This paper investigates the economic impact and cost-efficiency of the loan guarantee programs of Bpifrance, which form the main public loan guarantee scheme in France. We first document that commercial banks aremore likely to use public loan guarantees for investment projects which appear relatively risky ex ante. Second, using propensity scorematching techniques and difference-in-difference estimators, we showthat loan guarantees have a positive impact on firm survival, sales, investment and employment. We compute the gross amount of public endowment needed to create an additional job, which ranges from € 2,800 to € 3,500 depending on the guarantee target.
{"title":"The Impact of Public Loan Guarantees on Banks’Risk Taking and Firms’ Growth: Evidence from France","authors":"Alexandre Gazaniol, Ma Le","doi":"10.3917/ecop1.218.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop1.218.0072","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the economic impact and cost-efficiency of the loan guarantee programs of Bpifrance, which form the main public loan guarantee scheme in France. We first document that commercial banks aremore likely to use public loan guarantees for investment projects which appear relatively risky ex ante. Second, using propensity scorematching techniques and difference-in-difference estimators, we showthat loan guarantees have a positive impact on firm survival, sales, investment and employment. We compute the gross amount of public endowment needed to create an additional job, which ranges from € 2,800 to € 3,500 depending on the guarantee target.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"602 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115490968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The decentralisation of part of merger control with parallel enforcement by the European Commission and the national competition authorities (NCAs) was facilitated by the 2004 EU merger reform. In proposing an original representation of the NCAs within a network of referrals accepted by the European Commission, this paper investigates the impact of the reform on the position of theNCAswithin the network. Network analysis tools reveal a network with a core-periphery structure, in which the position of the actors is explained byGDP. The 2004 merger reform reinforced the structure around the core formed by the German, French, andUKcompetition authorities.
{"title":"Analyse du réseau des autorités de concurrence en Europe : une structure centre-périphérie","authors":"Benoît Berquier","doi":"10.3917/ecop1.218.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop1.218.0110","url":null,"abstract":"The decentralisation of part of merger control with parallel enforcement by the European Commission and the national competition authorities (NCAs) was facilitated by the 2004 EU merger reform. In proposing an original representation of the NCAs within a network of referrals accepted by the European Commission, this paper investigates the impact of the reform on the position of theNCAswithin the network. Network analysis tools reveal a network with a core-periphery structure, in which the position of the actors is explained byGDP. The 2004 merger reform reinforced the structure around the core formed by the German, French, andUKcompetition authorities.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129113278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christophe Dorin, A. Marino, Simon Rabaté, L. Soulat
En 2010, le statut des infirmiers fonctionnaires a été réformé : sortie des emplois de la catégorie active en échange d’une revalorisation des grilles. Nous évaluons cette réforme ex ante en comparant la carrière et la retraite dans l’ancien et dans le nouveau statut avec le modèle de microsimulation Canopée appliqué aux fonctionnaires territoriaux et hospitaliers. Pour l’individu, sur l’ensemble de la retraite, la hausse de pension (en moyenne de 27% pour une hausse annuelle des salaires de 1,3 %) compense largement le report de l’âge de départ (de 3,6 ans). Pour le régime de retraite, le bilan dépend des hypothèses d’actualisation.
{"title":"Évaluation de la réforme des infirmiers diplômés d’État sur les dynamiques de carrière et la retraite : une approche par microsimulation","authors":"Christophe Dorin, A. Marino, Simon Rabaté, L. Soulat","doi":"10.3917/ecop1.218.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop1.218.0028","url":null,"abstract":"En 2010, le statut des infirmiers fonctionnaires a été réformé : sortie des emplois de la catégorie active en échange d’une revalorisation des grilles. Nous évaluons cette réforme ex ante en comparant la carrière et la retraite dans l’ancien et dans le nouveau statut avec le modèle de microsimulation Canopée appliqué aux fonctionnaires territoriaux et hospitaliers. Pour l’individu, sur l’ensemble de la retraite, la hausse de pension (en moyenne de 27% pour une hausse annuelle des salaires de 1,3 %) compense largement le report de l’âge de départ (de 3,6 ans). Pour le régime de retraite, le bilan dépend des hypothèses d’actualisation.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126804542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frédéric Gannon, Gilles Le Garrec, Gautier Lenfant, V. Touzé
The introduction of a universal point-based system modifies the link between labour income and pension benefits. In this paper, we showthat for private-sectorworkerswith full careerswhose earnings fall belowthe social security contribution ceiling, the new system effects a redistribution in favour of the lowest-wage trajectories ; immediate conversion of pension rights acquired under the previous system into points is also more advantageous for low-wage trajectories than under the multiple calculation rules of earlier schemes ; careers with low-contribution years can be expected to incur significant declines in benefits ; and for low-wage careers, subsequent increases in the minimum pension may in some cases lead to a higher perceived effective pension.
{"title":"Pension d’un salarié du secteur privé et transitions vers un système universel de retraite par points : étude d’impact sur des profils-types de carrière complète sous plafond","authors":"Frédéric Gannon, Gilles Le Garrec, Gautier Lenfant, V. Touzé","doi":"10.3917/ecop1.218.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop1.218.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of a universal point-based system modifies the link between labour income and pension benefits. In this paper, we showthat for private-sectorworkerswith full careerswhose earnings fall belowthe social security contribution ceiling, the new system effects a redistribution in favour of the lowest-wage trajectories ; immediate conversion of pension rights acquired under the previous system into points is also more advantageous for low-wage trajectories than under the multiple calculation rules of earlier schemes ; careers with low-contribution years can be expected to incur significant declines in benefits ; and for low-wage careers, subsequent increases in the minimum pension may in some cases lead to a higher perceived effective pension.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114472729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En nous appuyant sur un ensemble de données unique en son genre, reflétant de manière détaillée l’activité du personnel d’un réseau national associatif de Services d’aide et d’accompagnement à domicile (SAAD), aidant les personnes âgées dépendantes, nous mettons en évidence l’existence de fortes économies de densité : le nombre de kilomètres parcourus par les employés des services, par heure de prestation à domicile, décroît avec le nombre d’heures de prestation effectuées dans une période de temps donnée. Ainsi, nous estimons qu’environ 200 millions de kilomètres sont gaspillés par an et qu’on pourrait économiser desmilliers de tonnes de CO2. Ces résultats sont obtenus avec des techniques de régression classiques, en exploitant la structure de panel des données. On trouve qu’un modèle quadratique en logarithmes donne des estimations robustes, et fait apparaître des coûts de transport par heures de prestation en forme de U. Nous en tirons certaines conséquences en termes de régulation, laissant entrevoir la possibilité d’améliorations de l’efficacité économique du secteur et des économies pour les finances publiques.
{"title":"Les économies de densité dans les services d’aide à domicile aux personnes âgées : une analyse économétrique","authors":"B. Bensaïd, Solen Croiset, Robert J. Gary-Bobo","doi":"10.3917/ecop1.218.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop1.218.0050","url":null,"abstract":"En nous appuyant sur un ensemble de données unique en son genre, reflétant de manière détaillée l’activité du personnel d’un réseau national associatif de Services d’aide et d’accompagnement à domicile (SAAD), aidant les personnes âgées dépendantes, nous mettons en évidence l’existence de fortes économies de densité : le nombre de kilomètres parcourus par les employés des services, par heure de prestation à domicile, décroît avec le nombre d’heures de prestation effectuées dans une période de temps donnée. Ainsi, nous estimons qu’environ 200 millions de kilomètres sont gaspillés par an et qu’on pourrait économiser desmilliers de tonnes de CO2. Ces résultats sont obtenus avec des techniques de régression classiques, en exploitant la structure de panel des données. On trouve qu’un modèle quadratique en logarithmes donne des estimations robustes, et fait apparaître des coûts de transport par heures de prestation en forme de U. Nous en tirons certaines conséquences en termes de régulation, laissant entrevoir la possibilité d’améliorations de l’efficacité économique du secteur et des économies pour les finances publiques.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116372307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with an important issue concerning democratic government: how delegates are to be allocated among jurisdictions in a federal system. More precisely, we analyze the effect of the 2010 inter-municipal reform in France, which changed the allocation of delegates between municipalities within their inter-communal structures. Using the theory of power indices and a unique set of data gathering 377 inter-municipal structures for three French regions, we compare the fairness of the distribution of municipal delegates prior to the 2010 reform to that of the new distribution, by simulating the impact of the 2010 reform. We show that this inter-communal reform may have increased power inequalities among municipalities belonging to the same inter-communal structure.
{"title":"Power Inequality in Inter-municipal Structures: The Simulated Impact of a Reform in the Case of the Municipalities in Western France","authors":"Z. Abidi, M. Leprince, V. Merlin","doi":"10.3917/ECOP1.217.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ECOP1.217.0065","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an important issue concerning democratic government: how delegates are to be allocated among jurisdictions in a federal system. More precisely, we analyze the effect of the 2010 inter-municipal reform in France, which changed the allocation of delegates between municipalities within their inter-communal structures. Using the theory of power indices and a unique set of data gathering 377 inter-municipal structures for three French regions, we compare the fairness of the distribution of municipal delegates prior to the 2010 reform to that of the new distribution, by simulating the impact of the 2010 reform. We show that this inter-communal reform may have increased power inequalities among municipalities belonging to the same inter-communal structure.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125368886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le succes de Airbnb, Blablacar ou Le Bon Coin temoigne de l’engouement des Francais pour les plateformes de consommation collaborative. Les recents travaux sur l’economie collaborative et l’economie du partage ont montre la diversite des motivations des utilisateurs : economiques, environnementales, ideologiques. Dans cet article nous cherchons a expliquer les determinants des usages des plateformes de consommation collaborative, ainsi que des gains monetaires obtenus sur ces plateformes. En exploitant une enquete sur 2 000 Francais âges de plus de 18 ans, nous trouvons que les individus ayant des utilisateurs de plateformes dans leur entourage, un niveau de vie confortable, un niveau d’education eleve, et un niveau de confiance fort envers les autres, sont plus enclins a utiliser des plateformes collaboratives, et ont un usage plus diversifie de ces plateformes. Les effets varient selon le type de plateforme considere et a l’interieur de chaque type de plateforme, selon le role des utilisateurs (offreurs ou demandeurs). Enfin, les offreurs qui retirent les gains monetaires les plus eleves sur ces plateformes sont ceux qui ont un niveau de vie confortable et un niveau de confiance eleve, suggerant un possible renforcement des inegalites. Classification JEL : L86
{"title":"Airbnb, Blablacar, Le Bon Coin\u0085 À qui bénéficient les plateformes de consommation collaborative ?","authors":"Vincent Malardé, Thierry Pénard","doi":"10.3917/ecop.215.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop.215.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Le succes de Airbnb, Blablacar ou Le Bon Coin temoigne de l’engouement des Francais pour les plateformes de\u0000consommation collaborative. Les recents travaux sur l’economie collaborative et l’economie du partage ont\u0000montre la diversite des motivations des utilisateurs : economiques, environnementales, ideologiques. Dans cet\u0000article nous cherchons a expliquer les determinants des usages des plateformes de consommation collaborative,\u0000ainsi que des gains monetaires obtenus sur ces plateformes. En exploitant une enquete sur 2 000 Francais âges de\u0000plus de 18 ans, nous trouvons que les individus ayant des utilisateurs de plateformes dans leur entourage, un niveau\u0000de vie confortable, un niveau d’education eleve, et un niveau de confiance fort envers les autres, sont plus enclins a\u0000utiliser des plateformes collaboratives, et ont un usage plus diversifie de ces plateformes. Les effets varient selon le\u0000type de plateforme considere et a l’interieur de chaque type de plateforme, selon le role des utilisateurs (offreurs ou\u0000demandeurs). Enfin, les offreurs qui retirent les gains monetaires les plus eleves sur ces plateformes sont ceux qui\u0000ont un niveau de vie confortable et un niveau de confiance eleve, suggerant un possible renforcement des inegalites.\u0000 Classification JEL : L86","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"30 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129470413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nous evaluons, a l’aide du modele technico-economique Res-IRF, l’effet des quatre principaux dispositifs de subvention a l’efficacite energetique et de la taxe carbone sur la demande d’energie pour le chauffage des logements en France. La taxe carbone s’avere etre l’instrument le plus efficace, mais egalement le plus regressif. Les subventions induisent un effet de levier sur l’investissement de 1 a 1,4 en 2015. Le ciblage des subventions sur les menages a bas revenus, qui sont surrepresentes dans les logements les moins performants, accroit l’effet de levier, permettant ainsi de concilier efficacite economique et equite sociale. L’atteinte des objectifs nationaux d’economie d’energie necessite de maintenir les subventions jusqu’en 2050 et de les etendre au parc locatif prive.
{"title":"Efficacité économique et effets distributifs de long-terme des politiques de rénovation énergétique des logements","authors":"L. Giraudet, C. Bourgeois, Philippe Quirion","doi":"10.3917/ECOP1.217.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ECOP1.217.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Nous evaluons, a l’aide du modele technico-economique Res-IRF, l’effet des quatre principaux dispositifs de\u0000subvention a l’efficacite energetique et de la taxe carbone sur la demande d’energie pour le chauffage des\u0000logements en France. La taxe carbone s’avere etre l’instrument le plus efficace, mais egalement le plus regressif.\u0000Les subventions induisent un effet de levier sur l’investissement de 1 a 1,4 en 2015. Le ciblage des subventions sur\u0000les menages a bas revenus, qui sont surrepresentes dans les logements les moins performants, accroit l’effet de\u0000levier, permettant ainsi de concilier efficacite economique et equite sociale. L’atteinte des objectifs nationaux\u0000d’economie d’energie necessite de maintenir les subventions jusqu’en 2050 et de les etendre au parc locatif prive.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134553863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the role of firm and sector characteristics for servitisation of firms, i.e. the provision of services by manufacturing firms. First, it discusses theoretical arguments based on demand complementarity between a firm’s goods and services, nonrivalry in the allocation of expertise between the production of goods and that of services and the degree of competition. Second, descriptive evidence highlights heterogeneity in service intensity between and within sectors, and a possible non-linear relationship between service intensity and firm efficiency. Third, an econometric assessment points to a Ushaped relationship between servitisation and firm productivity, depending on the sector of activity. JEL classification: D24, D29, L11, L22, L23, L25.
{"title":"Manufacturing Firms As Services Providers: What The Belgian Data Show","authors":"P. Blanchard, C. Fuss, Claude Mathieu","doi":"10.3917/ECOP1.217.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ECOP1.217.0117","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the role of firm and sector characteristics for servitisation of firms, i.e. the provision of services by manufacturing firms. First, it discusses theoretical arguments based on demand complementarity between a firm’s goods and services, nonrivalry in the allocation of expertise between the production of goods and that of services and the degree of competition. Second, descriptive evidence highlights heterogeneity in service intensity between and within sectors, and a possible non-linear relationship between service intensity and firm efficiency. Third, an econometric assessment points to a Ushaped relationship between servitisation and firm productivity, depending on the sector of activity. JEL classification: D24, D29, L11, L22, L23, L25.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114147935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of an aging population, it is important to study informal caregivers who are the main providers of support for dependent elderly people. This work estimates how social support (i.e. informal support received from the family/social network, and formal home care) affects caregivers? general and mental health. To take into account potential endogeneity biases, instrumental variables models are estimated on a sample of?755 non-co-residing caregivers from the French Health and Disability Survey (2008-2009). The results show that an increase in formal care hours significantly reduces the probability that caregiving affects health and leads to sleep disorders or feelings of depression. Regarding informal support, an increase in the number of informal caregivers limits the risk that caregivers feel mental fatigue and experience palpitations/tachycardia or sleep disorders. This study highlights the importance of improving access to formal home care services and encouraging informal support and solidarity.
{"title":"Formal Home Care, Informal Support and Caregiver Health: Should Other People Care?","authors":"Sandrine Juin","doi":"10.3917/ecop.216.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop.216.0091","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of an aging population, it is important to study informal caregivers who are the main providers of support for dependent elderly people. This work estimates how social support (i.e. informal support received from the family/social network, and formal home care) affects caregivers? general and mental health. To take into account potential endogeneity biases, instrumental variables models are estimated on a sample of?755 non-co-residing caregivers from the French Health and Disability Survey (2008-2009). The results show that an increase in formal care hours significantly reduces the probability that caregiving affects health and leads to sleep disorders or feelings of depression. Regarding informal support, an increase in the number of informal caregivers limits the risk that caregivers feel mental fatigue and experience palpitations/tachycardia or sleep disorders. This study highlights the importance of improving access to formal home care services and encouraging informal support and solidarity.","PeriodicalId":141680,"journal":{"name":"Économie & prévision","volume":"19 2-3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120931537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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