This paper analyses the effects of education signals for Ethnic Germans and Germans without a migration background (“Native Germans”). We base our analysis on a sorting model with productivity enhancing effects of education. We compare whether the signalling value differs between the migrants and non-migrants in the German labour market. Starting from the theoretical result that only a separating equilibrium can exist, we find substantial empirical differences between Ethnic and Native Germans with the same formal education level. This empirical analysis is done with a completely new dataset based on administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency.
{"title":"Information Asymmetry, Education Signals and the Case of Ethnic and Native Germans","authors":"Stephan O. Hornig, H. Rottmann, Rüdiger Wapler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1428771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1428771","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the effects of education signals for Ethnic Germans and Germans without a migration background (“Native Germans”). We base our analysis on a sorting model with productivity enhancing effects of education. We compare whether the signalling value differs between the migrants and non-migrants in the German labour market. Starting from the theoretical result that only a separating equilibrium can exist, we find substantial empirical differences between Ethnic and Native Germans with the same formal education level. This empirical analysis is done with a completely new dataset based on administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126720788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nationwide school choice and fixed per-student governmental funding provide incentives for Dutch schools to perform well. Roughly one third of Dutch pre-university schools are of catholic denomination. Acknowledging this widely available outside option to public and other schools, this paper considers the effect of catholic competition on non-catholic school performance in pre-university education. Employing data from central exit exams, a positive link between competition intensity and academic achievement is found. In addition to raising achievement, higher levels of competition are not associated with a deterioration of grading standards. Finally, (inverse) quantile regression estimates show no evidence of schools at the bottom of the achievement distribution being hurt by competition.
{"title":"The Effects of School Competition on Academic Achievement and Grading Standards","authors":"Oliver Himmler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1427131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1427131","url":null,"abstract":"Nationwide school choice and fixed per-student governmental funding provide incentives for Dutch schools to perform well. Roughly one third of Dutch pre-university schools are of catholic denomination. Acknowledging this widely available outside option to public and other schools, this paper considers the effect of catholic competition on non-catholic school performance in pre-university education. Employing data from central exit exams, a positive link between competition intensity and academic achievement is found. In addition to raising achievement, higher levels of competition are not associated with a deterioration of grading standards. Finally, (inverse) quantile regression estimates show no evidence of schools at the bottom of the achievement distribution being hurt by competition.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123259587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A unique survey which tracks worldwide the best and brightest academic performers from three Pacific countries is used to assess the extent of emigration and return migration among the very highly skilled, and to analyze, at the microeconomic level, the determinants of these migration choices. Although the estimates indicate that the income gains from migration are very large, not everyone migrates and many return. Within this group of highly skilled individuals, the emigration decision is found to be most strongly associated with preference variables such as risk aversion, patience, and choice of subjects in secondary school, and not strongly linked to either liquidity constraints or the gain in income to be had from migrating. Likewise, the decision to return is strongly linked to family and lifestyle reasons, rather than to the income opportunities in different countries. Overall the data show a relatively limited role for income maximization in distinguishing migration propensities among the very highly skilled, and point to the need to pay more attention to other components of the utility maximization decision.
{"title":"The Microeconomic Determinants of Emigration and Return Migration of the Best and Brightest: Evidence from the Pacific","authors":"J. Gibson, D. McKenzie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1411659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1411659","url":null,"abstract":"A unique survey which tracks worldwide the best and brightest academic performers from three Pacific countries is used to assess the extent of emigration and return migration among the very highly skilled, and to analyze, at the microeconomic level, the determinants of these migration choices. Although the estimates indicate that the income gains from migration are very large, not everyone migrates and many return. Within this group of highly skilled individuals, the emigration decision is found to be most strongly associated with preference variables such as risk aversion, patience, and choice of subjects in secondary school, and not strongly linked to either liquidity constraints or the gain in income to be had from migrating. Likewise, the decision to return is strongly linked to family and lifestyle reasons, rather than to the income opportunities in different countries. Overall the data show a relatively limited role for income maximization in distinguishing migration propensities among the very highly skilled, and point to the need to pay more attention to other components of the utility maximization decision.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128326487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The empirical evidence from the econometrics of self-reported job satisfaction and from organisational psychology on job performance confronts economic theory with some puzzling results. Job performance is found to be positively correlated with job satisfaction, whereas effort is assumed to be a disutility in the theory. Economic incentives are not found to be the main motivations of job performance; in some cases, indeed, they are even counterproductive. Interest in the job is found to account better for job satisfaction. This paper proposes an integrated approach to these issues by (i) conducting an interdisciplinary critical survey, (ii) proposing a simple economic framework within which to explain the puzzles. The key idea behind this framework is that intrinsic motivations and self-esteem help explain both job satisfaction and job performance. The employer can thus adopt other, more friendly actions, besides using incentives and controls to enhance performance by employees.
{"title":"Job Performance and Job Satisfaction: An Integrated Survey","authors":"M. Pugno","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1402566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1402566","url":null,"abstract":"The empirical evidence from the econometrics of self-reported job satisfaction and from organisational psychology on job performance confronts economic theory with some puzzling results. Job performance is found to be positively correlated with job satisfaction, whereas effort is assumed to be a disutility in the theory. Economic incentives are not found to be the main motivations of job performance; in some cases, indeed, they are even counterproductive. Interest in the job is found to account better for job satisfaction. This paper proposes an integrated approach to these issues by (i) conducting an interdisciplinary critical survey, (ii) proposing a simple economic framework within which to explain the puzzles. The key idea behind this framework is that intrinsic motivations and self-esteem help explain both job satisfaction and job performance. The employer can thus adopt other, more friendly actions, besides using incentives and controls to enhance performance by employees.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134629787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a generalized solution to Grossman's model of health capital (1972), relaxing the widely used assumption that individuals can adjust their health stock instantaneously to an "optimal" level without adjustment costs. The Grossman model then predicts the existence of a health threshold above which individuals do not demand medical care. Our generalized solution addresses a significant criticism: the model's prediction that health and medical care are positively related is consistently rejected by the data. We suggest structural- and reduced-form equations to test our generalized solution and contrast the predictions of the model with the empirical literature.
{"title":"Grossman's Missing Health Threshold","authors":"T. Galama, A. Kapteyn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1409823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1409823","url":null,"abstract":"We present a generalized solution to Grossman's model of health capital (1972), relaxing the widely used assumption that individuals can adjust their health stock instantaneously to an \"optimal\" level without adjustment costs. The Grossman model then predicts the existence of a health threshold above which individuals do not demand medical care. Our generalized solution addresses a significant criticism: the model's prediction that health and medical care are positively related is consistently rejected by the data. We suggest structural- and reduced-form equations to test our generalized solution and contrast the predictions of the model with the empirical literature.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122427962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-01DOI: 10.1108/17542410910991782
E. Galanaki, N. Papalexandris, I. Halikias
Purpose: The current paper deals with the attitudes towards women as managers, and the leadership style that women managers adopt. By replicating a study that was conducted in 1990, we intend to explore how things have changed during the last 15 years, in terms of attitudes towards women in management, as well as in terms of the leadership style that each gender tends to apply at work. Design/Methodology: A longitudinal survey, first run in 1990 and repeated in 2006, with a similar to the original sample of 229 Greek middle managers. Three very popular research scales were used to study the phenomenon: the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS), the Satisfaction with the Supervisor and the Likert 4 types of Leadership styles. Findings: The 2006 initial findings indicate greater presence of women in managerial positions, and relatively stable attitudes towards women as managers. Satisfaction with supervisor does not appear to be significantly correlated with the managers’ gender, while, at the same time, no significant difference appears to exist between the leadership styles that male and female managers adopt. Originality/Value: This research is unique in drawing on cross-time, large pool of data, to support the existence of persisting effects in the attitudes towards women as managers, as well as the effect of gender on the satisfaction with supervisor.
{"title":"Revisiting Leadership Styles and Attitudes Towards Women As Managers In Greece: 15 Years Later","authors":"E. Galanaki, N. Papalexandris, I. Halikias","doi":"10.1108/17542410910991782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910991782","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The current paper deals with the attitudes towards women as managers, and the leadership style that women managers adopt. By replicating a study that was conducted in 1990, we intend to explore how things have changed during the last 15 years, in terms of attitudes towards women in management, as well as in terms of the leadership style that each gender tends to apply at work. Design/Methodology: A longitudinal survey, first run in 1990 and repeated in 2006, with a similar to the original sample of 229 Greek middle managers. Three very popular research scales were used to study the phenomenon: the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS), the Satisfaction with the Supervisor and the Likert 4 types of Leadership styles. Findings: The 2006 initial findings indicate greater presence of women in managerial positions, and relatively stable attitudes towards women as managers. Satisfaction with supervisor does not appear to be significantly correlated with the managers’ gender, while, at the same time, no significant difference appears to exist between the leadership styles that male and female managers adopt. Originality/Value: This research is unique in drawing on cross-time, large pool of data, to support the existence of persisting effects in the attitudes towards women as managers, as well as the effect of gender on the satisfaction with supervisor.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114070838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Sinitsina, A. Chubrik, I. Denisova, V. Dubrovskiy, M. Rokicka, M. Tokmazishvili, M. Kartseva, Irina Makenbaeva
Current report aims to identify major existing gaps in the four socio-economic dimensions (economic, human, environmental, and institutional) and to reveal those gaps which could potentially hinder social and economic integration of neighbor states with the EU. To achieve this, the authors aim to assess the existing trends in the size of the gaps across countries and problem areas, taking into consideration the specific origin of the gap between EU15/EU12, on the one hand, and FSU republics, EU candidates and West Balkan countries, on the other hand. The paper is structured as follows: (1) An analysis of the historic roots and origins of the development gap, and its evolvement over time. (2) A review of literature sources, draft analysis of primary statistical data, and qualitative explanations of gaps and divergences in selected development issues across four socio-economic dimensions: • level of economic development and convergence rates based on real GDP (application of methodology testing s and ? convergence to the set of countries analyzed); • quality of life and its components (poverty, inequality, health status and Heath care, access to fresh water and sanitation facilities, subjective perceptions of well-being); • human capital and labor market development, including level of education and public spending on education, its accessibility and quality, main differences in labor market development (employment participation rates and levels of unemployment, new jobs creation and labor protection legislation); • innovation potential, including RD • environmental performance in terms of environmental stresses, efforts aimed at their reduction, and institutional capacity; • business climate, political institutions, and other institutional indicators (econometric analysis). (3) A test econometric analysis of development gaps across selected dimensions by using a Principal Components Method (PCM). The results are further presented in the form of ranks of countries analyzed reflecting their distances from EU15 in respective aggregate averages. Special attention is paid to gender-related development issues. Respective issues in human capital and labor market study, as well as variables included into PCM analysis were supplemented with relative gender data. Several preliminary conclusions finalize the report.
{"title":"Assessing the Development Gap","authors":"I. Sinitsina, A. Chubrik, I. Denisova, V. Dubrovskiy, M. Rokicka, M. Tokmazishvili, M. Kartseva, Irina Makenbaeva","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1389734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1389734","url":null,"abstract":"Current report aims to identify major existing gaps in the four socio-economic dimensions (economic, human, environmental, and institutional) and to reveal those gaps which could potentially hinder social and economic integration of neighbor states with the EU. To achieve this, the authors aim to assess the existing trends in the size of the gaps across countries and problem areas, taking into consideration the specific origin of the gap between EU15/EU12, on the one hand, and FSU republics, EU candidates and West Balkan countries, on the other hand. The paper is structured as follows: (1) An analysis of the historic roots and origins of the development gap, and its evolvement over time. (2) A review of literature sources, draft analysis of primary statistical data, and qualitative explanations of gaps and divergences in selected development issues across four socio-economic dimensions: • level of economic development and convergence rates based on real GDP (application of methodology testing s and ? convergence to the set of countries analyzed); • quality of life and its components (poverty, inequality, health status and Heath care, access to fresh water and sanitation facilities, subjective perceptions of well-being); • human capital and labor market development, including level of education and public spending on education, its accessibility and quality, main differences in labor market development (employment participation rates and levels of unemployment, new jobs creation and labor protection legislation); • innovation potential, including RD • environmental performance in terms of environmental stresses, efforts aimed at their reduction, and institutional capacity; • business climate, political institutions, and other institutional indicators (econometric analysis). (3) A test econometric analysis of development gaps across selected dimensions by using a Principal Components Method (PCM). The results are further presented in the form of ranks of countries analyzed reflecting their distances from EU15 in respective aggregate averages. Special attention is paid to gender-related development issues. Respective issues in human capital and labor market study, as well as variables included into PCM analysis were supplemented with relative gender data. Several preliminary conclusions finalize the report.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125535694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-15DOI: 10.1108/17574320910942178
K. Chung, Kim-Shyan Fam, D. Holdsworth
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the following choice issues among young consumers (Generation Y): how cultural values influence a student’s decision on study destinations, and how cultural values influence student’s preferred sources of information for university choice? High school students from Singapore and Malaysia, intending to study in New Zealand were surveyed with an instrument based on Schwartz’s Value Survey and the understanding that cultural values are a powerful force shaping consumers’ motivations, lifestyles and product choices.The results of this research suggests that cultural values have an impact on student’s intended choice of international tertiary education and their preferred sources of information for university enrollment. The results have important implications for marketers of export education. There are few studies which try to understand how cultural values influence a student’s decision on study destinations and their preferred sources of information for university choice.
{"title":"Impact of Cultural Values on Young Consumers’ Choice of International Tertiary Education","authors":"K. Chung, Kim-Shyan Fam, D. Holdsworth","doi":"10.1108/17574320910942178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/17574320910942178","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the following choice issues among young consumers (Generation Y): how cultural values influence a student’s decision on study destinations, and how cultural values influence student’s preferred sources of information for university choice? High school students from Singapore and Malaysia, intending to study in New Zealand were surveyed with an instrument based on Schwartz’s Value Survey and the understanding that cultural values are a powerful force shaping consumers’ motivations, lifestyles and product choices.The results of this research suggests that cultural values have an impact on student’s intended choice of international tertiary education and their preferred sources of information for university enrollment. The results have important implications for marketers of export education. There are few studies which try to understand how cultural values influence a student’s decision on study destinations and their preferred sources of information for university choice.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125343220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this briefly note we extend the Mountford's article "Can a Brain Drain be good for growth in the source economy?" by introducing an active role of the government in the education decisions of the agent by public education, taxes and subsidies. First, we demonstrate that the main results obtained by Mountford do not disappeared. Second, we argue that the model, by these new assumptions, help us to extend the Mountford's results to a greater range of economic scenarios and in particular, to the new enlarged European Union.
{"title":"A Note on Mountford's Manuscript 'Can a Brain Drain Be Good for Growth in the Source Economy?'","authors":"P. Giannoccolo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1375372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1375372","url":null,"abstract":"In this briefly note we extend the Mountford's article \"Can a Brain Drain be good for growth in the source economy?\" by introducing an active role of the government in the education decisions of the agent by public education, taxes and subsidies. First, we demonstrate that the main results obtained by Mountford do not disappeared. Second, we argue that the model, by these new assumptions, help us to extend the Mountford's results to a greater range of economic scenarios and in particular, to the new enlarged European Union.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127510394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rates of graduation and degree completion at community colleges remain distressingly low. This report evaluates two versions of a program designed to help probationary students at community college succeed in school. One version increased the average number of credits earned, the proportion of students who earned a grade point average of “C” or higher, and the proportion who moved off probation.
{"title":"Getting Back on Track: Effects of a Community College Program for Probationary Students","authors":"Susan Scrivener, Colleen Sommo, Herbert Collado","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1404808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1404808","url":null,"abstract":"Rates of graduation and degree completion at community colleges remain distressingly low. This report evaluates two versions of a program designed to help probationary students at community college succeed in school. One version increased the average number of credits earned, the proportion of students who earned a grade point average of “C” or higher, and the proportion who moved off probation.","PeriodicalId":142467,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128573043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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