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Stochastic modeling and performance analysis in balancing load and traffic for vehicular ad hoc networks: A review 车辆自组织网络负载与流量平衡的随机建模与性能分析综述
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2224
Banoth Ravi, Manoj Kumar, Yu-Chen Hu, Shamsul Hassan, Bittu Kumar

The rapid growth of vehicular applications has resulted in high demand for Internet technology, which demands an unprecedented network capacity and a high quality of service (QoS). In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), since nodes (vehicles) are highly mobile. The dynamic nature of the network topology in the VANET system changes due to frequent changes in link connectivity. The vehicles-to-vehicles (V2V), vehicles-to-infrastructure (V2I), and QoS, as well as the heterogeneity of applications within the VANET. VANETs have been introduced to make driving comfortable by providing safety and support to drivers. Due to the flexibility and offloading schemes available in-vehicle applications, there are some limitations. However, there are many issues in providing optimum service provisioning and scheduling in the vehicular environment. In VANETs, BSs and roadside units (RSUs) improve QoS. However, Internet services transmit packets to vehicles using stochastic models, and it predicts the traffic on a VANET. We provide open challenges to drive stochastic models in this direction.

随着车载应用的快速发展,对互联网技术提出了更高的要求,需要前所未有的网络容量和高质量的服务(QoS)。在车辆自组织网络(vanet)中,由于节点(车辆)是高度移动的。由于链路连通性的频繁变化,VANET系统中网络拓扑结构的动态性发生了变化。车辆对车辆(V2V)、车辆对基础设施(V2I)和QoS,以及VANET内应用程序的异构性。引入VANETs是为了通过为驾驶员提供安全和支持,使驾驶舒适。由于车辆应用的灵活性和卸载方案,存在一些限制。然而,在车辆环境下如何提供最优的服务配置和调度存在许多问题。在vanet中,BSs和路边单元(rsu)提高了QoS。然而,互联网服务使用随机模型向车辆传输数据包,并预测VANET上的流量。我们提供开放的挑战来推动随机模型朝这个方向发展。
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引用次数: 2
A federated semi-supervised learning approach for network traffic classification 一种用于网络流量分类的联邦半监督学习方法
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2222
Zhiping Jin, Zhibiao Liang, Meirong He, Yao Peng, Hanxiao Xue, Yu Wang

The classification of network traffic, which involves classifying and identifying the type of network traffic, is the most fundamental step to network service improvement and modern network management. Classic machine learning and deep learning methods have widely adopted in the field of network traffic classification. However, there are two major challenges in practice. One is the user privacy concern in cross-domain traffic data sharing for the purpose of training a global classification model, and the other is the difficulty to obtain large amount of labeled data for training. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using federated semi-supervised learning for network traffic classification, in which the federated server and clients from different domains work together to train a global classification model. Among them, unlabeled data are used on the client side, and labeled data are used on the server side. The experimental results derived from a public dataset show that the accuracy of the proposed approach can reach 97.81%, and the accuracy gap between the federated learning approach and the centralized training method is minimal.

网络流量分类是对网络流量的类型进行分类和识别,是提高网络服务水平和现代网络管理的最基本步骤。经典的机器学习和深度学习方法在网络流量分类领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,在实践中存在两大挑战。一个是为了训练全局分类模型而进行跨域交通数据共享时的用户隐私问题,另一个是难以获得大量标记数据进行训练。在本文中,我们提出了一种使用联邦半监督学习进行网络流量分类的新方法,其中来自不同域的联邦服务器和客户端一起工作来训练全局分类模型。其中客户端使用未标记的数据,服务器端使用已标记的数据。基于公开数据集的实验结果表明,该方法的准确率可达97.81%,与集中式训练方法的准确率差距很小。
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引用次数: 8
Audit-based correction mechanism for malicious statistics information of data plane 基于审计的数据平面恶意统计信息纠正机制
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2219
Dong Liang, Qinrang Liu, Ke Song, Binghao Yan, Tao Hu

In software-defined networking (SDN), the controller relies on the information collected from the data plane for route planning, load balancing, and other functions. Statistics information is the most important kind of information among them, so the correctness of statistics information is the key to the proper operation of the network. Most of the current research on data plane focuses on policy consistency, rule redundancy, forwarding anomalies, and so on, and little attention is paid to whether the statistics information uploaded by the switches to the controller is correct. However, incorrect statistics information inevitably leads the controller to make wrong decisions. Therefore, this paper proposes an audit-based malicious information correction mechanism to address the problem of wrong statistics information uploaded by the switches. This mechanism audits the statistics information and locates malicious switches before uploading the statistics information to the controller. It identifies and corrects the statistics information errors by combining flow path and statistics information. We have performed simulations on Nsfnet, Abilene, and Fat-Tree, and the results show that our method can correct about 70% of the statistical information errors with less computational cost. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first malicious statistics information correction scheme for wildcard rules.

在软件定义网络(SDN)中,控制器依赖于从数据平面收集的信息来进行路线规划、负载平衡和其他功能。统计信息是其中最重要的一类信息,因此统计信息的正确性是网络正常运行的关键。目前对数据平面的研究大多集中在策略一致性、规则冗余、转发异常等方面,很少关注交换机上传到控制器的统计信息是否正确。然而,不正确的统计信息不可避免地导致控制器做出错误的决策。因此,本文提出了一种基于审计的恶意信息更正机制,以解决交换机上传错误统计信息的问题。此机制在将统计信息上载到控制器之前,审核统计信息并定位恶意交换机。它通过结合流路径和统计信息来识别和纠正统计信息错误。我们在Nsfnet、Abilene和Fat-Tree上进行了模拟,结果表明,我们的方法可以用更少的计算成本纠正约70%的统计信息错误。据我们所知,本文是第一个针对通配符规则的恶意统计信息校正方案。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal network-aware virtual data center embedding 最佳的网络感知虚拟数据中心嵌入
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2223
Ameni Hbaieb, Mahdi Khemakhem

Recently, the virtual data center embedding (VDCE) problem has drawn significant attention because of a growing need for efficient means of data center resource allocation. By ensuring a set of virtual data center (VDC) integration requests coming from his customers, among the main concern of an infrastructure provider is the maximization of the utilization rate of data center resources and benefits. However, existing VDCE solutions mostly focus on consolidating virtual machines in a single physical data center. Therefore, in this work, we improve the consolidated targets techniques, that consider only the virtual machines integration, by the consideration of network devices and fabrics (e.g., switches and paths/links). We consider new unreleased constraints such as multiple virtual nodes of the same request co-location, and intermediate node requirements when a virtual link is mapped. To address the above problem, in this paper, we propose a binary linear programming-based model, called BLP-VDCE, to solve the VDCE problem with network-aware consideration. This model ensures a simultaneous consolidated embedding of virtual nodes and virtual links. Extensive simulations show that solving the proposed BLP-VDCE model can efficiently embed VDC requests with a high physical resource utilization rate.

近年来,由于对数据中心资源高效分配方式的需求日益增长,虚拟数据中心嵌入(VDCE)问题引起了人们的广泛关注。通过确保一组来自其客户的虚拟数据中心(VDC)集成请求,基础设施提供商的主要关注点之一是数据中心资源的利用率和收益的最大化。但是,现有的VDCE解决方案主要侧重于在单个物理数据中心中整合虚拟机。因此,在这项工作中,我们通过考虑网络设备和结构(例如,交换机和路径/链路)来改进仅考虑虚拟机集成的合并目标技术。我们考虑了新的未释放的约束,例如同一请求的多个虚拟节点共定位,以及映射虚拟链路时的中间节点要求。为了解决上述问题,在本文中,我们提出了一个基于二元线性规划的模型,称为BLP - VDCE,以解决具有网络感知的VDCE问题。该模型保证了虚拟节点和虚拟链路的同时整合嵌入。大量的仿真表明,求解BLP - VDCE模型可以有效地嵌入VDC请求,并且具有较高的物理资源利用率。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of network function sharing in Content Delivery Network-as-a-service slicing scenarios 内容分发网络即服务切片场景下的网络功能共享分析
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2221
Luis M. Contreras, Alberto Solano, Francisco Cano, Jesus Folgueira

Video content consumption is currently dominating the mix of traffic observed in Internet service provider (ISP) networks. The distribution of that content is usually performed by means of content delivery network (CDN) caches storing and delivering multimedia. The advent of virtualization is calling attention to the CDN providers as a use case for virtualizing the cache function. In parallel, there is a trend for sharing network infrastructures as a way of reducing deployment costs by ISPs. Then, an interesting scenario emerges when considering the possibility of sharing virtualized cache functions among ISPs which are sharing a common physical infrastructure, mostly considering that those ISPs offer similar video content catalogs to end users. Furthermore, when deciding to share the caches among ISPs, it is interesting to understand the impacts due to limiting the storage capacity at the edge sites. This paper investigates through simulations the potential efficiencies that can be achieved when sharing a virtual cache function if compared with the classical approach of independent virtual caches operated per ISP, as well as the implications of limiting the storage capacity of the caches at the edge.

视频内容消费目前在互联网服务提供商(ISP)网络中占主导地位。内容的分发通常是通过内容分发网络(CDN)缓存来完成的,CDN缓存存储和分发多媒体。虚拟化的出现引起了人们对CDN提供商作为虚拟化缓存功能用例的关注。同时,有一种趋势是共享网络基础设施,以此来降低isp的部署成本。然后,当考虑在共享公共物理基础设施的isp之间共享虚拟缓存功能的可能性时,一个有趣的场景出现了,主要考虑到这些isp向最终用户提供类似的视频内容目录。此外,当决定在isp之间共享缓存时,了解由于限制边缘站点的存储容量而产生的影响是很有趣的。本文通过模拟研究了当共享虚拟缓存功能时,与每个ISP操作的独立虚拟缓存的经典方法相比,可以实现的潜在效率,以及限制边缘缓存存储容量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
On minimizing flow monitoring costs in large-scale software-defined network networks 在大型软件定义网络中最小化流量监控成本
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2220
Haythem Yahyaoui, Mohamed Faten Zhani, Ouns Bouachir, Moayad Aloqaily

Recent years have witnessed the rise of novel network applications such as telesurgery, telepresence, and holoportation. As such applications have stringent performance requirements, timely and accurate traffic monitoring becomes of paramount importance to be able to react in a timely and efficient manner, and swiftly adjust the network configuration to achieve the sought-after requirements. However, existing monitoring schemes are either incurring high cost (e.g., high bandwidth consumption) due to the large number of monitoring messages or inefficient when they incur high reporting delay (i.e., the time needed for a monitoring message to reach the controller) making the collected statistics obsolete. In this paper, we address this problem and propose monitoring mechanisms for software defined networks that minimize the monitoring cost while satisfying an upper bound on the reporting delay of the statistics. Our solutions allow to carefully select the switch that should report the statistics about each flow crossing the network taking into consideration the available bandwidth and the capacity of the switch (i.e., the maximum number of flows that it can monitor). In particular, we formulate the switch-to-flow selection problem as an integer linear program and propose two heuristic algorithms to cope with large-scale instances of the problem. We consider the scenario where a single controller is collecting statistics and another where statistics are collected by multiple controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms provide near-optimal solutions with minimal computation time and outperform existing monitoring strategies in terms of monitoring cost and reporting delay.

近年来,新型网络应用的兴起,如远程外科手术、远程呈现和全息运输。由于此类应用对性能的要求非常高,因此及时、准确的流量监控变得至关重要,以便能够及时、高效地做出反应,并迅速调整网络配置以达到预期的需求。然而,现有的监控方案要么由于大量的监控消息而产生高成本(例如,高带宽消耗),要么由于产生高报告延迟(即,监控消息到达控制器所需的时间)而导致收集的统计数据过时,从而导致效率低下。在本文中,我们解决了这个问题,并提出了软件定义网络的监控机制,使监控成本最小化,同时满足统计报告延迟的上界。我们的解决方案允许仔细选择交换机,考虑到可用带宽和交换机的容量(即,它可以监视的最大流量数量),应该报告有关通过网络的每个流的统计信息。特别是,我们将切换流选择问题表述为一个整数线性规划,并提出了两种启发式算法来处理该问题的大规模实例。我们考虑这样的场景:一个控制器收集统计信息,另一个由多个控制器收集统计信息。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法以最小的计算时间提供了接近最优的解决方案,并且在监控成本和报告延迟方面优于现有的监控策略。
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引用次数: 3
Graph neural network‐based virtual network function deployment optimization 基于图神经网络的虚拟网络功能部署优化
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2217
Heegon Kim, Suhyun Park, Stanislav Lange, Doyoung Lee, DongNyeong Heo, Heeyoul Choi, Jae-Hyoung Yoo, JamesWon‐Ki Hong
In Kim et al, the following errors were published on page 10 and Tables 6 to 10. On page 10, an equation label (13) was inadvertently added on an incorrect displayed equation. Hence, the succeeding equations and corresponding citations were renumbered accordingly. While on Tables 6 to 10, the word “Data center” was mistakenly changed to “Data left” throughout the article. The online version has been corrected. We apologize for this error.
在Kim et al中,以下错误发表在第10页和表6至表10。在第10页,无意中在一个不正确的显示方程上添加了一个方程标签(13)。因此,后续的方程和相应的引用也相应地重新编号。在表6到表10中,“数据中心”一词在整篇文章中被错误地改为“左数据”。网上版本已更正。我们为这个错误道歉。
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引用次数: 0
Towards optimal synchronization in NFV-based environments 在基于NFV的环境中实现最佳同步
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2218
Zakaria Alomari, Mohamed Faten Zhani, Moayad Aloqaily, Ouns Bouachir

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is known for its ability to reduce deployment costs and improve the flexibility and scalability of network functions. Due to processing capacity limitations, the infrastructure provider may need to instantiate multiple instances of the same network function. However, most of network functions are stateful, meaning that the instances of the same function need to keep a common state and hence the need for synchronization among them. In this paper, we address this problem with the goal of identifying the optimal synchronization pattern between the instances in order to minimize the synchronization costs and delay. We propose a novel network function named Synchronization Function able to carry out data collection and further minimize these costs. We first mathematically model this problem as an integer linear program that finds the optimal synchronization pattern and the optimal placement and number of synchronization functions that minimize synchronization costs and ensure a bounded synchronization delay. We also put forward three greedy algorithms to cope with large-scale scenarios of the problem, and we explore the possibility to migrate network function instances to further reduce costs. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithms efficiently find near-optimal solutions with minimal computation time and provide better results compared to existing solutions.

网络功能虚拟化(NFV)以其降低部署成本、提高网络功能灵活性和可扩展性的能力而闻名。由于处理能力的限制,基础设施提供商可能需要实例化同一网络功能的多个实例。然而,大多数网络功能都是有状态的,这意味着同一功能的实例需要保持共同的状态,因此需要在它们之间进行同步。在本文中,我们解决了这个问题,目的是确定实例之间的最佳同步模式,以最小化同步成本和延迟。我们提出了一种新的网络功能,称为同步功能,能够进行数据收集并进一步降低这些成本。我们首先将这个问题数学建模为一个整数线性规划,该规划可以找到最佳同步模式以及同步函数的最佳位置和数量,从而最小化同步成本并确保有界同步延迟。我们还提出了三种贪婪算法来处理该问题的大规模场景,并探讨了迁移网络功能实例以进一步降低成本的可能性。广泛的仿真表明,与现有的解决方案相比,所提出的算法以最小的计算时间有效地找到了接近最优的解决方案,并提供了更好的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Graph neural network-based virtual network function deployment optimization 基于图神经网络的虚拟网络功能部署优化
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2217
Hee-Gon Kim, Suhyun Park, Stanislav Lange, Doyoung Lee, Dongnyeong Heo, Heeyoul Choi, Jae-Hyoung Yoo, JamesWon-Ki Hong

In Kim et al,1 the following errors were published on page 10 and Tables 6 to 10.

On page 10, an equation label (13) was inadvertently added on an incorrect displayed equation. Hence, the succeeding equations and corresponding citations were renumbered accordingly.

While on Tables 6 to 10, the word “Data center” was mistakenly changed to “Data left” throughout the article.

The online version has been corrected.

We apologize for this error.

在Kim等人1中,第10页和表6至表10中出现了以下错误。在第10页,在不正确显示的方程式上无意中添加了方程式标签(13)。因此,随后的方程式和相应的引文被相应地重新编号。而在表6至表10中,整个文章中“数据中心”一词被错误地改为“剩余数据”。已更正联机版本。我们对此错误深表歉意。
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引用次数: 0
EEPPDA—Edge-enabled efficient privacy-preserving data aggregation in smart healthcare Internet of Things network EEPPDA——智能医疗物联网网络中的边缘高效隐私保护数据聚合
IF 1.5 4区 计算机科学 Q2 Computer Science Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/nem.2216
Tanima Bhowmik, Indrajit Banerjee

The Internet of Things-based smart healthcare provides numerous facilities to patients and medical professionals. Medical professionals can monitor the patient's real-time medical data and diagnose diseases through the medical health history stored in the cloud database. Any kind of attack on the cloud database will result in misdiagnosis of the patients by medical professionals. Therefore, it becomes a primary concern to secure private data. On the other hand, the conventional data aggregation method for smart healthcare acquires immense communication and computational cost. Edge-enabled smart healthcare can overcome these limitations. The paper proposes an edge-enabled efficient privacy-preserving data aggregation (EEPPDA) scheme to secure health data. In the EEPPDA scheme, captured medical data have been encrypted by the Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem. Homomorphic encryption is engaged in the assurance of secure communication. For data transmission from patients to the cloud server (CS), data aggregation is performed on the edge server (ES). Then aggregated ciphertext data are transmitted to the CS. The CS validates the data integrity and analyzes and processes the authenticated aggregated data. The authorized medical professional executes the decryption, then the aggregated ciphertext data are decrypted in plaintext. EEPPDA utilizes the batch verification process to reduce communication costs. Our proposed scheme maintains the privacy of the patient's identity and medical data, resists any internal and external attacks, and verifies the health data integrity in the CS. The proposed scheme has significantly minimized computational complexity and communication overhead concerning the existing approach through extensive simulation.

基于物联网的智能医疗为患者和医疗专业人员提供了众多设施。医疗专业人员可以监控患者的实时医疗数据,并通过存储在云数据库中的医疗健康史进行疾病诊断。对云数据库的任何形式的攻击都会导致医疗专业人员对患者的误诊。因此,保护私有数据成为首要问题。另一方面,传统的智能医疗数据聚合方法带来了巨大的通信和计算成本。启用边缘的智能医疗保健可以克服这些限制。本文提出了一种边缘支持的高效隐私保护数据聚合(EEPPDA)方案来保护健康数据。在EEPPDA方案中,捕获的医疗数据通过Paillier同态密码系统进行加密。同态加密用于保证通信的安全性。从患者到CS (cloud server)的数据传输,在边缘服务器ES (edge server)上进行数据聚合。然后将聚合的密文数据传输到CS。CS对数据完整性进行验证,并对经过验证的聚合数据进行分析和处理。经授权的医疗专业人员执行解密,然后将聚合的密文数据解密为明文。EEPPDA利用批量验证过程来降低通信成本。我们提出的方案维护了患者身份和医疗数据的隐私,抵御了任何内部和外部攻击,并验证了CS中健康数据的完整性。通过大量的仿真,该方案显著降低了现有方法的计算复杂度和通信开销。
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引用次数: 1
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International Journal of Network Management
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