Kitessa Gemechu Beleta, Dereje Bekele Jiru, Kumela D Tolera
Edible woody plants play an essential role in ensuring the food and livelihood security of communities. However, the management practice and diversity of those plants are declined, particularly in an urbanizing world, due to a lack of traditional awareness among the people. This research identified edible woody plants’ diversity, their threats, and local people’s perception in Borecha woreda of Buno Bedele Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Data on edible woody plants were gathered through interviews with 105 households (67 men and 38 women) between the ages of 21 and 90. Structured and semistructured questionnaires were used to obtain the data from informants. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the number of edible woody plants reported by age and literacy level of respondents. Forty-three species of edible woody plants, belonging to 34 genera and 24 families, were identified. Fruits (79.1%), roots (14%), leaves (2.3%), stems (2.3%), and seeds (2.3%) were identified as the edible parts of these plants. Fruits are the most edible plant part usually consumed fresh without cooking in the study area. The identified plants have a variety of growth forms: shrubs (49%), trees (37%), and lianas (14%) respectively. The most common plant growth forms in the study site were shrubs. In the study area, agricultural expansion, overharvesting, and lack of natural regeneration were the major threats to edible woody plants. In the study area, cutting for constructions was the primary hazard to edible woody plants. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies and efforts of plantation practices in the agricultural landscape are needed for sustaining the edible woody plants in the study area.
{"title":"Assessment of Edible Woody Plants’ Diversity, Their Threats, and Local People’s Perception in Borecha Woreda of Buno Bedele Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Kitessa Gemechu Beleta, Dereje Bekele Jiru, Kumela D Tolera","doi":"10.1155/2024/7269154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7269154","url":null,"abstract":"Edible woody plants play an essential role in ensuring the food and livelihood security of communities. However, the management practice and diversity of those plants are declined, particularly in an urbanizing world, due to a lack of traditional awareness among the people. This research identified edible woody plants’ diversity, their threats, and local people’s perception in Borecha woreda of Buno Bedele Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. Data on edible woody plants were gathered through interviews with 105 households (67 men and 38 women) between the ages of 21 and 90. Structured and semistructured questionnaires were used to obtain the data from informants. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the number of edible woody plants reported by age and literacy level of respondents. Forty-three species of edible woody plants, belonging to 34 genera and 24 families, were identified. Fruits (79.1%), roots (14%), leaves (2.3%), stems (2.3%), and seeds (2.3%) were identified as the edible parts of these plants. Fruits are the most edible plant part usually consumed fresh without cooking in the study area. The identified plants have a variety of growth forms: shrubs (49%), trees (37%), and lianas (14%) respectively. The most common plant growth forms in the study site were shrubs. In the study area, agricultural expansion, overharvesting, and lack of natural regeneration were the major threats to edible woody plants. In the study area, cutting for constructions was the primary hazard to edible woody plants. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies and efforts of plantation practices in the agricultural landscape are needed for sustaining the edible woody plants in the study area.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"57 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139527701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated how grazing influenced the specific features of herbaceous species (basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity) as well as dry matter yield in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. For this study, the natural pastures were divided into three strata based on grazing types (grazing exclusion areas, controlled grazing, and continuous grazing). The areas in each grazing type were divided into two randomly selected (100 m × 50 m) sampling blocks. Then, each of the separated areas was divided into five 10 m × 10 m, and in each subdivided plot, (0.5 m × 0.5 m) were placed across the plots. Thus, a total of 30 (0.5 m × 0.5 m) quadrats were used to evaluate the effect of grazing on the basal cover, species richness, diversity, and dry matter yield of the herbaceous pasture layers. As the results showed, there were significant differences in dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity among grazing areas. The dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, and diversity were significantly (P<0.05) higher in both grazing exclusion and controlled grazing areas than in continuous grazing areas. Therefore, to increase the dry matter yield of natural pasture and to ensure sustainable livestock production, the livestock producers in the study areas should practice either a cut-carry system or a controlled grazing system.
本研究评估了放牧如何影响埃塞俄比亚西北部高原地区草本物种的具体特征（基部覆盖率、物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性）以及干物质产量。在这项研究中，根据放牧类型（禁牧区、控制放牧和连续放牧）将天然牧场划分为三个层。每种放牧类型的区域被随机划分为两个（100 米 × 50 米）取样块。然后，将每个分开的区域划分为 5 个 10 m × 10 m 的小块，在每个细分的小块中，横向放置（0.5 m × 0.5 m）。因此，总共使用了 30 个（0.5 m × 0.5 m）四分小区来评估放牧对草本牧草层的基部覆盖度、物种丰富度、多样性和干物质产量的影响。结果表明，不同放牧区的干物质产量、基部盖度、物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性均存在显著差异。禁牧区和控制放牧区的干物质产量、基部盖度、物种丰富度和多样性均显著高于连续放牧区（P<0.05）。因此，为提高天然牧草的干物质产量，确保可持续畜牧业生产，研究地区的畜牧业生产者应实行割牧场制度或控制放牧制度。
{"title":"Impacts of Grazing on the Selected Features of Herbaceous Species and Harvested Dry Matter Yield of Natural Pasture","authors":"Alemu Gashe Desta, Shashie Ayele Yimenu, Workinesh Tiruneh Teshale, Berhanu Alemu Tessema, Mesganaw Addis Tessma","doi":"10.1155/2024/6689292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6689292","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated how grazing influenced the specific features of herbaceous species (basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity) as well as dry matter yield in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. For this study, the natural pastures were divided into three strata based on grazing types (grazing exclusion areas, controlled grazing, and continuous grazing). The areas in each grazing type were divided into two randomly selected (100 m × 50 m) sampling blocks. Then, each of the separated areas was divided into five 10 m × 10 m, and in each subdivided plot, (0.5 m × 0.5 m) were placed across the plots. Thus, a total of 30 (0.5 m × 0.5 m) quadrats were used to evaluate the effect of grazing on the basal cover, species richness, diversity, and dry matter yield of the herbaceous pasture layers. As the results showed, there were significant differences in dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity among grazing areas. The dry matter yield, basal cover, species richness, and diversity were significantly (P<0.05) higher in both grazing exclusion and controlled grazing areas than in continuous grazing areas. Therefore, to increase the dry matter yield of natural pasture and to ensure sustainable livestock production, the livestock producers in the study areas should practice either a cut-carry system or a controlled grazing system.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tewachew Worku Kegne, A. Aguiar, Marcos Silveira Wrege, Valderês Aparecida de Sousa, Bruno Marchetti de Souza, Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes
The aim of this study was to determine the forest species trees and shrubs that occur in the Amhara region, Ethiopia, for determining the possible areas for collecting seeds and propagations to meet genetic conservation and use programs as well as the recovery of degraded areas. The study was conducted at Fudi Natural Forest in Fagta Lekoma district, Amhara region, northwestern Ethiopia. Using geographic information systems (GISs), the points of presence of species were plotted on the USGS SRTM map (GTOPO30) at 1 : 250,000 scale (USGS, 2018) using Arc GIS 10.1 software (ESRI, 2011). The map has been cropped and presented only for the citizens that contained points of presence of the species. Figures were generated in the JPG format for each species individually, presenting the distribution of each according to the altitude of the region. The maps were elaborated using multiple linear regressions, relating the bioclimatic variables with the numerical models of latitude, longitude, and altitude. Descriptive statistical analysis was initially performed. This was followed by performing a normality test to observe the data distribution. In the region, 1250 individuals of 32 families and 46 species were surveyed. The families most found in the northeast, north, northwest, southwest, southeast, and west regions were Mimosoideae, Euphorbiaceae, Celastraceae, and Rubiaceae.
{"title":"Exploration of Species Diversity as Ecological Conditions Vary to Determine the Possible Areas for Collecting Tree Seeds in Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Tewachew Worku Kegne, A. Aguiar, Marcos Silveira Wrege, Valderês Aparecida de Sousa, Bruno Marchetti de Souza, Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes","doi":"10.1155/2023/6263105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6263105","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the forest species trees and shrubs that occur in the Amhara region, Ethiopia, for determining the possible areas for collecting seeds and propagations to meet genetic conservation and use programs as well as the recovery of degraded areas. The study was conducted at Fudi Natural Forest in Fagta Lekoma district, Amhara region, northwestern Ethiopia. Using geographic information systems (GISs), the points of presence of species were plotted on the USGS SRTM map (GTOPO30) at 1 : 250,000 scale (USGS, 2018) using Arc GIS 10.1 software (ESRI, 2011). The map has been cropped and presented only for the citizens that contained points of presence of the species. Figures were generated in the JPG format for each species individually, presenting the distribution of each according to the altitude of the region. The maps were elaborated using multiple linear regressions, relating the bioclimatic variables with the numerical models of latitude, longitude, and altitude. Descriptive statistical analysis was initially performed. This was followed by performing a normality test to observe the data distribution. In the region, 1250 individuals of 32 families and 46 species were surveyed. The families most found in the northeast, north, northwest, southwest, southeast, and west regions were Mimosoideae, Euphorbiaceae, Celastraceae, and Rubiaceae.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belachew Bogale Worku, Melese Genete Muluneh, Tesfaye Molla
Environmental variables like elevation affect species composition, diversity, distribution, density, and horizontal and upward growth. Ecologists are constantly working to better understand how species diversity varies along elevational gradients, particularly in mountainous ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the species’ horizontal and vertical structural diversity along the Harego Mountain Forest’s elevational gradient. The area was categorized into lower, middle, and upper elevations. A total of 67 (20 m × 20 m) plots were created along gradients of elevation 2,079–2,516 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). Information for floristic composition, diversity, stand structure, and environmental variables were measured and recorded for each plot over the three elevational gradients. Data on anthropogenic disturbances were visually evaluated for every plot in every gradient of elevation. For the diversity analysis, Hill’s diversity statistics were employed. To find significant variations between the three elevational gradients in terms of Hill’s diversity number, stand structure, and environmental variables, the one-way analysis of variance with SPSS version 26 at the 0.05 level of significance was carried out. The finding revealed that 50 woody plants that belonged to 35 families and 44 genera in the 67 sample plots with an elevation of 2,079 to 2,516 were identified. Shrubs were dominant in each elevational gradient. Species richness, abundance, and Hill’s diversity number were all significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater in the upper elevational gradient of the forest. On the other hand, all stand structures were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher in the middle elevational gradient. The effect of anthropogenic disturbances and environmental variables were clearly observed in the lower and upper elevational gradients than in the middle elevation. As a result, there were fewer seedlings, saplings, trees, and shrubs in the gradients of lower and higher elevations. For the conservation of the forest, it is crucial to pay special attention to biotic elements at lower elevations and abiotic factors at higher elevations. Accordingly, involving the local community in forest management, reducing anthropogenic pressure in and around the Harego Mountain Forest through tree planting in farmlands and woodlots and implementing physical soil and water conservation structures are recommended.
{"title":"Influence of Elevation and Anthropogenic Disturbance on Woody Species Composition, Diversity, and Stand Structure in Harego Mountain Forest, Northeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Belachew Bogale Worku, Melese Genete Muluneh, Tesfaye Molla","doi":"10.1155/2023/8842408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8842408","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental variables like elevation affect species composition, diversity, distribution, density, and horizontal and upward growth. Ecologists are constantly working to better understand how species diversity varies along elevational gradients, particularly in mountainous ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the species’ horizontal and vertical structural diversity along the Harego Mountain Forest’s elevational gradient. The area was categorized into lower, middle, and upper elevations. A total of 67 (20 m × 20 m) plots were created along gradients of elevation 2,079–2,516 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). Information for floristic composition, diversity, stand structure, and environmental variables were measured and recorded for each plot over the three elevational gradients. Data on anthropogenic disturbances were visually evaluated for every plot in every gradient of elevation. For the diversity analysis, Hill’s diversity statistics were employed. To find significant variations between the three elevational gradients in terms of Hill’s diversity number, stand structure, and environmental variables, the one-way analysis of variance with SPSS version 26 at the 0.05 level of significance was carried out. The finding revealed that 50 woody plants that belonged to 35 families and 44 genera in the 67 sample plots with an elevation of 2,079 to 2,516 were identified. Shrubs were dominant in each elevational gradient. Species richness, abundance, and Hill’s diversity number were all significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater in the upper elevational gradient of the forest. On the other hand, all stand structures were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher in the middle elevational gradient. The effect of anthropogenic disturbances and environmental variables were clearly observed in the lower and upper elevational gradients than in the middle elevation. As a result, there were fewer seedlings, saplings, trees, and shrubs in the gradients of lower and higher elevations. For the conservation of the forest, it is crucial to pay special attention to biotic elements at lower elevations and abiotic factors at higher elevations. Accordingly, involving the local community in forest management, reducing anthropogenic pressure in and around the Harego Mountain Forest through tree planting in farmlands and woodlots and implementing physical soil and water conservation structures are recommended.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"67 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A variety of socioeconomic and environmental drivers have contributed to changes in LULC around the world in recent years. This study examines the socioeconomic drivers that accelerated LULC in western Ethiopia. The data were generated from terrestrial satellite images primary and secondary sources. Primary data sources include household surveys, field observations, group discussions, interviews, key informants, and interpreting remote sensing data. Secondary data were reviewed mainly from relevant literature both published and unpublished materials. Landsat images were classified using the supervised classification technique and maximum likelihood classifier using arc GIS 10.3 to create LULC maps of the study area. Accuracy score and kappa coefficient were used to confirm the accuracy of the classified LULC, and agricultural land, settlement, bare land, forest land, and water body were the main LULC classes in the district. Forest cover in three decades (1990–2020) in the study area decreased from 12.1% in 1990 to 2.6% in 2020. The data were also analyzed using a descriptive model, Pearson correlation, and binary logistic regression. The independent variables (age and gender) show a Pearson’s positive correlation with the drivers of LULC dynamics; that is, as these independent variables increase, the drivers of LULC dynamics also increase, whereas educational status and land holding size show a negative correlation. This shows that the drivers of the anthropogenic forces of LULC dynamics decreased as the number of educated populations and the size of land holdings increased, and vice versa. Then, the binary logistic regression model examined the relationship between the dependent and the major socioeconomic (independent) variables. Logistic regression was performed to determine how independent variables and the drivers of LULC (natural forces or anthropogenic forces) change and the model was statistically significant (x2 = 23.971, df = 5, < 0.001). The model explained 13.9% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in the drivers of LULC dynamics and correctly classified 66.1% of the cases. The study found that age, gender, and educational status largely determine the drivers of LULC dynamics and have the greatest chance of determining the anthropogenic forces. Therefore, relevant stakeholders should take integrated measures to reduce the drivers of LULC dynamics through landscape restoration.
{"title":"Socioeconomic Drivers of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Western Ethiopia","authors":"Jembere Bekere, Feyera Senbeta, Abren Gelaw","doi":"10.1155/2023/8831715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8831715","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of socioeconomic and environmental drivers have contributed to changes in LULC around the world in recent years. This study examines the socioeconomic drivers that accelerated LULC in western Ethiopia. The data were generated from terrestrial satellite images primary and secondary sources. Primary data sources include household surveys, field observations, group discussions, interviews, key informants, and interpreting remote sensing data. Secondary data were reviewed mainly from relevant literature both published and unpublished materials. Landsat images were classified using the supervised classification technique and maximum likelihood classifier using arc GIS 10.3 to create LULC maps of the study area. Accuracy score and kappa coefficient were used to confirm the accuracy of the classified LULC, and agricultural land, settlement, bare land, forest land, and water body were the main LULC classes in the district. Forest cover in three decades (1990–2020) in the study area decreased from 12.1% in 1990 to 2.6% in 2020. The data were also analyzed using a descriptive model, Pearson correlation, and binary logistic regression. The independent variables (age and gender) show a Pearson’s positive correlation with the drivers of LULC dynamics; that is, as these independent variables increase, the drivers of LULC dynamics also increase, whereas educational status and land holding size show a negative correlation. This shows that the drivers of the anthropogenic forces of LULC dynamics decreased as the number of educated populations and the size of land holdings increased, and vice versa. Then, the binary logistic regression model examined the relationship between the dependent and the major socioeconomic (independent) variables. Logistic regression was performed to determine how independent variables and the drivers of LULC (natural forces or anthropogenic forces) change and the model was statistically significant (x2 = 23.971, df = 5, <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mi>P</mi> </math> < 0.001). The model explained 13.9% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in the drivers of LULC dynamics and correctly classified 66.1% of the cases. The study found that age, gender, and educational status largely determine the drivers of LULC dynamics and have the greatest chance of determining the anthropogenic forces. Therefore, relevant stakeholders should take integrated measures to reduce the drivers of LULC dynamics through landscape restoration.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Application of optimum initial plant spacing is one of the most important silvicultural practices to maximize the survival and growth performance of established plants at field. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different plant spacing on survival and growth parameters of E. grandis at the ages of 4, 17, 34, 56, 66, and 79 months after establishment at Holeta Research Site. The experimental trail was planted at the initial plant spacings of 1.5 m × 1.5 m, 2 m × 2 m, 2.5 m × 2.5 m, and 3 m × 3 m using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates. Other than regular management intervention including regular spot hoeing, weeding, and cleaning, the experiment did not receive any other treatment applications. Evaluation was made on survival and growth performance (plant RCD, height, and DBH) at different ages from 4 to 79 months after planting. Except survival percentage, all other variables (plant RCD, height, and DBH) were significantly affected by initial plant spacing. At the age of 56, 66, and 79 months after planting, the closer plant spacing (2 m × 2 m) was most promising in producing optimum plant height and DBH. Overall, our finding confirmed that initial plant spacing has a significant effect on growth performance of E. grandis at Holeta trail site. Evaluation of basic wood properties in relation with spacing or stand density management for quality wood and wood-based production and clear bole formation is suggested.
最佳初始株距的施用是提高立木成活率和田间生长性能的重要造林措施之一。在Holeta研究基地，通过田间试验，研究了不同株距对成虫后4、17、34、56、66和79个月大叶菊存活率和生长参数的影响。试验株系采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，初始株距分别为1.5 m × 1.5 m、2 m × 2 m、2.5 m × 2.5 m和3 m × 3 m，分3个重复。除了定期的管理干预，包括定期的现场锄地、除草和清洁外，实验中没有接受任何其他处理应用。在定植后4 ~ 79月龄，对不同生育期的成活和生长性能(植株RCD、株高、胸径)进行评价。除成活率外，植株RCD、株高和胸径均受初始株距的显著影响。在种植后56、66和79个月，较近的株距(2 m × 2 m)最有可能产生最佳株高和胸径。综上所示，研究结果表明，初始株距对Holeta试验地大叶青的生长性能有显著影响。建议评价木材的基本特性与林分间距或林分密度管理的关系，以获得优质木材和木基生产以及清晰的孔洞形成。
{"title":"Effect of Spacing on Survival and Growth Performance of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden at Holeta Research Site, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Tinsae Bahru, Negash Eshete, Zewdie Woldemariam","doi":"10.1155/2023/9957776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9957776","url":null,"abstract":"Application of optimum initial plant spacing is one of the most important silvicultural practices to maximize the survival and growth performance of established plants at field. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different plant spacing on survival and growth parameters of E. grandis at the ages of 4, 17, 34, 56, 66, and 79 months after establishment at Holeta Research Site. The experimental trail was planted at the initial plant spacings of 1.5 m × 1.5 m, 2 m × 2 m, 2.5 m × 2.5 m, and 3 m × 3 m using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replicates. Other than regular management intervention including regular spot hoeing, weeding, and cleaning, the experiment did not receive any other treatment applications. Evaluation was made on survival and growth performance (plant RCD, height, and DBH) at different ages from 4 to 79 months after planting. Except survival percentage, all other variables (plant RCD, height, and DBH) were significantly affected by initial plant spacing. At the age of 56, 66, and 79 months after planting, the closer plant spacing (2 m × 2 m) was most promising in producing optimum plant height and DBH. Overall, our finding confirmed that initial plant spacing has a significant effect on growth performance of E. grandis at Holeta trail site. Evaluation of basic wood properties in relation with spacing or stand density management for quality wood and wood-based production and clear bole formation is suggested.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"106 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bamboo is one of the most important vegetation resources in highlands of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, understanding the socioeconomic significance of bamboo resources and linkages between policy makers and other organizations is a persistent issue for the expansion of bamboo industry. This study aims at analyzing the value chain of highland bamboo originating from Banja district, Awi zone, Ethiopia. Specifically, it investigates the current value chain structure of highland bamboo and the role of actors and identifies the existing upgrading strategies along the chain, estimates the market performance, analyzes the determinants that affect the market supply of highland bamboo, and analyzes the governance structure along the highland bamboo value chain. Primary data were collected from direct value chain actors such as 122 sampled households, 13 traders, 16 processors, and 30 final users through semistructured interview schedules, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and personal observation. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and value chain analysis were employed to analyze the data. Government offices and international network of bamboo and rattan and micro and small enterprises were support service providers. The governance structures in the bamboo value chain differ from one stage to the other stage. The result of multiple linear regression model indicated that the land size allocated for bamboo plantation, number of culm harvested, access of market information, and silviculture management practice positively affected the market supply of bamboo culm, whereas distance to the market affected the market supply of bamboo culm negatively and significantly. Based on the findings of this study, designing policies help to increase farmers’ knowledge and skills through capacity building and help to improve information access, silviculture management practice, and market supply of culm.
{"title":"Value Chain Analysis of Highland Bamboo (Yushania alpina) in Banja District, Awi Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Mulat Mengstu, Asmamaw Alemu, Chernet Worku, Sosina Bezie","doi":"10.1155/2023/3378810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3378810","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo is one of the most important vegetation resources in highlands of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, understanding the socioeconomic significance of bamboo resources and linkages between policy makers and other organizations is a persistent issue for the expansion of bamboo industry. This study aims at analyzing the value chain of highland bamboo originating from Banja district, Awi zone, Ethiopia. Specifically, it investigates the current value chain structure of highland bamboo and the role of actors and identifies the existing upgrading strategies along the chain, estimates the market performance, analyzes the determinants that affect the market supply of highland bamboo, and analyzes the governance structure along the highland bamboo value chain. Primary data were collected from direct value chain actors such as 122 sampled households, 13 traders, 16 processors, and 30 final users through semistructured interview schedules, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and personal observation. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and value chain analysis were employed to analyze the data. Government offices and international network of bamboo and rattan and micro and small enterprises were support service providers. The governance structures in the bamboo value chain differ from one stage to the other stage. The result of multiple linear regression model indicated that the land size allocated for bamboo plantation, number of culm harvested, access of market information, and silviculture management practice positively affected the market supply of bamboo culm, whereas distance to the market affected the market supply of bamboo culm negatively and significantly. Based on the findings of this study, designing policies help to increase farmers’ knowledge and skills through capacity building and help to improve information access, silviculture management practice, and market supply of culm.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135855235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A forest is a storehouse of carbon released from different sources when the activities of sustainable forest management, planting, and rehabilitation exist. However, few allometric equations are present to determine its contribution to carbon reduction. The target of the study was to develop species-specific allometric equations and establish a database for biomass expansion factor and wood density for five tree species grown in the dry Afromontane forest of Ethiopia. A direct or destructive sampling method was used on 62 trees from different diameter classes. The diameter at breast height and the total height of selected trees ranged from 7 to 48 cm and 6.7 to 23.4 m, respectively. Trees were felled and divided into various biomass sections. Stem and big branch discs were sampled to determine the wood density and volume of the trees. Sample wood and foliage were oven-dried for three days and two days at 105°C and 70°C, respectively, to get their dry weight. Total above-ground biomass was regressed using diameter at breast height, total height, wood density, and average crown diameter as independent variables. R software version 4.0.1 was used to fit the biomass equations. The best biomass models were determined to have lower AIC and RSE and highest adj. R2. The biomass expansion factor and wood density of five tree species ranged from 1.19 to 1.40 and 0.53 to 0.74 g/cm−3, respectively. Species-specific allometric equations were better than both mixed species and pan tropical models for the assessment of above-ground biomass in the Chilimo dry Afromontane forest of Ethiopia.
{"title":"Species-Specific Allometric Equations, Biomass Expansion Factor, and Wood Density of Native Tree Species in the Dry Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia","authors":"Dereje Egeta, Mesele Negash, Mehari Alebachew, Abeje Eshete, Sinke Mulugeta, Tamiru Lemi","doi":"10.1155/2023/5572048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5572048","url":null,"abstract":"A forest is a storehouse of carbon released from different sources when the activities of sustainable forest management, planting, and rehabilitation exist. However, few allometric equations are present to determine its contribution to carbon reduction. The target of the study was to develop species-specific allometric equations and establish a database for biomass expansion factor and wood density for five tree species grown in the dry Afromontane forest of Ethiopia. A direct or destructive sampling method was used on 62 trees from different diameter classes. The diameter at breast height and the total height of selected trees ranged from 7 to 48 cm and 6.7 to 23.4 m, respectively. Trees were felled and divided into various biomass sections. Stem and big branch discs were sampled to determine the wood density and volume of the trees. Sample wood and foliage were oven-dried for three days and two days at 105°C and 70°C, respectively, to get their dry weight. Total above-ground biomass was regressed using diameter at breast height, total height, wood density, and average crown diameter as independent variables. R software version 4.0.1 was used to fit the biomass equations. The best biomass models were determined to have lower AIC and RSE and highest adj. R2. The biomass expansion factor and wood density of five tree species ranged from 1.19 to 1.40 and 0.53 to 0.74 g/cm−3, respectively. Species-specific allometric equations were better than both mixed species and pan tropical models for the assessment of above-ground biomass in the Chilimo dry Afromontane forest of Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134886429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tarun Kumar Lohani, Gordon Sigu, Nellie Oduor, Selim Reza, Jayaraman Durai
The site suitability assessment of Bamboo in Kenya was studied for diverse agroecological zones (AEZs) comprising one indigenous and fifteen exotic bamboo species in nine different AEZs of Kenya. Three bamboo clumps from each species that were at least five years old were assessed to accurately capture data on growth performance and yield. Soil samples collected at 0–30 cm depth from different areas varied considerably. The proportion of soil varied across the bamboo planting sites (F(1,11) = 24.94; < 0.001), soil pH in the planting sites varied significantly (F(1,11) = 13.92; < 0.001), and soil bulk densities had different results (F(1,11) = 13.92; < 0.001). The lowest bulk density (0.61 ± 0.01) was recorded in Kakamega (UM1), while the highest (1.63 ± 0.01) was reported in Gede. Data on characteristics of clumps and internode length and wall thickness integrated through GenStat statistical software using ANOVA entail a huge variation in growth performance for each bamboo species across planting sites. Morphological characters were also studied in detail. The mean height, diameter, and stocking density were comparatively lower even in elevated zones that were only 200 m below its natural range. This resulted in an extremely low yield, which is not viable for economic investment. The species is unsuitable for plantation establishment outside its natural range of 2300 m–3200 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). Plantation below this range will not dissipate but will not attain a healthy growth. The primary use will be restricted for ornamental and conservation purposes such as scaffolding, roof construction, and fabrication of basic household furniture.
{"title":"Species-Site Suitability Assessment of Bamboo and Its Detailed Study in Different Agroecological Zones of Kenya","authors":"Tarun Kumar Lohani, Gordon Sigu, Nellie Oduor, Selim Reza, Jayaraman Durai","doi":"10.1155/2023/8859316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8859316","url":null,"abstract":"The site suitability assessment of Bamboo in Kenya was studied for diverse agroecological zones (AEZs) comprising one indigenous and fifteen exotic bamboo species in nine different AEZs of Kenya. Three bamboo clumps from each species that were at least five years old were assessed to accurately capture data on growth performance and yield. Soil samples collected at 0–30 cm depth from different areas varied considerably. The proportion of soil varied across the bamboo planting sites (F(1,11) = 24.94; <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M1\"> <mi>p</mi> </math> < 0.001), soil pH in the planting sites varied significantly (F(1,11) = 13.92; <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M2\"> <mi>p</mi> </math> < 0.001), and soil bulk densities had different results (F(1,11) = 13.92; <math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" id=\"M3\"> <mi>p</mi> </math> < 0.001). The lowest bulk density (0.61 ± 0.01) was recorded in Kakamega (UM1), while the highest (1.63 ± 0.01) was reported in Gede. Data on characteristics of clumps and internode length and wall thickness integrated through GenStat statistical software using ANOVA entail a huge variation in growth performance for each bamboo species across planting sites. Morphological characters were also studied in detail. The mean height, diameter, and stocking density were comparatively lower even in elevated zones that were only 200 m below its natural range. This resulted in an extremely low yield, which is not viable for economic investment. The species is unsuitable for plantation establishment outside its natural range of 2300 m–3200 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). Plantation below this range will not dissipate but will not attain a healthy growth. The primary use will be restricted for ornamental and conservation purposes such as scaffolding, roof construction, and fabrication of basic household furniture.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135060254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ghimire, Uchita Lamichhane, S. Bolakhe, Chun-Hung Jeb Lee
Understanding the role of soil carbon (C) dynamics and quantitative changes as affected by various land use patterns is very critical given the significance of carbon sequestration. In this context, the current study was conducted in the Lal Bakaiya watershed in Makawanpur District, Nepal, to assess the variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) stocks in three different land use types, namely, natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land. Incremental soil depths method (i.e., 0–15 cm, 16–30 cm, and 31–45 cm) was applied to collect soil samples in bulk from each of the land use under the study to estimate SOC and N stocks in laboratory. A total of 90 soil samples were collected from three soil layers down the soil profile up to 45 cm for each land uses. The results show that both SOC and N contents decreased with soil depths; however, substantial amount of SOC and N stocks were reported in lower soil depths under land use with natural forest. Both SOC and N contents were found relatively higher at 0–15 cm depth in natural forest soil (1.40 ± 0.20% and 0.26 ± 0.04%) than those in grassland and cultivated land, respectively. The mean total SOC stock and N stock ranged from 46.3 ± 4.24 t ha−1 and 7.11 ± 1.86 t ha−1 in cultivated land to 62.05 ± 9.17 t ha−1 and 11.40 ± 1.92 t ha−1 in the land use with natural forest, respectively. Furthermore, the mean total carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of the soil was found to be higher in cultivated land (7.07 ± 1.93) than that in natural forest (5.75 ± 1.47) and grassland (5.62 ± 1.49), respectively. Two-way analysis of variance results showed that both land use type and soil depth have significantly ( p < 0.05 ) affected the SOC and N stocks in the study. From the results, it is suggested that well-managed land use can contribute significantly in offsetting global carbon emission.
{"title":"Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks: A Study from the Lal Bakaiya Watershed in Central Nepal","authors":"P. Ghimire, Uchita Lamichhane, S. Bolakhe, Chun-Hung Jeb Lee","doi":"10.1155/2023/9356474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9356474","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the role of soil carbon (C) dynamics and quantitative changes as affected by various land use patterns is very critical given the significance of carbon sequestration. In this context, the current study was conducted in the Lal Bakaiya watershed in Makawanpur District, Nepal, to assess the variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) stocks in three different land use types, namely, natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land. Incremental soil depths method (i.e., 0–15 cm, 16–30 cm, and 31–45 cm) was applied to collect soil samples in bulk from each of the land use under the study to estimate SOC and N stocks in laboratory. A total of 90 soil samples were collected from three soil layers down the soil profile up to 45 cm for each land uses. The results show that both SOC and N contents decreased with soil depths; however, substantial amount of SOC and N stocks were reported in lower soil depths under land use with natural forest. Both SOC and N contents were found relatively higher at 0–15 cm depth in natural forest soil (1.40 ± 0.20% and 0.26 ± 0.04%) than those in grassland and cultivated land, respectively. The mean total SOC stock and N stock ranged from 46.3 ± 4.24 t ha−1 and 7.11 ± 1.86 t ha−1 in cultivated land to 62.05 ± 9.17 t ha−1 and 11.40 ± 1.92 t ha−1 in the land use with natural forest, respectively. Furthermore, the mean total carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of the soil was found to be higher in cultivated land (7.07 ± 1.93) than that in natural forest (5.75 ± 1.47) and grassland (5.62 ± 1.49), respectively. Two-way analysis of variance results showed that both land use type and soil depth have significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) affected the SOC and N stocks in the study. From the results, it is suggested that well-managed land use can contribute significantly in offsetting global carbon emission.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44434897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：