Regeneration of oak (Quercus baloot Griff.) forests is an issue of concern in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in general and Sheshikoh Valley of District Chitral in particular. The oak forests cover has been continuously deteriorated and depleted due to uncontrolled grazing, low moisture content of soil, and overusage of the plant as fuelwood and are hence the major contributors toward the failure of oak regeneration. The present study was aimed to asses’ different treatments and their impacts on the growth and regeneration of oak forests. This study was conducted in oak forests of Sheshikoh Valley, Chitral, where four plots of 2-acres each were established. Each plot was treated with separate treatment, that is, fencing, mixed treatment (fencing and fertile soil), fencing and trench treatment, and control plot and their regeneration capacity was studied and compared with each other. The data was collected in March and September between 2011 and 2015. The result showed that the number of plants in the first plot (fencing) were 23, with an average height of 43 inches and a diameter of 11.7 mm. In the second plot (fencing and fertile soil), 40 plants grew with an average height of 42 inches and a diameter of 10 mm, whereas in the third plot (fencing and trench), 45 plants developed with an average height of 48 inches and a diameter of 13 mm. However, the fourth plot (nontreated plants) showed poor germination with 8 plants, with an average height of 8.5 inches, and the diameter of plants was 3.7 mm. Therefore, the survival rate of plants in the first, second, and fourth plots remained unsatisfactory at the end of the research. In conclusion, the third treatment (fencing and trench) was the best suitable practice to stabilize oak forests in their natural zones.
{"title":"Regeneration of Natural Forests in the Hindu Kush Range: A Case Study of Quercus baloot Plants in Sheshikoh Oak Forests, District Chitral, Pakistan","authors":"Z. Ahmad, Zulfiqar Ali, F. Ghani, S. Khalid","doi":"10.1155/2022/2173092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2173092","url":null,"abstract":"Regeneration of oak (Quercus baloot Griff.) forests is an issue of concern in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in general and Sheshikoh Valley of District Chitral in particular. The oak forests cover has been continuously deteriorated and depleted due to uncontrolled grazing, low moisture content of soil, and overusage of the plant as fuelwood and are hence the major contributors toward the failure of oak regeneration. The present study was aimed to asses’ different treatments and their impacts on the growth and regeneration of oak forests. This study was conducted in oak forests of Sheshikoh Valley, Chitral, where four plots of 2-acres each were established. Each plot was treated with separate treatment, that is, fencing, mixed treatment (fencing and fertile soil), fencing and trench treatment, and control plot and their regeneration capacity was studied and compared with each other. The data was collected in March and September between 2011 and 2015. The result showed that the number of plants in the first plot (fencing) were 23, with an average height of 43 inches and a diameter of 11.7 mm. In the second plot (fencing and fertile soil), 40 plants grew with an average height of 42 inches and a diameter of 10 mm, whereas in the third plot (fencing and trench), 45 plants developed with an average height of 48 inches and a diameter of 13 mm. However, the fourth plot (nontreated plants) showed poor germination with 8 plants, with an average height of 8.5 inches, and the diameter of plants was 3.7 mm. Therefore, the survival rate of plants in the first, second, and fourth plots remained unsatisfactory at the end of the research. In conclusion, the third treatment (fencing and trench) was the best suitable practice to stabilize oak forests in their natural zones.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47956980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Arisanty, Muhammad Feindhi Ramadhan, P. Angriani, M. Muhaimin, Aswin Nur Saputra, Karunia Puji Hastuti, D. Rosadi
Sentinel-2 imagery can identify forest and land fires in underground parts, surface fires, and crown fires. The dNBR and RBR spectral indices on Sentinel-2 images proved accurate in identifying. This study analyzed the index value for burned area mapping in wetland areas using Sentinel-2 imagery data in 2019 and hotspot data from the MODIS data. The indices used to identify the burned area and the severity of the fire was the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) and relativized burn ratio (RBR). Visual validation tests were performed by comparing RGB composite images to check the appearance before and after combustion with dNBR and RBR results. The dNBR value accuracy was 91.5%, and for a kappa, the accuracy was 89.58%. The RBR accuracy was 92.9%, and the kappa accuracy was 0.91. The results confirmed that in the Banjarbaru area, RBR was more accurate in identifying burned areas than dNBR; both indices can be used for burned area mapping in wetland areas.
{"title":"Utilizing Sentinel-2 Data for Mapping Burned Areas in Banjarbaru Wetlands, South Kalimantan Province","authors":"D. Arisanty, Muhammad Feindhi Ramadhan, P. Angriani, M. Muhaimin, Aswin Nur Saputra, Karunia Puji Hastuti, D. Rosadi","doi":"10.1155/2022/7936392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7936392","url":null,"abstract":"Sentinel-2 imagery can identify forest and land fires in underground parts, surface fires, and crown fires. The dNBR and RBR spectral indices on Sentinel-2 images proved accurate in identifying. This study analyzed the index value for burned area mapping in wetland areas using Sentinel-2 imagery data in 2019 and hotspot data from the MODIS data. The indices used to identify the burned area and the severity of the fire was the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) and relativized burn ratio (RBR). Visual validation tests were performed by comparing RGB composite images to check the appearance before and after combustion with dNBR and RBR results. The dNBR value accuracy was 91.5%, and for a kappa, the accuracy was 89.58%. The RBR accuracy was 92.9%, and the kappa accuracy was 0.91. The results confirmed that in the Banjarbaru area, RBR was more accurate in identifying burned areas than dNBR; both indices can be used for burned area mapping in wetland areas.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46607639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. A. Roshni, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, R. Akter, A. Prodhan, A. Sagar
Industrial activities have various effects on biodiversity, posing significant threats to forest ecosystems. The current study describes the species composition, taxonomic diversity, and stand structure at Bhawal Sal forest, Gazipur, Bangladesh, as they are affected by industrialization. To achieve the goal, 30 different categorized industries within the forest were considered sampling points and three distance gradient sites viz. Site-1 = Adjacent to industries (0 m), Site-2 = 160 m distance and Site-3 = 320 m distance from industries were designated as treatments. A total of 90 quadrate plots (10 m × 10 m) were taken randomly, of which 30 plots were from each site. Through forest inventory, 46 species (24 trees, 8 shrubs, 5 climbers, and 9 saplings) were recorded from three sites. The study revealed that the stand density and basal area of mature trees (257 stems ha−1 and 8.06 ± 0.60 m2·ha−1) at Site-1 were significantly lower due to diverse industrial operations than other sites. Statistically, all the biodiversity indices of mature trees; Shannon–Wiener’s index (1.72), Simpsons index (0.82), Margalef’s index (1.38), Pielou’s evenness Index (0.39) was found to be lower at proximity to industries. The lowest species richness (12) of all plants was recorded from Site-1. However, the diameter and height distributions of Site-1 comprised young (10–20 cm·dbh) to medium-sized (20.1–30 cm·dbh) trees, while the medium to large sized (>30 cm·dbh) trees was contained at Site-3 in this study. The population structure of tree species at Site-1 also showed a fluctuating curve. Overall, this study highlights that plant ecosystems and tree population structure have declined tremendously due to industrialization. Hence, the current research could be significant for developing the management framework for the disturbed deciduous forest.
{"title":"Impacts of Industrialization on Plant Species Composition, Diversity, and Tree Population Structure in Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest in Bangladesh","authors":"N. A. Roshni, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, R. Akter, A. Prodhan, A. Sagar","doi":"10.1155/2022/3959617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3959617","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial activities have various effects on biodiversity, posing significant threats to forest ecosystems. The current study describes the species composition, taxonomic diversity, and stand structure at Bhawal Sal forest, Gazipur, Bangladesh, as they are affected by industrialization. To achieve the goal, 30 different categorized industries within the forest were considered sampling points and three distance gradient sites viz. Site-1 = Adjacent to industries (0 m), Site-2 = 160 m distance and Site-3 = 320 m distance from industries were designated as treatments. A total of 90 quadrate plots (10 m × 10 m) were taken randomly, of which 30 plots were from each site. Through forest inventory, 46 species (24 trees, 8 shrubs, 5 climbers, and 9 saplings) were recorded from three sites. The study revealed that the stand density and basal area of mature trees (257 stems ha−1 and 8.06 ± 0.60 m2·ha−1) at Site-1 were significantly lower due to diverse industrial operations than other sites. Statistically, all the biodiversity indices of mature trees; Shannon–Wiener’s index (1.72), Simpsons index (0.82), Margalef’s index (1.38), Pielou’s evenness Index (0.39) was found to be lower at proximity to industries. The lowest species richness (12) of all plants was recorded from Site-1. However, the diameter and height distributions of Site-1 comprised young (10–20 cm·dbh) to medium-sized (20.1–30 cm·dbh) trees, while the medium to large sized (>30 cm·dbh) trees was contained at Site-3 in this study. The population structure of tree species at Site-1 also showed a fluctuating curve. Overall, this study highlights that plant ecosystems and tree population structure have declined tremendously due to industrialization. Hence, the current research could be significant for developing the management framework for the disturbed deciduous forest.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45543256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damena Edae Daba, Bikila Workineh Dullo, T. Soromessa
Moist tropical forests have a significant role in provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, these forests are under threat of deforestation and forest degradation. In Ethiopia, the moist evergreen Afromontane forests have the potential for carbon storage and support a high diversity of plant species. However, it is under severe threat of deforestation and degradation.This investigation was conducted to obtain adequate information on the carbon stock potential of the moist Afromontane forest of southwestern Ethiopia. A comparison of carbon stock was conducted between disturbed and undisturbed forests. A systematic sampling design was applied for recording woody species and soil data. A total of 100 main plots of 400 m2 were laid to record trees and shrubs with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The soil data were collected from 1 m2 subplots established at the four corners and the center of each main plot. The DBH and height were measured to calculate the aboveground carbon of trees and shrubs with DBH ≥ 5 cm. A total of 68 tree and shrub species belonging to 59 genera and 33 families were recorded. The mean carbon stock density was 203.80 ± 12.38 t·ha–1 (aboveground carbon stock) and 40.76 ± 2.47 t·ha–1 (belowground carbon stock). The highest proportion of aboveground carbon (t·ha–1) (42.34%) was contributed by a few tree individuals with DBH > 70 cm. The soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) (t·ha–1) for the depth of 0–30 cm is ranging from 58.97 to 198.33 across plots; the mean is 117.16 ± 3.15. The carbon stored in the moist Afromontane forest indicates its huge potential for climate change mitigation. Therefore, for the enhancement of forest biodiversity and carbon sequestration effective conservation measure and sound management approach is essential.
{"title":"Effect of Forest Management on Carbon Stock of Tropical Moist Afromontane Forest","authors":"Damena Edae Daba, Bikila Workineh Dullo, T. Soromessa","doi":"10.1155/2022/3691638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3691638","url":null,"abstract":"Moist tropical forests have a significant role in provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, these forests are under threat of deforestation and forest degradation. In Ethiopia, the moist evergreen Afromontane forests have the potential for carbon storage and support a high diversity of plant species. However, it is under severe threat of deforestation and degradation.This investigation was conducted to obtain adequate information on the carbon stock potential of the moist Afromontane forest of southwestern Ethiopia. A comparison of carbon stock was conducted between disturbed and undisturbed forests. A systematic sampling design was applied for recording woody species and soil data. A total of 100 main plots of 400 m2 were laid to record trees and shrubs with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. The soil data were collected from 1 m2 subplots established at the four corners and the center of each main plot. The DBH and height were measured to calculate the aboveground carbon of trees and shrubs with DBH ≥ 5 cm. A total of 68 tree and shrub species belonging to 59 genera and 33 families were recorded. The mean carbon stock density was 203.80 ± 12.38 t·ha–1 (aboveground carbon stock) and 40.76 ± 2.47 t·ha–1 (belowground carbon stock). The highest proportion of aboveground carbon (t·ha–1) (42.34%) was contributed by a few tree individuals with DBH > 70 cm. The soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) (t·ha–1) for the depth of 0–30 cm is ranging from 58.97 to 198.33 across plots; the mean is 117.16 ± 3.15. The carbon stored in the moist Afromontane forest indicates its huge potential for climate change mitigation. Therefore, for the enhancement of forest biodiversity and carbon sequestration effective conservation measure and sound management approach is essential.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted in the Harego dry Afromontane forest, Northeastern Ethiopia, to analyze woody species composition, diversity, structure, and regeneration status. To collect the vegetation data, a total of 67 sample plots measuring 400 m 2 20 m × 20 m were laid systematically. Species identity, abundance, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) were recorded for each sample plot. Diversity, structural, and regeneration status were analyzed for the forest. A total of 50 woody species representing 35 families and 44 genera were identified and recorded. According to the IUCN Red List Category, Rhus glutinosa A. Rich and Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm. are vulnerable species. Fabaceae was the dominant family, and of the total species, 27 were shrubs, 19 were trees, and 4 were climbers. The species accumulation curve indicates that the majority of plant species in the study area were captured by our sampling efforts. The values of true Shannon (N1 = 17) and true Simpson (N2 = 11) indicate that species in the Harego forest are more or less evenly distributed. The abundance-frequency ratio of all woody species (WI = >0.05) indicates the heterogeneity of species composition. The total density and basal area were 4400 stems ha−1 and 9.66 m2 ha−1, respectively. The majority of the species fallen into the lower IVI classes. The diameter and height class distribution revealed an inverted J-shape. The increase in population demand and disturbance shows a high variation in stand structure and hampered natural regeneration, which needs immediate conservation actions.
{"title":"Diversity, Structural, and Regeneration Analysis of Woody Species in the Afromontane Dry Forest of Harego, Northeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Belachew Bogale Worku, Emiru Birhane Hizkias, Seid Muhie Dawud","doi":"10.1155/2022/7475999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7475999","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in the Harego dry Afromontane forest, Northeastern Ethiopia, to analyze woody species composition, diversity, structure, and regeneration status. To collect the vegetation data, a total of 67 sample plots measuring \u0000 \u0000 400\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 m\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 20\u0000 m\u0000 ×\u0000 20\u0000 m\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 were laid systematically. Species identity, abundance, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) were recorded for each sample plot. Diversity, structural, and regeneration status were analyzed for the forest. A total of 50 woody species representing 35 families and 44 genera were identified and recorded. According to the IUCN Red List Category, Rhus glutinosa A. Rich and Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm. are vulnerable species. Fabaceae was the dominant family, and of the total species, 27 were shrubs, 19 were trees, and 4 were climbers. The species accumulation curve indicates that the majority of plant species in the study area were captured by our sampling efforts. The values of true Shannon (N1 = 17) and true Simpson (N2 = 11) indicate that species in the Harego forest are more or less evenly distributed. The abundance-frequency ratio of all woody species (WI = >0.05) indicates the heterogeneity of species composition. The total density and basal area were 4400 stems ha−1 and 9.66 m2 ha−1, respectively. The majority of the species fallen into the lower IVI classes. The diameter and height class distribution revealed an inverted J-shape. The increase in population demand and disturbance shows a high variation in stand structure and hampered natural regeneration, which needs immediate conservation actions.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42152144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adriana Antonio Bautista, J. Vázquez, M. Badillo, Armando Rodríguez García, L. A. Uribe, A. Juárez, E. Angel, J. Hernández
The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) on the incidence of pathogenic fungi on the seeds of Agave lechuguilla, Lippia graveolens, and Nolina cespitifera. Seeds were stored 90 days at 60, 75, 80, and 85% RH, and results were processed with a correlation analysis in the R software using the Spearman test. Higher fungi incidence (FI) in seeds was found from 10 to 20% RH; however, correlation between RH and MC of seeds was positive with r = 0.311 and p = 2.2 × 10 − 16 . In general, RH is related to MC, but not to fungi incidence, which is related mainly to MC of seeds. Correlation between RH and FI for each seed species was not significant, r = 0.026, −0.040, and 0.071 and p = 0.687 , 0.540, and 0.272 for A. lechuguilla, N. cespitifera, and L. graveolens, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the MC of seeds with fungi incidence; a negative correlation between the RH and the FI; and a positive correlation between the RH and the MC of seeds. In this type of seeds (orthodox), the MC is probably the most important factor in determining its longevity. The seeds under study can be stored in a 60% to 75% RH. Five fungi genera were found, predominating Aspergillus with five identified species.
{"title":"Correlation between Relative Humidity and Forest Seeds Moisture on the Incidence of Fungi","authors":"Adriana Antonio Bautista, J. Vázquez, M. Badillo, Armando Rodríguez García, L. A. Uribe, A. Juárez, E. Angel, J. Hernández","doi":"10.1155/2022/7917704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7917704","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) on the incidence of pathogenic fungi on the seeds of Agave lechuguilla, Lippia graveolens, and Nolina cespitifera. Seeds were stored 90 days at 60, 75, 80, and 85% RH, and results were processed with a correlation analysis in the R software using the Spearman test. Higher fungi incidence (FI) in seeds was found from 10 to 20% RH; however, correlation between RH and MC of seeds was positive with r = 0.311 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 2.2\u0000 ×\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 10\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 16\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 . In general, RH is related to MC, but not to fungi incidence, which is related mainly to MC of seeds. Correlation between RH and FI for each seed species was not significant, r = 0.026, −0.040, and 0.071 and \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 =\u0000 0.687\u0000 \u0000 , 0.540, and 0.272 for A. lechuguilla, N. cespitifera, and L. graveolens, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the MC of seeds with fungi incidence; a negative correlation between the RH and the FI; and a positive correlation between the RH and the MC of seeds. In this type of seeds (orthodox), the MC is probably the most important factor in determining its longevity. The seeds under study can be stored in a 60% to 75% RH. Five fungi genera were found, predominating Aspergillus with five identified species.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42740300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nuraeni, N. Nasri, Andi Siady Hamzah, W. Wahyudi
The development of dyeing frm natural substances for silk fabrics has been rapidly growing in recent years. This study aimed to explore the plant species prodsucing unique dyes and patterns on silk fabrics. The flowers and leaves of some plant species found at the research sites were assayed for their color and shape expression on the fabrics. The dyeing technique applied was the bundle dyeing or ecoprinting technique on the fabric’s surface with mordant alum and myrobalan. We obtained 297 plants consisting of 95 families and 181 genera. The plant species producing colors were trees (48.4%), shrubs (30.5%), and herbs, vines, ferns, and lycopods (21.1%). The plant species samples obtained were 213 (71.7%) producing color and 84 (28.3%) species not expressing color. The leaves and flowers producing colors and patterns on the fabrics suitable for bundle dyeing were 126 species and 19 species, respectively. The leaves produce colors without shape patterns; thus, they have potential roles as dyes for the dipping technique.
{"title":"Exploring the Flora of South Sulawesi, Forest Vegetation, and Karst Areas as Bundle Dyeing on Silk Fabrics","authors":"S. Nuraeni, N. Nasri, Andi Siady Hamzah, W. Wahyudi","doi":"10.1155/2022/4971977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4971977","url":null,"abstract":"The development of dyeing frm natural substances for silk fabrics has been rapidly growing in recent years. This study aimed to explore the plant species prodsucing unique dyes and patterns on silk fabrics. The flowers and leaves of some plant species found at the research sites were assayed for their color and shape expression on the fabrics. The dyeing technique applied was the bundle dyeing or ecoprinting technique on the fabric’s surface with mordant alum and myrobalan. We obtained 297 plants consisting of 95 families and 181 genera. The plant species producing colors were trees (48.4%), shrubs (30.5%), and herbs, vines, ferns, and lycopods (21.1%). The plant species samples obtained were 213 (71.7%) producing color and 84 (28.3%) species not expressing color. The leaves and flowers producing colors and patterns on the fabrics suitable for bundle dyeing were 126 species and 19 species, respectively. The leaves produce colors without shape patterns; thus, they have potential roles as dyes for the dipping technique.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49666944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of pretreatment methods on germination of Senna spectabilis seed and determine the effect of pretreatment methods on height and root collar diameter growth of Senna spectabilis seedlings. The experimental treatments involved were control; seeds soaked in cold water for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h; seeds soaked in hot water and allowed to cool for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h; and nicked seeds using secateurs. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The data variables assessed were seedling height, root collar diameter, and survival rate. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA using Minitab software. Results showed that there were significant differences p ≤ 0. 05 among treatment means on germination, seedling height, and root collar diameter, while the survival rate was not statistically significant p ≥ 0.05 . Nicked seeds and those soaked in hot water and allowed to cool for 12 h had an outstanding performance in terms of germination and seedling growth. It is, therefore, recommended that farmers should be encouraged to use nicked and hot water soaked for 12 h seed in order to achieve high germination and growth efficiencies in their homestead gardens.
{"title":"Effect of Seed Pretreatment Methods on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Senna spectabilis","authors":"Erick R Zembele, Elisha S. Ngulube","doi":"10.1155/2022/6731479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6731479","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of pretreatment methods on germination of Senna spectabilis seed and determine the effect of pretreatment methods on height and root collar diameter growth of Senna spectabilis seedlings. The experimental treatments involved were control; seeds soaked in cold water for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h; seeds soaked in hot water and allowed to cool for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h; and nicked seeds using secateurs. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The data variables assessed were seedling height, root collar diameter, and survival rate. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA using Minitab software. Results showed that there were significant differences \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≤\u0000 0.\u0000 05\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 among treatment means on germination, seedling height, and root collar diameter, while the survival rate was not statistically significant \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 ≥\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 . Nicked seeds and those soaked in hot water and allowed to cool for 12 h had an outstanding performance in terms of germination and seedling growth. It is, therefore, recommended that farmers should be encouraged to use nicked and hot water soaked for 12 h seed in order to achieve high germination and growth efficiencies in their homestead gardens.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46838504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-wild animal conflict has serious conservation consequences, both for populations of wild animals and for the people who live around wild animals’ habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the human-wild animal conflict in Banja Woreda, Awi Zone, Ethiopia. First, the area was selected purposively because it is expected to be prone to a high level of human-wild animal conflict, and then the selected areas were stratified based on the distance to wild animals’ habitats. A total of 95 household heads (HHs) from the two kebeles were interviewed using structured and semistructured questionnaires. Additional information was also gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, and personal observation during data collection. About 84 (88%) of the respondents replied that wild animals had an effect on the livelihood of the local communities through both crop and livestock loss. The crop and animal loss was different across the distance categories of the study area ( P < 0.05 ). The highest proportion of loss was reported in the closest settlement than far-located settlements. The chi-square association test shows that there was a significant association ( P < 0.05 ) between livelihood activity across crops and domestic animal loss. The farmers who led their livelihoods in both farming and livestock activity reported higher animal and crop losses than the only farming or livestock activity. The crop types that were more raided by wild animals were maize and potato. The risks of crop raiding were significantly different among crop varieties ( P < 0.05 ). Wild animals affected crops in different development stages, and mature stage ranked the first followed by fruiting stage. Crop growth stages that were attacked by wild animals showed significant variations ( P < 0.05 ). Of the crop type that was attacked by wild animals, potato was highly attacked, which reaches to 113.8 quintals (28%), followed by maize 96 quintals (23%) and small millet 74.7 quintals (18%) within three years. The loss of crops in the kebeles was not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ). Wild animals also affected the domestic animals; accordingly, 79 (83.2%) of the respondents replied that wild animals attacked all domestic animals and the remaining 16 (16.8%) said wild animals attacked goats, sheep, and chickens. However, the animal loss in the kebeles was not significantly different ( P > 0.05 ). The trend of the population status of wild animals was significantly different among the perceptions of respondents ( P < 0.05 ). The settlement near the forest habitat of wild animals and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and deforestation were the major causes of conflict. The proportion of the causes of human-wild animal conflict in the area was significantly different ( P < 0.05 ). According to the respondents, the most effective controlling mechanisms of the conflict were guarding
{"title":"Human-Wild Animal Conflict in Banja Woreda, Awi Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Binega Derebe, Yonas Derebe, Birtukan Tsegaye","doi":"10.1155/2022/4973392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4973392","url":null,"abstract":"Human-wild animal conflict has serious conservation consequences, both for populations of wild animals and for the people who live around wild animals’ habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the human-wild animal conflict in Banja Woreda, Awi Zone, Ethiopia. First, the area was selected purposively because it is expected to be prone to a high level of human-wild animal conflict, and then the selected areas were stratified based on the distance to wild animals’ habitats. A total of 95 household heads (HHs) from the two kebeles were interviewed using structured and semistructured questionnaires. Additional information was also gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, and personal observation during data collection. About 84 (88%) of the respondents replied that wild animals had an effect on the livelihood of the local communities through both crop and livestock loss. The crop and animal loss was different across the distance categories of the study area (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). The highest proportion of loss was reported in the closest settlement than far-located settlements. The chi-square association test shows that there was a significant association (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ) between livelihood activity across crops and domestic animal loss. The farmers who led their livelihoods in both farming and livestock activity reported higher animal and crop losses than the only farming or livestock activity. The crop types that were more raided by wild animals were maize and potato. The risks of crop raiding were significantly different among crop varieties (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). Wild animals affected crops in different development stages, and mature stage ranked the first followed by fruiting stage. Crop growth stages that were attacked by wild animals showed significant variations (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). Of the crop type that was attacked by wild animals, potato was highly attacked, which reaches to 113.8 quintals (28%), followed by maize 96 quintals (23%) and small millet 74.7 quintals (18%) within three years. The loss of crops in the kebeles was not significantly different (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 >\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). Wild animals also affected the domestic animals; accordingly, 79 (83.2%) of the respondents replied that wild animals attacked all domestic animals and the remaining 16 (16.8%) said wild animals attacked goats, sheep, and chickens. However, the animal loss in the kebeles was not significantly different (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 >\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). The trend of the population status of wild animals was significantly different among the perceptions of respondents (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). The settlement near the forest habitat of wild animals and habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and deforestation were the major causes of conflict. The proportion of the causes of human-wild animal conflict in the area was significantly different (\u0000 \u0000 P\u0000 <\u0000 0.05\u0000 \u0000 ). According to the respondents, the most effective controlling mechanisms of the conflict were guarding","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44223739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Z. Nyamoga, H. Sjølie, G. Latta, Y. Ngaga, R. Malimbwi, B. Solberg
More than 80% of the urban and periurban population in Tanzania depend on charcoal as their main source of energy for cooking. This charcoal is supplied from natural forests, mainly Miombo woodlands, and the high charcoal consumption is a main trigger for deforestation, forest degradation, and climate gas emissions. The country’s urban population is increasing at an annual rate of 5-6%, and better understanding of the urban demand for charcoal is of high interest regarding the country’s energy development, climate mitigation, and land use. We surveyed 360 households situated in the Tanzanian cities Dodoma, Morogoro, and Mtwara and analyzed statistically the impacts of household income, charcoal prices, and household size on the per capita charcoal consumption. For the total sample, statistically significant elasticities were found to be 0.03, −0.13, and −0.62 for per capita income, charcoal price, and household size, respectively. In the low-income group, the elasticities of charcoal price and household size were found to be statistically significant with the values of −0.44 and −0.59, respectively, whereas in the middle-income group, the household size was the only statistically significant variable, with elasticity −0.81. In the high-income group, we got statistically significant elasticities of 0.17 for per capita income and −0.44 for household size. These results are based on small samples and should be followed up by larger surveys.
{"title":"Effects of Income and Price on Household’s Charcoal Consumption in Three Cities of Tanzania","authors":"G. Z. Nyamoga, H. Sjølie, G. Latta, Y. Ngaga, R. Malimbwi, B. Solberg","doi":"10.1155/2022/9988979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9988979","url":null,"abstract":"More than 80% of the urban and periurban population in Tanzania depend on charcoal as their main source of energy for cooking. This charcoal is supplied from natural forests, mainly Miombo woodlands, and the high charcoal consumption is a main trigger for deforestation, forest degradation, and climate gas emissions. The country’s urban population is increasing at an annual rate of 5-6%, and better understanding of the urban demand for charcoal is of high interest regarding the country’s energy development, climate mitigation, and land use. We surveyed 360 households situated in the Tanzanian cities Dodoma, Morogoro, and Mtwara and analyzed statistically the impacts of household income, charcoal prices, and household size on the per capita charcoal consumption. For the total sample, statistically significant elasticities were found to be 0.03, −0.13, and −0.62 for per capita income, charcoal price, and household size, respectively. In the low-income group, the elasticities of charcoal price and household size were found to be statistically significant with the values of −0.44 and −0.59, respectively, whereas in the middle-income group, the household size was the only statistically significant variable, with elasticity −0.81. In the high-income group, we got statistically significant elasticities of 0.17 for per capita income and −0.44 for household size. These results are based on small samples and should be followed up by larger surveys.","PeriodicalId":14099,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forestry Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41896652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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