Lidiane Toledo, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Flávia Alves, Fillipe Guedes, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araújo, John A Naslund, Maurício L Barreto, Vikram Patel, Daiane Borges Machado
Background: Youth psychiatric hospitalizations have been associated with negative outcomes, including premature death and post-discharge self-harm. Identifying risk factors for youth psychiatric hospitalization is crucial for informing prevention strategies. We aimed to evaluate the risk factors for psychiatric hospitalizations among low-income youth in Brazil.
Methods: This cohort study used interpersonal violence and psychiatric hospitalization data linked to the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort baseline. We considered 9 985 917 youths aged 5-24 years who enrolled at the baseline, between 2011 and 2018. We estimated the incidence rate (IR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for psychiatric hospitalization by calculating the number of hospitalizations per person-year in 100 000 individuals at risk. The multilevel, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the hazard risks (HR) with 95% CI for psychiatric hospitalization.
Results: The IR of psychiatric hospitalization was 12.28 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 11.96-12.6). Interpersonal violence victimization was the main risk factor for youth psychiatric hospitalization (HR, 5.24; 95% CI, 4.61-5.96). Other risk factors for psychiatric hospitalization included living with the oldest family member who had low education (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.16-2.91) or was unemployed (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.36-1.62), living with seven or more family members (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.49-2.26) and being male (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.21-1.36).
Conclusions: Urgent action is needed to prevent youth from suffering violence. Addressing this may alleviate the mental health burden in developmental ages, benefiting youth, families and the government through reduced costs in preventable psychiatric hospitalizations.
{"title":"Risk of psychiatric hospitalization in low-income youth: longitudinal findings from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort.","authors":"Lidiane Toledo, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Flávia Alves, Fillipe Guedes, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araújo, John A Naslund, Maurício L Barreto, Vikram Patel, Daiane Borges Machado","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae153","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ije/dyae153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Youth psychiatric hospitalizations have been associated with negative outcomes, including premature death and post-discharge self-harm. Identifying risk factors for youth psychiatric hospitalization is crucial for informing prevention strategies. We aimed to evaluate the risk factors for psychiatric hospitalizations among low-income youth in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cohort study used interpersonal violence and psychiatric hospitalization data linked to the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort baseline. We considered 9 985 917 youths aged 5-24 years who enrolled at the baseline, between 2011 and 2018. We estimated the incidence rate (IR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for psychiatric hospitalization by calculating the number of hospitalizations per person-year in 100 000 individuals at risk. The multilevel, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the hazard risks (HR) with 95% CI for psychiatric hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IR of psychiatric hospitalization was 12.28 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 11.96-12.6). Interpersonal violence victimization was the main risk factor for youth psychiatric hospitalization (HR, 5.24; 95% CI, 4.61-5.96). Other risk factors for psychiatric hospitalization included living with the oldest family member who had low education (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.16-2.91) or was unemployed (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.36-1.62), living with seven or more family members (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.49-2.26) and being male (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.21-1.36).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Urgent action is needed to prevent youth from suffering violence. Addressing this may alleviate the mental health burden in developmental ages, benefiting youth, families and the government through reduced costs in preventable psychiatric hospitalizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11578595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Also long overdue: consideration of collider bias in guidelines and tools for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies.","authors":"Judith J M Rijnhart, Ava Rabbers, Santina Rizzuto","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142575822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alison Fang-Wei Wu, Morag Henderson, Matt Brown, Tugba Adali, Richard J Silverwood, Darina Peycheva, Lisa Calderwood
{"title":"Cohort Profile: Next Steps-the longitudinal study of people in England born in 1989-90.","authors":"Alison Fang-Wei Wu, Morag Henderson, Matt Brown, Tugba Adali, Richard J Silverwood, Darina Peycheva, Lisa Calderwood","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae152","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ije/dyae152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11561396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We outline a geometric perspective on causal inference in cohort studies that can help epidemiologists understand the role of standardization in controlling for confounding. For simplicity, we focus on a binary exposure X, a binary outcome D, and a binary confounder C that is not causally affected by X. Rothman diagrams plot the risk of disease in the unexposed on the x-axis and the risk in the exposed on the y-axis. The crude risks define a point in the unit square, and the stratum-specific risks at each level of C define two other points in the unit square. Standardization produces points along the line segment connecting the stratum-specific points. When there is confounding by C, the crude point is off this line segment. The set of all possible crude points is a rectangle with corners at the stratum-specific points and sides parallel to the axes. When there are more than two strata, standardization produces points in the convex hull of the stratum-specific points, and there is confounding if the crude point is outside this convex hull. We illustrate these ideas using data from a study in Newcastle, United Kingdom, in which the causal effect of smoking on 20-year mortality was confounded by age.
我们从几何角度概述了队列研究中的因果推断，这有助于流行病学家理解标准化在控制混杂因素方面的作用。为简单起见，我们将重点放在二元暴露 X、二元结果 D 和不受 X 因果影响的二元混杂因素 C 上。罗斯曼图将未暴露者的患病风险绘制在 x 轴上，将暴露者的患病风险绘制在 y 轴上。粗风险定义了单位正方形中的一个点，而 C 各等级的分层风险定义了单位正方形中的另外两个点。标准化后，沿连接各层特定点的线段产生点。如果存在 C 的混淆，粗略点就会偏离这条线段。所有可能的粗糙点集合是一个矩形，角位于特定层点，边与轴平行。当有两个以上的分层时，标准化产生的点位于特定分层点的凸壳中，如果粗点位于凸壳之外，则存在混淆。我们使用英国纽卡斯尔的一项研究数据来说明这些观点，在这项研究中，吸烟对 20 年死亡率的因果效应与年龄有关。
{"title":"Rothman diagrams: the geometry of confounding and standardization.","authors":"Eben Kenah","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae139","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ije/dyae139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We outline a geometric perspective on causal inference in cohort studies that can help epidemiologists understand the role of standardization in controlling for confounding. For simplicity, we focus on a binary exposure X, a binary outcome D, and a binary confounder C that is not causally affected by X. Rothman diagrams plot the risk of disease in the unexposed on the x-axis and the risk in the exposed on the y-axis. The crude risks define a point in the unit square, and the stratum-specific risks at each level of C define two other points in the unit square. Standardization produces points along the line segment connecting the stratum-specific points. When there is confounding by C, the crude point is off this line segment. The set of all possible crude points is a rectangle with corners at the stratum-specific points and sides parallel to the axes. When there are more than two strata, standardization produces points in the convex hull of the stratum-specific points, and there is confounding if the crude point is outside this convex hull. We illustrate these ideas using data from a study in Newcastle, United Kingdom, in which the causal effect of smoking on 20-year mortality was confounded by age.</p>","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mijanur Rahman, Joachim Worthington, Julia Steinberg, Michael David
{"title":"Using G-methods to assess and mitigate bias from coarsening time intervals in evaluating colorectal cancer screening efficiency.","authors":"Md Mijanur Rahman, Joachim Worthington, Julia Steinberg, Michael David","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142692906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew N Ahmadi,Pieter Coenen,Leon Straker,Emmanuel Stamatakis
BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have indicated that standing may be beneficially associated with surrogate metabolic markers, whereas more time spent sitting has an adverse association. Studies assessing the dose-response associations of standing, sitting and composite stationary behaviour time with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and orthostatic circulatory disease are scarce and show an unclear picture.OBJECTIVETo examine associations of daily sitting, standing and stationary time with CVD and orthostatic circulatory disease incidence.METHODSWe used accelerometer data from 83 013 adults (mean age ± standard deviation = 61.3 ± 7.8; female = 55.6%) from the UK Biobank to assess daily time spent sitting and standing. Major CVD was defined as coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke. Orthostatic circulatory disease was defined as orthostatic hypotension, varicose vein, chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers. To estimate the dose-response hazard ratios (HR) we used Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic splines. The Fine-Gray subdistribution method was used to account for competing risks.RESULTSDuring 6.9 (±0.9) years of follow-up, 6829 CVD and 2042 orthostatic circulatory disease events occurred. When stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, orthostatic circulatory disease risk was higher by an average HR (95% confidence interval) of 0.22 (0.16, 0.29) per hour. Every additional hour above 10 h/day of sitting was associated with a 0.26 (0.18, 0.36) higher risk. Standing more than 2 h/day was associated with an 0.11 (0.05, 0.18) higher risk for every additional 30 min/day. For major CVD, when stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, risk was higher by an average of 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) per hour. Sitting time was associated with a 0.15 (0.11, 0.19) higher risk per extra hour. Time spent standing was not associated with major CVD risk.CONCLUSIONSTime spent standing was not associated with CVD risk but was associated with higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk. Time spent sitting above 10 h/day was associated with both higher orthostatic circulatory disease and major CVD risk. The deleterious associations of overall stationary time were primarily driven by sitting. Collectively, our findings indicate increasing standing time as a prescription may not lower major CVD risk and may lead to higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk.
{"title":"Device-measured stationary behaviour and cardiovascular and orthostatic circulatory disease incidence.","authors":"Matthew N Ahmadi,Pieter Coenen,Leon Straker,Emmanuel Stamatakis","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae136","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have indicated that standing may be beneficially associated with surrogate metabolic markers, whereas more time spent sitting has an adverse association. Studies assessing the dose-response associations of standing, sitting and composite stationary behaviour time with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and orthostatic circulatory disease are scarce and show an unclear picture.OBJECTIVETo examine associations of daily sitting, standing and stationary time with CVD and orthostatic circulatory disease incidence.METHODSWe used accelerometer data from 83 013 adults (mean age ± standard deviation = 61.3 ± 7.8; female = 55.6%) from the UK Biobank to assess daily time spent sitting and standing. Major CVD was defined as coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke. Orthostatic circulatory disease was defined as orthostatic hypotension, varicose vein, chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcers. To estimate the dose-response hazard ratios (HR) we used Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic splines. The Fine-Gray subdistribution method was used to account for competing risks.RESULTSDuring 6.9 (±0.9) years of follow-up, 6829 CVD and 2042 orthostatic circulatory disease events occurred. When stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, orthostatic circulatory disease risk was higher by an average HR (95% confidence interval) of 0.22 (0.16, 0.29) per hour. Every additional hour above 10 h/day of sitting was associated with a 0.26 (0.18, 0.36) higher risk. Standing more than 2 h/day was associated with an 0.11 (0.05, 0.18) higher risk for every additional 30 min/day. For major CVD, when stationary time exceeded 12 h/day, risk was higher by an average of 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) per hour. Sitting time was associated with a 0.15 (0.11, 0.19) higher risk per extra hour. Time spent standing was not associated with major CVD risk.CONCLUSIONSTime spent standing was not associated with CVD risk but was associated with higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk. Time spent sitting above 10 h/day was associated with both higher orthostatic circulatory disease and major CVD risk. The deleterious associations of overall stationary time were primarily driven by sitting. Collectively, our findings indicate increasing standing time as a prescription may not lower major CVD risk and may lead to higher orthostatic circulatory disease risk.","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142443769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacqueline Davis, Zenobia Talati, Sarah Whalan, Wesley Billingham, Nina D'Vaz, Lisa Gibson, Susan L Prescott, Desiree T Silva
{"title":"Cohort Profile: The ORIGINS pregnancy and birth cohort.","authors":"Jacqueline Davis, Zenobia Talati, Sarah Whalan, Wesley Billingham, Nina D'Vaz, Lisa Gibson, Susan L Prescott, Desiree T Silva","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae146","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ije/dyae146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11550191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wonjeong Jeong, Yoon A Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jae-Lim Cho, Changsoo Kim, Jae Kwan Jun
{"title":"Cohort Profile: The Registry-based Epidemiological Study of Cancer in Fire Unit and Emergency Officers (RESCUE) cohort.","authors":"Wonjeong Jeong, Yoon A Kim, Soo Yeon Song, Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jae-Lim Cho, Changsoo Kim, Jae Kwan Jun","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae143","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ije/dyae143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"53 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142500021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azar Mehrabadi,Nichole Austin,Katherine M Keyes,Mary A De Vera
{"title":"It's personal: navigating research questions that stem from our lived experiences.","authors":"Azar Mehrabadi,Nichole Austin,Katherine M Keyes,Mary A De Vera","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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