S. Lara-Cinisomo, Allison Sidle Fuligni, Lindsay Daugherty, C. Howes, L. Karoly
To learn about early educators' belief systems about the types of learning experience children should have in preschool prior to entering school, the authors conducted 11 focus group interviews with 75 early childhood educators from three learning settings: private center-based programs, public center-based programs, and family child care centers. Results from the qualitative data analyses showed that participants believe that when working with preschool-age children who will be entering kindergarten that the following dimensions should be considered: (1) the type of teacher-child interactions offered in the preschool setting, (2) what children's learning environment should consist of, and (3) the kinds of learning opportunities teachers offer. Each of these dimensions was made up of several factors. Although educators from all three types of early education programs mentioned these dimensions, the authors found variation within the factors that make up each dimension with differences between and within center type.
{"title":"A Qualitative Study of Early Childhood Educators' Beliefs About Key Preschool Classroom Experiences","authors":"S. Lara-Cinisomo, Allison Sidle Fuligni, Lindsay Daugherty, C. Howes, L. Karoly","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1333307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1333307","url":null,"abstract":"To learn about early educators' belief systems about the types of learning experience children should have in preschool prior to entering school, the authors conducted 11 focus group interviews with 75 early childhood educators from three learning settings: private center-based programs, public center-based programs, and family child care centers. Results from the qualitative data analyses showed that participants believe that when working with preschool-age children who will be entering kindergarten that the following dimensions should be considered: (1) the type of teacher-child interactions offered in the preschool setting, (2) what children's learning environment should consist of, and (3) the kinds of learning opportunities teachers offer. Each of these dimensions was made up of several factors. Although educators from all three types of early education programs mentioned these dimensions, the authors found variation within the factors that make up each dimension with differences between and within center type.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123055949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why are immigration and trade flows positively related? While many studies have documented this complementary relationship, we cannot definitively say what factors drive this relationship. On one hand, migration leads to the formation of social networks across borders, driving down trade costs. On the other hand, immigrants may retain a preference for their native country's products, creating a local market for exports. This study examines these two competing theories by estimating the immigration-trade linkage separately for migrants moving from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to both Europe and North America. While these two groups originate in the same location and have similar preferences, they are quite different in terms of both income and education, with MENA migrants to North America tending to be less numerous but more educated. While the greater degree of economic assimilation for North American migrants should strengthen migrant network effects, the fact that these migrants are more culturally assimilated should weaken both network and preference effects. I find that the migration-trade link is stronger for migrants to Europe, with the strongest effect for imports. The migration-trade link is stronger for differentiated goods than for homogeneous goods, and strongest for differentiated goods imports into Europe. These results suggest that while network effects matter, immigrant preferences for native country goods are the key factor driving the migration-trade link. The results in this study also provide quantitative evidence of weaker assimilation among MENA migrants to Europe, a widely accepted result that has had little empirical support in the existing literature.
{"title":"Assimilation and Trade: Explaining the Migration-Trade Relationship with Middle Eastern Migration to Europe and North America","authors":"Hisham S. Foad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1332179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1332179","url":null,"abstract":"Why are immigration and trade flows positively related? While many studies have documented this complementary relationship, we cannot definitively say what factors drive this relationship. On one hand, migration leads to the formation of social networks across borders, driving down trade costs. On the other hand, immigrants may retain a preference for their native country's products, creating a local market for exports. This study examines these two competing theories by estimating the immigration-trade linkage separately for migrants moving from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to both Europe and North America. While these two groups originate in the same location and have similar preferences, they are quite different in terms of both income and education, with MENA migrants to North America tending to be less numerous but more educated. While the greater degree of economic assimilation for North American migrants should strengthen migrant network effects, the fact that these migrants are more culturally assimilated should weaken both network and preference effects. I find that the migration-trade link is stronger for migrants to Europe, with the strongest effect for imports. The migration-trade link is stronger for differentiated goods than for homogeneous goods, and strongest for differentiated goods imports into Europe. These results suggest that while network effects matter, immigrant preferences for native country goods are the key factor driving the migration-trade link. The results in this study also provide quantitative evidence of weaker assimilation among MENA migrants to Europe, a widely accepted result that has had little empirical support in the existing literature.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133701242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-19DOI: 10.1108/S0147-9121(2009)0000029013
D. Furtado
A common perception about immigrant assimilation is that association with natives necessarily speeds the process by which immigrants become indistinguishable from natives. Using 2000 Census data, this paper casts doubt on this presumption by examining the effect of an immigrant's marriage to a native, a measure of social integration, on dropout rates of children from these marriages. Although second-generation immigrants with one native parent generally have lower dropout rates than those with two foreign-born parents, the relationship reverses when steps are taken to control for observable and unobservable background characteristics. That is, immigrants that marry natives have children that are more likely to dropout of high school than immigrants that marry other immigrants. Moreover, gender differences in the effect of marriage to a native disappear in specifications which control for the endogeneity of the marriage decision.
{"title":"Cross-Nativity Marriages and Human Capital Levels of Children","authors":"D. Furtado","doi":"10.1108/S0147-9121(2009)0000029013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/S0147-9121(2009)0000029013","url":null,"abstract":"A common perception about immigrant assimilation is that association with natives necessarily speeds the process by which immigrants become indistinguishable from natives. Using 2000 Census data, this paper casts doubt on this presumption by examining the effect of an immigrant's marriage to a native, a measure of social integration, on dropout rates of children from these marriages. Although second-generation immigrants with one native parent generally have lower dropout rates than those with two foreign-born parents, the relationship reverses when steps are taken to control for observable and unobservable background characteristics. That is, immigrants that marry natives have children that are more likely to dropout of high school than immigrants that marry other immigrants. Moreover, gender differences in the effect of marriage to a native disappear in specifications which control for the endogeneity of the marriage decision.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126960674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses repeated cross-section data ISSP data from 1989, 1997 and 2005 to consider movements in job quality. It is first underlined that not having a job when you want one is a major source of low well-being. Second, job values have remained fairly stable over time, although workers seem to give increasing importance to the more social aspects of jobs: useful and helpful jobs. The central finding of the paper is that, following a substantial fall between 1989 and 1997, subjective measures of job quality have mostly bounced back between 1997 and 2005. Overall job satisfaction is higher in 2005 than it was in 1989. Last, the rate of self-employment has been falling gently in ISSP data; even so three to four times as many people say they would prefer to be self-employed than are actually self-employed. As the self-employed are more satisfied than are employees, one consistent interpretation of the above is that the barriers to self-employment have grown in recent years.
{"title":"Work, Jobs and Well-Being Across the Millennium","authors":"A. Clark","doi":"10.1787/225358873078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/225358873078","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses repeated cross-section data ISSP data from 1989, 1997 and 2005 to consider movements in job quality. It is first underlined that not having a job when you want one is a major source of low well-being. Second, job values have remained fairly stable over time, although workers seem to give increasing importance to the more social aspects of jobs: useful and helpful jobs. The central finding of the paper is that, following a substantial fall between 1989 and 1997, subjective measures of job quality have mostly bounced back between 1997 and 2005. Overall job satisfaction is higher in 2005 than it was in 1989. Last, the rate of self-employment has been falling gently in ISSP data; even so three to four times as many people say they would prefer to be self-employed than are actually self-employed. As the self-employed are more satisfied than are employees, one consistent interpretation of the above is that the barriers to self-employment have grown in recent years.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123335870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper employs recently developed econometric models of marginal treatment effects to analyze the relevance of labor market comparative advantage and segmentation in the participation and earnings performance of workers in formal and informal jobs in Argentina. A novel household data set on informality and self-employment and information on labor inspections targeting informal work was collected for this purpose. We account for endogeneity and selectivity issues in our estimations. Our results offer evidence for both comparative advantage and segmentation. No significant differences between the earnings of formal salaried workers and the self-employed are found, once accounted for positive selection bias into formal work. This is consistent with labor market comparative advantage considerations. On the contrary, informal salaried employment carries significant earnings penalties, alongside negative selection bias and modest positive sorting. These results are more consistent with segmentation.
{"title":"Comparative Advantage, Segmentation and Informal Earnings: A Marginal Treatment Effects Approach","authors":"O. Arias, Melanie Khamis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1329554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1329554","url":null,"abstract":"This paper employs recently developed econometric models of marginal treatment effects to analyze the relevance of labor market comparative advantage and segmentation in the participation and earnings performance of workers in formal and informal jobs in Argentina. A novel household data set on informality and self-employment and information on labor inspections targeting informal work was collected for this purpose. We account for endogeneity and selectivity issues in our estimations. Our results offer evidence for both comparative advantage and segmentation. No significant differences between the earnings of formal salaried workers and the self-employed are found, once accounted for positive selection bias into formal work. This is consistent with labor market comparative advantage considerations. On the contrary, informal salaried employment carries significant earnings penalties, alongside negative selection bias and modest positive sorting. These results are more consistent with segmentation.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131263227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The formal and informal education have a significant impact on human capital accumulation, which is strongly influencing the growth and development of a country. While the formal education is acquired especially through the learning system, the informal one is correlated to the professional experience at the workplace, both of them being considered a long-term investment. Because the educational effort is indirectly related to the preference rate in time and directly related to the school efficiency, people have to rationally choose between the time spent working and the period spent with education, giving up on one of these activities. Yet, there is an alternative that reduces the necessity of the substitution through the factor time and which leads to an endogenous knowledge accumulation, into the productive act: the learning-by-doing process. Unfortunately, in Romania this is a concept very vague defined and applied, even in the case of the multinational corporations' subsidies.
{"title":"Informal Education and Productivity","authors":"C. Popescu, L. Diaconu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1328239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1328239","url":null,"abstract":"The formal and informal education have a significant impact on human capital accumulation, which is strongly influencing the growth and development of a country. While the formal education is acquired especially through the learning system, the informal one is correlated to the professional experience at the workplace, both of them being considered a long-term investment. Because the educational effort is indirectly related to the preference rate in time and directly related to the school efficiency, people have to rationally choose between the time spent working and the period spent with education, giving up on one of these activities. Yet, there is an alternative that reduces the necessity of the substitution through the factor time and which leads to an endogenous knowledge accumulation, into the productive act: the learning-by-doing process. Unfortunately, in Romania this is a concept very vague defined and applied, even in the case of the multinational corporations' subsidies.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131762189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been argued in the economic literature that job search through informal job networks improves the employer-employee match quality. This paper argues that inventors' research collaboration networks reduce the uncertainty of firms about the match qualities of inventors prior to hiring. We estimate the effect of inventors' collaboration networks on their productivity and mobility using the U.S. patent application database. It is found that network- recruited inventors are more productive and have longer tenure than publicly recruited inventors. The evidence from fixed-effect regressions shows that the higher productivity and longer tenure of network-recruited inventors are not solely attributable to their unobserved ability. These results are consistent with the job match hypothesis between inventors and firms through their collaboration networks.
{"title":"The Effect of Collaboration Network on Inventors' Job Match, Productivity and Tenure","authors":"Ryo Nakajima, R. Tamura, Nobuyuki Hanaki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1327102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1327102","url":null,"abstract":"It has been argued in the economic literature that job search through informal job networks improves the employer-employee match quality. This paper argues that inventors' research collaboration networks reduce the uncertainty of firms about the match qualities of inventors prior to hiring. We estimate the effect of inventors' collaboration networks on their productivity and mobility using the U.S. patent application database. It is found that network- recruited inventors are more productive and have longer tenure than publicly recruited inventors. The evidence from fixed-effect regressions shows that the higher productivity and longer tenure of network-recruited inventors are not solely attributable to their unobserved ability. These results are consistent with the job match hypothesis between inventors and firms through their collaboration networks.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127641834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Article Reflecting on Paradigms of Training & Development.
一篇关于培训与发展范式的思考。
{"title":"Training: Methods, Paradigms & Perspectives","authors":"S. Sanyal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1318883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1318883","url":null,"abstract":"An Article Reflecting on Paradigms of Training & Development.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117155871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In several jurisdictions, commercially exploiting a game of chance (rather than skill) is subject to a licensing regime. It is obvious that roulette is a game of chance and chess a game of skill, but the law does not provide a precise description of where the boundary between the two classes is drawn. We build upon the framework of Borm and Van der Genugten (2001) and Dreef et al. (2004) and propose a modification of the skill concept for more-person games. We apply our new skill measure to a simplified version of poker called Straight Poker and conclude that this game should be classified as a game of skill.
在一些司法管辖区，商业利用游戏的机会(而不是技能)受到许可制度的约束。很明显，轮盘赌是一种机会游戏，国际象棋是一种技巧游戏，但法律并没有精确描述这两类游戏之间的界限在哪里。我们以Borm和Van der Genugten(2001)以及Dreef et al.(2004)的框架为基础，提出了针对多人游戏的技能概念修改方案。我们将新的技能衡量标准应用于一款名为《直牌》的简化版扑克游戏，并得出结论认为这款游戏应该被归类为技能游戏。
{"title":"Measuring Skill in More-Person Games with Applications to Poker","authors":"R. Hendrickx, P. Borm, B. Genugten, Pim Hilbers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1319271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1319271","url":null,"abstract":"In several jurisdictions, commercially exploiting a game of chance (rather than skill) is subject to a licensing regime. It is obvious that roulette is a game of chance and chess a game of skill, but the law does not provide a precise description of where the boundary between the two classes is drawn. We build upon the framework of Borm and Van der Genugten (2001) and Dreef et al. (2004) and propose a modification of the skill concept for more-person games. We apply our new skill measure to a simplified version of poker called Straight Poker and conclude that this game should be classified as a game of skill.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124787703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acquisition of physical assets is very different from acquisition of human capital assets. Holding physical asset size fixed, acquisitions involving more target employees are associated with lower announcement period returns. This effect is strongest in 1) within-industry mergers, 2) cross-region mergers, and 3) mergers involving employees with high-valued skill sets. Each of these conditions suggests MA that is, controlling for this EF, merger size is unrelated to announcement period returns.
{"title":"How Do Human Capital Assets Affect Cumulative Abnormal Returns During Merger and Acquisition Announcements?","authors":"Surasak (Matt) Ngammekchai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1100286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1100286","url":null,"abstract":"The acquisition of physical assets is very different from acquisition of human capital assets. Holding physical asset size fixed, acquisitions involving more target employees are associated with lower announcement period returns. This effect is strongest in 1) within-industry mergers, 2) cross-region mergers, and 3) mergers involving employees with high-valued skill sets. Each of these conditions suggests MA that is, controlling for this EF, merger size is unrelated to announcement period returns.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128359862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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