This quasi-essay or hypothetical case (modeled on Lon Fuller’s famous “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers”) offers a succinct presentation of a range of positions and rationales regarding the currently much-discussed issue of free exercise exemption, conspicuous among other places in the pending case of Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. The case of suggests a trajectory (discernible, I think, in American jurisprudence) in which a supposed “right” based on supposed duties to a Higher Power dissolves into a commitment to “conscience,” which in turns dissolves into a commitment to personal identity, which threatens to dissolve into … nothing.
{"title":"The Case of the Exemption Claimants: Religion, Conscience, and Identity","authors":"S. Smith","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3171176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3171176","url":null,"abstract":"This quasi-essay or hypothetical case (modeled on Lon Fuller’s famous “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers”) offers a succinct presentation of a range of positions and rationales regarding the currently much-discussed issue of free exercise exemption, conspicuous among other places in the pending case of Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. The case of suggests a trajectory (discernible, I think, in American jurisprudence) in which a supposed “right” based on supposed duties to a Higher Power dissolves into a commitment to “conscience,” which in turns dissolves into a commitment to personal identity, which threatens to dissolve into … nothing.","PeriodicalId":142428,"journal":{"name":"BYU Law Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122176784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishing Paternity Under the Indian Child Welfare Act","authors":"Carli A. Smith","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3141575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3141575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142428,"journal":{"name":"BYU Law Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114893515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789004422933_016
D. Davis
I. INTRODUCTION The 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief ("1981 Declaration" or "Declaration")1 is one of the most important documents protecting religious freedom in the international setting. When adopted on November 25, 1981, the Declaration was the culmination of about twenty years of work following the United Nations' mandate on December 7, 1962, to draft such a document. Now, some twenty years after the adoption of the Declaration, it is an appropriate time to consider the Declaration, its aims, its successes and failures, its relationship to the evolution of religious freedom as a modern human right, its relationship to other important international instruments on religious freedom, and its future. Additionally, it is appropriate to assess the status of international religious freedom and what still needs to be done to end religious intolerance and discrimination. Although the Declaration offers broad protections for religious freedom, it takes far more than words on paper to make religious freedom a reality for all peoples of the world. Unfortunately, the persecution of minority or disfavored religions remains a serious problem in many parts of the world today. In China, for example, as part of a widening government campaign to force unregistered religious IMAGE FORMULA5 groups to register or face dissolution, many religious leaders have reportedly been detained for lengthy investigation, and in some cases beaten. In Pakistan, "Muslim mobs" have destroyed Christian churches and homes,2 and non-Muslims have received death sentences for comments judged "blasphemous" or "anti-Islamic." In Saudi Arabia, the Sunni government continues to prohibit, under penalty of imprisonment, virtually all non-Muslim religious worship. The German government, beginning in 1997, placed the Church of Scientology under surveillance; thus, the government may intercept the church's mail, tap its phones, and infiltrate its meetings.3 The Islamic Sudanese government continues to wage an aggressive war against residents of the southern part of the country, resulting in the bombing of villages, the enslavement of children, and the torture of worshipers, especially Christians.4 In Burma, the government reportedly did nothing to stop recent rioters from attacking mosques and Muslim-owned shops; furthermore, soldiers ordered Muslims to convert to Buddhism or leave the country. France recently passed a controversial "anti-sect" bill that targets 173 religious minorities as dangerous threats to domestic peace, with special provisions to disband them for specific kinds of unacceptable behavior.5 In Afghanistan in August 2001, the Taliban regime arrested eight persons, including two graduates of Baylor University, for attempting to convert Muslims to Christianity. These missionaries were tried for their crime and, while awaiting the judge's decision, were abandoned in the desert (a re
{"title":"The Evolution of Religious Freedom as a Universal Human Right: Examining the Role of the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief","authors":"D. Davis","doi":"10.1163/9789004422933_016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004422933_016","url":null,"abstract":"I. INTRODUCTION The 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (\"1981 Declaration\" or \"Declaration\")1 is one of the most important documents protecting religious freedom in the international setting. When adopted on November 25, 1981, the Declaration was the culmination of about twenty years of work following the United Nations' mandate on December 7, 1962, to draft such a document. Now, some twenty years after the adoption of the Declaration, it is an appropriate time to consider the Declaration, its aims, its successes and failures, its relationship to the evolution of religious freedom as a modern human right, its relationship to other important international instruments on religious freedom, and its future. Additionally, it is appropriate to assess the status of international religious freedom and what still needs to be done to end religious intolerance and discrimination. Although the Declaration offers broad protections for religious freedom, it takes far more than words on paper to make religious freedom a reality for all peoples of the world. Unfortunately, the persecution of minority or disfavored religions remains a serious problem in many parts of the world today. In China, for example, as part of a widening government campaign to force unregistered religious IMAGE FORMULA5 groups to register or face dissolution, many religious leaders have reportedly been detained for lengthy investigation, and in some cases beaten. In Pakistan, \"Muslim mobs\" have destroyed Christian churches and homes,2 and non-Muslims have received death sentences for comments judged \"blasphemous\" or \"anti-Islamic.\" In Saudi Arabia, the Sunni government continues to prohibit, under penalty of imprisonment, virtually all non-Muslim religious worship. The German government, beginning in 1997, placed the Church of Scientology under surveillance; thus, the government may intercept the church's mail, tap its phones, and infiltrate its meetings.3 The Islamic Sudanese government continues to wage an aggressive war against residents of the southern part of the country, resulting in the bombing of villages, the enslavement of children, and the torture of worshipers, especially Christians.4 In Burma, the government reportedly did nothing to stop recent rioters from attacking mosques and Muslim-owned shops; furthermore, soldiers ordered Muslims to convert to Buddhism or leave the country. France recently passed a controversial \"anti-sect\" bill that targets 173 religious minorities as dangerous threats to domestic peace, with special provisions to disband them for specific kinds of unacceptable behavior.5 In Afghanistan in August 2001, the Taliban regime arrested eight persons, including two graduates of Baylor University, for attempting to convert Muslims to Christianity. These missionaries were tried for their crime and, while awaiting the judge's decision, were abandoned in the desert (a re","PeriodicalId":142428,"journal":{"name":"BYU Law Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123346765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-5616-7_3
Natan Lerner
{"title":"The Nature and Minimum Standards of Freedom of Religion or Belief","authors":"Natan Lerner","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-5616-7_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5616-7_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142428,"journal":{"name":"BYU Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131343316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le present rapport a ete presente au Congres de l'Association Internationale des Sciences Juridiques et de l'American Society of Comparative Law, tenu a Provo (Utah, U.S.A.) en septembre 1992 sur le theme « Individualisme et communautarisme : tensions et accommodements ». L'objectif en etait l'examen comparatif de la place et du role des communautes intermediaires (famille, entreprise, ecole, communautes locales ou religieuses, syndicats, ordres professionnels...) entre l'individu et l'Etat dans les systemes juridiques contemporains (Europe de l'Ouest et de l'Est, Etats-Unis, Japon, pays musulmans...). ; Apres une breve introduction sur les origines de la triade individu, famille, Etat, et une comparaison succincte des origines historiques et philosophiques qui sous-tendent les differences d'attitudes entre systemes juridiques des pays de Common Law et d'Europe continentale en matiere familiale, le rapport tend a montrer comment le droit prive et le droit public de ces derniers (droit constitutionnel et politiques familiales nationales), ainsi que les principales institutions europeennes (Conseil de l'Europe, Communaute europeenne, Cour europeenne des droits de l'homme), s'efforcent de trouver dans le contexte actuel de l'evolution des idees et des mœurs un equilibre pondere entre les droits et libertes individuels, mais aussi entre ceux-ci et l'interet general, y compris de celui de la famille, moins en tant qu'institution abstraite que comme lieu de mediation privilegie entre l'individu et la societe.
{"title":"Individualisme et communautarisme: L'individu, la familIe et l'Etat en Europe occidentale","authors":"M. Meulders-Klein","doi":"10.3406/DRESO.1993.1215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/DRESO.1993.1215","url":null,"abstract":"Le present rapport a ete presente au Congres de l'Association Internationale des Sciences Juridiques et de l'American Society of Comparative Law, tenu a Provo (Utah, U.S.A.) en septembre 1992 sur le theme « Individualisme et communautarisme : tensions et accommodements ». L'objectif en etait l'examen comparatif de la place et du role des communautes intermediaires (famille, entreprise, ecole, communautes locales ou religieuses, syndicats, ordres professionnels...) entre l'individu et l'Etat dans les systemes juridiques contemporains (Europe de l'Ouest et de l'Est, Etats-Unis, Japon, pays musulmans...). ; Apres une breve introduction sur les origines de la triade individu, famille, Etat, et une comparaison succincte des origines historiques et philosophiques qui sous-tendent les differences d'attitudes entre systemes juridiques des pays de Common Law et d'Europe continentale en matiere familiale, le rapport tend a montrer comment le droit prive et le droit public de ces derniers (droit constitutionnel et politiques familiales nationales), ainsi que les principales institutions europeennes (Conseil de l'Europe, Communaute europeenne, Cour europeenne des droits de l'homme), s'efforcent de trouver dans le contexte actuel de l'evolution des idees et des mœurs un equilibre pondere entre les droits et libertes individuels, mais aussi entre ceux-ci et l'interet general, y compris de celui de la famille, moins en tant qu'institution abstraite que comme lieu de mediation privilegie entre l'individu et la societe.","PeriodicalId":142428,"journal":{"name":"BYU Law Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132077065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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