔葬礼实际上是中世纪的葬礼,它既与古代定居点无关,也与古代人口无关。还介绍了一些罕见的生物学特征,例如颈椎C5至C7横孔分裂的“整体”表现。关键词:约旦-拜占庭时期-教堂埋葬-人类学-表观遗传学-古病理学。
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引用次数: 0
Unequal yoke: The paradox of religious slavery 不平等的枷锁:宗教奴役的悖论
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/IJMA.V2I14.6
L. Chineyemba
Slavery is a historical reality of most societies in Africa. Lately, there has been an outcry on the resurgence of slavery with modern trends that include religious slavery which has become the fad of many clergies, who utilize their privileged positions, capitalizing on the gullibility and desperation of members to exploit them in the bourgeoisie/proletariat form of relationship. Ironically, Christianity is a redemptive tool for the emancipation of mankind, yet, it has been used to entrap adherents in the bondage it purports to liberate from. Studies have paid greater attention to other forms of modern slavery, like child trafficking, forced labour, and forced marriage, but the paradox of religious slavery in Nigeria is a dialectical contradiction that requires anthropological inquiry. This paper examined the role of the clergy in perpetuating slavery to uncover the motive(s) underlying the act and its implications for society. Marxist's perspectives on religion and fetishism of commodity, elaborated by Taussig (1980) provide theoretical explanations. The study revealed that pastors use intimidating prophecies and scaring messages to enslave adherents to obtain material/financial benefits from them. It poises that such engagement negates societal expectations of pastors as advocates of morality and custodians of trust and urge them to desist from it. Keywords: Religion, Slavery, Dialectics, Paradox, Clergy.
奴隶制是非洲大多数社会的历史现实。最近,随着现代趋势的兴起,包括宗教奴隶制在内的奴隶制已经成为许多神职人员的时尚,他们利用自己的特权地位,利用成员的轻信和绝望来剥削他们在资产阶级/无产阶级形式的关系中。具有讽刺意味的是,基督教是人类解放的救赎工具,然而,它却被用来把信徒困在它声称要解放的束缚中。研究更多地关注了其他形式的现代奴隶制,如贩卖儿童、强迫劳动和强迫婚姻,但尼日利亚宗教奴隶制的悖论是一个辩证矛盾,需要人类学的探究。本文考察了神职人员在延续奴隶制中的作用,以揭示这种行为背后的动机及其对社会的影响。陶西格(1980)阐述的马克思主义关于宗教和商品拜物教的观点提供了理论解释。研究显示,牧师使用令人生畏的预言和令人恐惧的信息来奴役信徒,从他们那里获得物质/经济利益。它表明,这种参与否定了社会对牧师作为道德倡导者和信任守护者的期望,并敦促他们停止这样做。关键词:宗教,奴隶制,辩证法,悖论,神职人员
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引用次数: 0
Exceptions to the rule? Ethnographic alternatives to cumulative cultural evolution 规则的例外情况?累积文化进化的民族志替代品
Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.4314/IJMA.V2I14.1
G. Steiner
In suggesting that the rules that govern the evolution of cumulative culture are observed in all modern societies, gene-culture coevolution theory implies that the biases that affect the successful ‘ratcheting’ and efficient transmission of innovations are cross-cultural universals. In the modeling of the theory the stress is placed on demographic strength, the absence of which would render small and isolated populations vulnerable to the ‘treadmill effect’, the inevitable consequence of impaired social learning. However, the ethnographic literature documents small groups of isolated hunters and gatherers who have devised intricate risk-reduction networks that do not necessarily proliferate technological innovations and function only in low demographic settings. Moreover, with merit and abilities being equally distributed, the model-based and conformist biases that influence social learning in gene-culture coevolution theory become irrelevant and elaborate ‘leveling mechanisms’ inhibit the acquisition of status and prestige. As a result, no cultural models can rise to prominence and sway the trajectory of cultural change. Contrary to the predictions of the theory, these societies do not seem to be plagued by cultural loss and, instead of hopelessly running the treadmill and living in poverty, they have developed egalitarian and, to an extent, ‘affluent’ societies. The model forwarded in this paper resolves this apparent paradox by enrolling the hypothesis of ‘cultural neoteny’. It is contended that egalitarian societies – despite their simple (immediate-return) mode of subsistence – are not the vestiges of an ancestral/universal stage from which more complex (delayed-return) economies would linearly evolve, but a relatively recent and idiosyncratic achievement through ‘subtractive cultural evolution’. Keywords: anarchic theory in ethnography, cultural heterochrony, cumulative/subtractive cultural evolution, immediate-return/egalitarian societies, ratcheting/leveling mechanisms.
基因-文化共同进化理论认为,在所有现代社会中都可以观察到支配累积文化进化的规则,这意味着影响创新成功的“棘轮”和有效传播的偏见是跨文化的普遍现象。在该理论的建模中,重点放在人口优势上,缺乏人口优势将使小而孤立的人口容易受到“跑步机效应”的影响,这是社会学习受损的不可避免的后果。然而,民族志文献记录了一小群孤立的猎人和采集者,他们设计了复杂的降低风险网络,这些网络不一定会扩散技术创新,只在低人口环境中发挥作用。此外,随着优点和能力的平均分配,在基因-文化共同进化理论中影响社会学习的基于模式和顺从的偏见变得无关紧要,复杂的“平衡机制”抑制了地位和声望的获得。因此,没有一种文化模式能够脱颖而出,影响文化变迁的轨迹。与该理论的预测相反,这些社会似乎没有受到文化损失的困扰,而不是无望地在跑步机上跑步和生活在贫困中,他们发展了平等主义,在某种程度上是“富裕”的社会。本文提出的模型通过纳入“文化趋向性”假设来解决这个明显的悖论。有人认为,尽管平等主义社会具有简单的(即时回报)生存模式,但它并不是一个更复杂的(延迟回报)经济将线性进化的祖先/普遍阶段的遗迹,而是通过“减法文化进化”相对较新的、特殊的成就。关键词:民族志无政府主义理论、文化异质性、累积/减法文化演化、即时回报/平等主义社会、棘轮/均衡机制
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引用次数: 0
Cart-ruts in Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) volcanoes tops point to Equinoxes, Summer and Winter Solstices 兰萨罗特(西班牙加那利群岛)火山顶部的车辙指向Equinoxes、Summer和Winter Solstices
Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i13.4
A. Arnaiz-Villena, Marcial Medina, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, Adrián López-Nares, J. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Fabio Suarez-Trujillo
Cart-ruts have been observed in Mediterranean Basin, Eurasia and Africa. They are rock carved stripes and channels which unexpectedly converge and/or bend, not being useful for transportation use because constant parallelism is not kept. Cart-ruts came first to scholars attention in Malta and Gozo Islands where they are abundant and dated at Bronze or Temple Age of this Archipelago. A big conjoint European investment for Cart-ruts study only got a detailed inventory in several Eurasian and African countries. Age and use of Cart-ruts remains non-discovered: it is admitted that different ages and uses may not be the same for different or even same areas. Azores Archipelago Cart-ruts were left out of this study and we have recently described them at Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) volcanoes tops and slopes and suggested that they could have been useful for space and time measurements. In the present study, Lanzarote is studied and Mt. Mina and Mt. Guardilama mountains Cart-ruts azimuths points to Summer and Winter Solstices sunrises respectively as measured from Quesera/”Cheeseboard” of Zonzamas, which is a prehistoric Guanche lunisolar calendar. Mt. Tenezara Cart-ruts azimuth is pointing towards Equinoxes sunrises, as observed from Zonzamas prehistoric calendar. Thus, a use for measure time and space could be a function for some Lanzarote Cart-ruts. We explain these findings in a prehistoric Guanche aborigine culture context probably common to Atlantic megalithic Bronze Age and to all Canary Islands having prehistoric inter-navigation, because all have similar rock Iberian-Guanche inscriptions and other common cultural traits. Sahara Desert abandoning by people also influenced Mediterranean and Atlantic culture. Probability that 3 out of 7 studied volcano Cart-ruts point to Solstices and Equinoxes by chance is close to zero as calculated by factorial probability methods. Keywords: Latin, Scripts, Canary Islands, Iberian, Guanche, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Quesera-Cheeseboard, Pyramids, Berber, Africa, Punic, Roman, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Canaria, Calendar, Etruscan, Basque, Cart-ruts, Usko-Mediterranean, Solstice, Equinox, Zonzamas, HLA, Genetics, Sahara. Atchano, Malta
在地中海盆地、欧亚大陆和非洲都观察到车辙。它们是岩石雕刻的条纹和渠道,意想不到地汇聚和/或弯曲,对运输没有用处,因为没有保持恒定的平行。Cart-ruts最早引起学者们的注意是在马耳他和戈佐群岛,那里有大量的Cart-ruts,可以追溯到这个群岛的青铜时代或神庙时代。欧洲联合投资的一项大型研究只获得了欧亚和非洲几个国家的详细清单。Cart-ruts的年代和使用至今仍未被发现:人们承认,不同的年代和使用在不同甚至相同的地区可能不一样。我们最近在兰萨罗特岛(西班牙加那利群岛)的火山顶部和斜坡上描述了它们,并提出它们可能对空间和时间测量有用。在本研究中,研究了兰萨罗特岛,米娜山和瓜迪拉马山的Cart-ruts方位角分别指向夏至和冬至日出,这些方位角分别指向Zonzamas的Quesera/“Cheeseboard”,这是一种史前Guanche日历。根据Zonzamas的史前历法,Tenezara山的方位角指向春分日出。因此,测量时间和空间的用途可能是一些兰萨罗特Cart-ruts的功能。我们将这些发现解释为史前官族土著文化背景,这可能与大西洋巨石青铜时代和所有史前航行的加那利群岛共同,因为它们都有类似的伊比利亚-官族岩石铭文和其他共同的文化特征。人们抛弃撒哈拉沙漠也影响了地中海和大西洋文化。根据阶乘概率方法计算,所研究的7个火山车辙中有3个指向至点和春分点的概率接近于零。关键词:拉丁语,文字,加那利群岛,伊比利亚语,冠奇语,兰萨罗特语,富埃特文图拉语,克塞拉-奶酪板,金字塔,柏柏尔人,非洲,布尼基语,罗马语,西撒哈拉,突尼斯,加那利,日历,伊特鲁里亚语,巴斯克语,Cart-ruts,乌斯科-地中海,夏至,春分,Zonzamas, HLA,遗传学,撒哈拉。Atchano、马耳他
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引用次数: 4
Historical dynamics of Ọjị Ezinihitte cultural festival in Igboland, Nigeria 尼日利亚伊格兰Ọjị Ezinihitte文化节的历史动态
Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i13.2
A. Odoemene
Ọjị (kola nut) is indispensable in traditional life of the Igbo of Nigeria. It plays an intrinsic role in almost all segments of the people‟s cultural life. In the Ọjị Ezinihitte festivity the „kola tradition‟ is meaningfully and elaborately celebrated. This article examines the importance of Ọjị within the context of Ezinihitte socio-cultural heritage, and equally accounts for continuity and change within it. An eclectic framework in data collection was utilized for this research. This involved the use of key-informant interviews, direct observation as well as extant textual sources (both published and un-published), including archival documents, for the purposes of the study. In terms of analysis, the study utilized the qualitative analytical approach. This was employed towards ensuring that the three basic purposes of this study – exploration, description and explanation – are well articulated and attained. The paper provided background for a proper understanding of the „sacred origin‟ of the Ọjị festive celebration. Through a vivid account of the festival‟s processes and rituals, it achieved a reconstruction of the festivity‟s origins and evolutionary trajectories and argues the festival as reflecting the people‟s spirit of fraternity and conviviality. Furthermore, in surveying the festival‟s dynamism within Ezinihitte society over time, it established that the Ọjị festival is not only a unifying factor but also lies at the heart of community development efforts in Ezinihitte clan. Keywords: Ọjị (kola nut), Ọjị Ezinihitte cultural festival, Socio-cultural heritage, Historical dynamics, Igboland, Nigeria.
Ọjị (kola nut)在尼日利亚伊博人的传统生活中是不可或缺的。它在人们文化生活的几乎所有方面都发挥着内在的作用。在Ọjị Ezinihhite节日“kola传统”是有意义和精心庆祝的。本文探讨了Ọjị 在埃齐尼希特社会文化遗产的背景下,并同样考虑到其中的连续性和变化。本研究采用了数据收集的折衷框架。为了研究的目的,这包括使用关键的线人访谈、直接观察以及现存的文本来源(包括已出版和未出版的),包括档案文件。在分析方面,本研究采用了定性分析方法。这是为了确保本研究的三个基本目的——探索、描述和解释——得到很好的阐述和实现。该文件为正确理解Ọjị 节日庆典。通过对节日过程和仪式的生动描述,它重建了节日的起源和演变轨迹,并认为节日反映了人们的博爱和欢乐精神。此外,随着时间的推移,在调查埃齐尼希特社会中节日的活力时,它确定了Ọjị 节日不仅是一个团结的因素,而且也是Ezinihite部落社区发展努力的核心。关键词:Ọjị (kola坚果),Ọjị 埃齐尼希特文化节,社会文化遗产,历史动态,尼日利亚伊博兰。
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引用次数: 0
New insights into the processes of biological evolution and human reproduction provided through a dialogue between science and Qur’an 通过科学与《古兰经》之间的对话,对生物进化和人类繁殖过程提供了新的见解
Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i13.1
H. Chaabani
In this paper I present new insights into the processes of biological evolution and human reproduction in the light of a dialogue between the current scientific knowledge and Qur‟an verses. I demonstrate how this dialogue could provide new complementary information and a more comprehensive state of each of these two processes. After clearing up some confusions and uncertainties related to the biological evolution process I propose a new vision for this process considering that the Creator (Allah) of the entire Universe had organized and supervised the emergence of living beings depending on a wonderful evolutionary plan. As this vision is hopefully in agreement with my interpretations of related Qur‟an verses, I concretize it from them. One of scientific paintings deduced from these verses shows how our humankind emerged at the top of a complex network of evolutionary stages evolved from the earth like the emergence of the upper part of the top of a tree. To the second biological process „Human Reproduction‟ Allah gives a more accurate designation „Human Picturing Creation‟ insisting on the fact that the major acts of this process do not happen randomly but under His supervision. Moreover Allah given to the major elements of this process, wonderful designations including some unnoticed details through superb rhetoric formats peculiar to Qur‟an. At the end of this paper I point out that my interpretations of Qur‟an verses, based on new rigorous methodology, are generally different from the existing ones showing how the latter include errors and distortions making them incompatible with science. More bad consequences, such as terrorism, have been the result of erroneous interpretations of some verses on socio-political issues. To solve this problem of erroneous interpretations and related false considerations that have accumulated through the ages and were merged into cultures of Muslim societies, I call for a “First International Real Renewal of Islam” Key words: Qur‟an interpretation, Biological evolution, Supernatural Creator, Limits of science, Human reproduction, Picturing creation, Human gametes, Human zygote, Human embryogenesis, Real Renewal of Islam.
在这篇论文中,我根据当前科学知识和古兰经诗句之间的对话,对生物进化和人类繁殖的过程提出了新的见解。我展示了这次对话如何能够为这两个进程中的每一个提供新的补充信息和更全面的状态。在澄清了与生物进化过程有关的一些困惑和不确定性之后,我为这个过程提出了一个新的愿景,考虑到整个宇宙的创造者(安拉)已经根据一个奇妙的进化计划组织和监督了生命的出现。由于这一愿景有望与我对《古兰经》相关诗句的解释相一致,我将其具体化。从这些诗句中推断出的一幅科学画作展示了我们的人类是如何出现在从地球进化而来的复杂进化阶段网络的顶端的,就像树梢上部的出现一样。对于第二个生物过程“人类生殖”,安拉给出了一个更准确的名称“人类图像创造”,坚持认为这一过程的主要行为不是随机发生的,而是在他的监督下发生的。此外,安拉赋予了这一过程的主要元素,美妙的命名,包括一些未被注意到的细节,通过《古兰经》特有的高超修辞形式。在本文的最后,我指出,我对《古兰经》诗句的解释,基于新的严格方法,通常与现有的解释不同,后者包括错误和扭曲,使其与科学不兼容。更糟糕的后果,如恐怖主义,是对一些社会政治问题诗句的错误解释的结果。为了解决多年来积累并融入穆斯林社会文化的错误解释和相关错误考虑的问题,我呼吁“伊斯兰的第一次国际真正复兴”关键词:古兰经解释、生物进化、超自然创造者、科学极限、人类生殖、绘画创造、人类配子,人类受精卵,人类胚胎发生,伊斯兰教的真正复兴。
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引用次数: 1
Historicity of personal names in Tanzania: the case of the names in the Rombo-Chagga community in Kilimanjaro 坦桑尼亚人名的历史性:以乞力马扎罗山Rombo-Chagga社区人名为例
Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i13.3
A. Lusekelo, Victor Mtenga
The history of African societies, which are mostly oral, could be deciphered through onomastics. This is possible because naming practices, which are elaborate, and personal names, which are meaningful, are cherished in African communities. In most cases, the circumstances at birth, which split into several strands, dictate the choice of the name by the name-givers. Naming practice is an elaborate phenomenon amongst the Rombo-Chagga people of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania on two grounds. On the one hand, clan names are associated with Chagga calendar and socio-economic activities, e.g. Mkenda „born during unlucky days‟. On the other hand, home-names reveal circumstances at birth and historical events within the family and beyond, e.g. Ndekir‟yo„I am cured‟. In addition, amongst the Bantu speaking communities in Sub-Saharan Africa, naming practices have been influenced by Christianization, Islamicization and colonization. The personal names of the Rombo-Chagga people reveal the strands of religious (formal) names and foreign (English or Kiswahili) names, e.g. Barakaeli „God-bless‟.Keywords: Ethnohistory, Personal names, Language-in-contact, Rombo-Chagga, Tanzania
非洲社会的历史大多是口头的,可以通过象声学来解读。这是可能的,因为非洲社区珍视精心设计的命名做法和有意义的人名。在大多数情况下,出生时的环境分为几个部分,决定了命名者对名字的选择。命名实践是坦桑尼亚乞力马扎罗山的Rombo Chagga人中一种复杂的现象,原因有两个。一方面,氏族名称与Chagga日历和社会经济活动有关,例如Mkenda“出生在不幸的日子”。另一方面,家的名字揭示了出生时的情况以及家庭内外的历史事件,例如Ndekir“yo”“我被治愈了”。此外,在撒哈拉以南非洲讲班图语的社区中,命名做法受到基督教化、伊斯兰化和殖民化的影响。Rombo Chagga人的个人名字揭示了宗教(正式)名字和外国(英语或斯瓦希里语)名字的组合,例如Barakaeli“上帝保佑”。关键词:民族历史,个人姓名,接触语言,Rombo Chagga,坦桑尼亚
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引用次数: 0
The Ibero-Guanche (Latin) rock inscriptions found at Mt. Tenezara volcano (Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain): A Saharan hypothesis for Mediterranean/Atlantic Prehistory 在特纳扎拉火山(西班牙加那利群岛兰萨罗特)发现的伊比利亚-瓜切(拉丁语)岩石铭文:地中海/大西洋史前的撒哈拉假说
Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i13.5
A. Arnaiz-Villena, Marcial Medina, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, Adrián López-Nares, J. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Fabio Suarez-Trujillo
Two of the several rock script panels found at Mt. Tenezara volcano slope, Lanzarote Is. (Canary Islands) have been analyzed. Both of them contain a linear writing which corresponds to the ancient Iberian semi-sillabary discovered by Gomez-Moreno in 1949 AD, thus to Iberian-Guanche inscriptions which previously were referred as Latin. Ancient Iberian scripts have been found in France, Portugal, Spain and other Mediterranean places during the 1st millennium BC and the following four centuries AD; it may be possible that Iberian signs could have been taken or used at the same time at Africa. Even one of the semi-vertical panels considered as Lybic is in fact written in Iberian-Guanche characters. Also, Mt Tenezara shows Cart-ruts pointing to Equinoxes Sunrise. Findings are put in the context of a Sahara relatively rapid desiccation and a massive people migration to establish several classic and pre-classic civilizations, like Sumer, Egypt, Hittite, Hellenistic, Iberians, Lybic and Canary Islands Guanches, and possibly other Old Atlantic Celtic ones. Saharan Hypothesis is based on Geology, Columbia Shuttle (1981) infrared photographs that show prehistoric desert fertility, Prehistory, Anthropology and Linguistics. A fertile and heavily populated Sahara existed before 6,000 years BC. Keywords: Sahara, Latin, Scripts, Canary Islands, Iberian, Guanche, Lybic, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Quesera, Cheeseboard, Pyramids, Berber, Africa, Punic, Roman, Tenerife, Equinox, Tunisia, Algeria, Canarian,, Calendar, Raetian, Lepontic, Venetian, Etruscan, Basque, Cart-ruts, Sitovo, Gradeshnitsa, Usko- Mediterranean, Language, Tenezara, Juan Brito
在兰萨罗特岛的特尼扎拉火山斜坡上发现的几个岩石文字板中的两个。(加那利群岛)进行了分析。它们都包含一种线性文字,与戈麦斯-莫雷诺在公元1949年发现的古伊比利亚半音节文字相对应,因此与以前被称为拉丁语的伊比利亚-关切语铭文相对应。古伊比利亚文字在法国、葡萄牙、西班牙和其他地中海地区被发现,大约在公元前1千年和随后的公元4世纪。伊比利亚符号有可能在同一时期在非洲被采用或使用。甚至有一块被认为是利比语的半竖板,实际上也是用伊比利亚-冠切语书写的。此外,Tenezara山展示了指向春分日出的车纹。这些发现是在撒哈拉相对迅速的干燥和大规模的人口迁移的背景下进行的,这些迁移建立了几个古典和前古典文明,如苏美尔文明、埃及文明、赫人文明、希腊文明、伊比利亚文明、利比亚文明和加那利群岛文明,可能还有其他古大西洋凯尔特人文明。撒哈拉假说是基于地质学,哥伦比亚航天飞机(1981)红外照片,显示史前沙漠肥沃,史前史,人类学和语言学。公元前6000年以前,撒哈拉沙漠就已经存在了。关键词:撒哈拉,拉丁语,文字,加那利群岛,伊比利亚语,冠奇语,利比亚语,兰萨罗特岛,富埃特文图拉,克塞拉,奶酪板,金字塔,柏柏尔人,非洲,布尼基语,罗马语,特内里费岛,Equinox,突尼斯,阿尔及利亚,加那利语,日历,雷蒂安语,雷蓬蒂语,威尼斯语,伊特鲁里亚语,巴斯克语,卡特鲁特语,西托沃语,格拉德什尼察语,地中海乌斯科语,语言,特尼扎拉语,胡安·布里托
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引用次数: 12
期刊
International Journal of Modern Anthropology
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