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Two faces of universalism: Jewish emancipation and the Jewish question 普遍主义的两面:犹太人解放和犹太人问题
Pub Date : 2014-10-03 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V56I1/2.88
Robert Fine
Universalism shows two faces to Jews: an emancipatory face manifest in movements for legal recognition of Jews as equal citizens and for social recognition of Jews as equal human beings; a repressive face manifest in a reading of the ‘Jewish question’ as the question of what is to be done about the harm Jews do to humanity at large. While the former declares that human beings count as such, regardless of whether they are Jewish or not, and demands that all exclusions be contested, the latter turns ‘the Jews’ into a unitary category incapable of meeting the universal standards of humankind. This paper explores the intimate relation between Jewish emancipation and the Jewish question at three historical moments: 18 th century Enlightenment, 19 th century revolutionary thought, and 20 th century cosmopolitanism.
普世主义对犹太人表现出两种面貌:一种是解放的面貌,表现在法律上承认犹太人是平等的公民,一种是社会上承认犹太人是平等的人;在对“犹太人问题”的解读中,这是一张压抑的面孔,因为犹太人对整个人类造成了伤害,我们应该做些什么。前者宣称人类就是犹太人,无论他们是否是犹太人,并要求对所有排除在外的人进行质疑,而后者则将“犹太人”变成了一个单一的类别,无法满足人类的普遍标准。本文探讨了18世纪启蒙运动、19世纪革命思想和20世纪世界主义三个历史时刻犹太人解放与犹太问题之间的密切关系。
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引用次数: 1
For Him London was a Fruitful Transitory Stop: The Migrant’s Destiny of Miron Kantorowicz 对他来说,伦敦是一个富有成效的短暂停留:米伦·坎托罗维奇的移民命运
Pub Date : 2014-10-03 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V56I1/2.84
Mark Tolts
This article is devoted to the scholarly career of Miron Kantorowicz (1895 - after 1977), the German-educated Russian-Jewish refugee. Kantorowicz spent the fifteen years, from 1919 to 1934, in Berlin. He is best known in contemporary Germany as “Alfred Grotjahn’s librarian”, as he was long-time assistant to Grotjahn, the founder of social hygiene, and his name is often mentioned among scholars expelled by the Nazis from Berlin University. However, Kantorowicz’s scholarly career and contributions to demography after his flight from Germany to England and his subsequent emigration to the United States are much less studied and understood. One of the reasons is that he changed his name several times. In June 1934 he immigrated to Great Britain with a provisional visa. The spelling of his family name in this country was changed to Kantorowitsch and his publications were accordingly credited. In London he found temporary work as a statistician at the Jewish Health Organisation of Great Britain (JHOGB), where his good knowledge of general British population statistics and his previous interest in Jewish demography were combined and properly utilized. In 1936, Kantorowicz published two seminal articles resulting from the reports he had prepared for JHOGB. His findings were highly acclaimed by later generations of demographers of Anglo-Jewry. Later, in the course of his migrations he became a co-founder of American demographic Sovietology. When he became a U.S. citizen, he finally settled on the name Myron K. Gordon. The article shows how Kantorowitz’s scholarly career was re-moulded in the course of successive migrations.
这篇文章致力于米隆·坎托罗维茨(1895 - 1977年后)的学术生涯,他是一位在德国接受教育的俄罗斯犹太难民。从1919年到1934年,坎特罗维茨在柏林度过了15年。他在当代德国最为人所知的是“阿尔弗雷德·格罗扬的图书管理员”,因为他是社会卫生学创始人格罗扬的长期助手,他的名字经常在被纳粹开除出柏林大学的学者中被提及。然而,坎特罗维茨的学术生涯和他从德国逃到英国、随后移居美国后对人口学的贡献却很少得到研究和理解。原因之一是他改了好几次名字。1934年6月,他持临时签证移民到英国。在这个国家,他的姓氏的拼写被改为Kantorowitsch,他的出版物也因此得到了认可。在伦敦,他找到了一份临时工作,在英国犹太卫生组织(JHOGB)担任统计学家,在那里,他对英国一般人口统计的良好了解和他之前对犹太人口统计学的兴趣得到了适当的利用。1936年,坎特罗维茨发表了两篇影响深远的文章,这些文章是他为JHOGB准备的报告的结果。他的发现受到了后世盎格鲁-犹太人人口统计学家的高度赞扬。后来,在他的移民过程中,他成为美国人口苏联学的共同创始人。当他成为美国公民时,他终于确定了Myron K. Gordon这个名字。本文展示了坎特罗维茨的学术生涯是如何在连续的移民过程中被重新塑造的。
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引用次数: 0
Identity and Pedagogy – Shoah Education in Israeli State Schools Erik H Cohen (2013) Brighton MA: Academic Studies Press 身份与教育学——以色列公立学校的大屠杀教育埃里克·H·科恩(2013),马萨诸塞州布莱顿:学术研究出版社
Pub Date : 2014-10-03 DOI: 10.5750/jjsoc.v56i1/2.90
Helena Miller
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引用次数: 9
The Jewish question in the 21st century : an unanswered question? Exploring the Jewish question in literature and politics. 21世纪的犹太人问题:一个没有答案的问题?探索文学和政治中的犹太问题。
Pub Date : 2014-08-22 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V56I1/2.87
I. Baron
This paper explores the relevance of the Jewish Question in the Twenty-First Century. The Jewish Question, what political space exists for the Jews in the modern world, was seemingly answered by two historic events in 1948. The first of these was the creation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. The second was the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The first of these meant that Jews could live as Jews in their own state as a majority, in control of their own political destiny. The second of these paved the way for the age of minority rights that developed in the 1960s. This development meant that Jews could live a life as Jews in the Diaspora, thereby significantly altering the terms under with assimilation could be understood. Assimilation became integration. Consequently, it would appear that the Jewish Question has been answered and is no longer of significance in contemporary Jewish thought. However, if that is the case, why is it that the Jewish Question is serving a central role in important contemporary Jewish novels. The Question has served as a key plot element in the novels of two award-winning Jewish novelists, Howard Jacobson and Michael Chabon. Why is the Jewish Question featuring so strongly in the works of leading Jewish authors in the Twenty-First Century? Because it has not been answered. Using a combination of Jewish literature and a political sociological framing of contemporary debates regarding Diaspora/Israel relations, this paper explores how the Jewish Question was not answered, and suggests that part of the reason why the Question has not been answered is because we were never clear on what the Question was in the first place.
本文探讨了21世纪犹太问题的相关性。犹太人的问题,即犹太人在现代世界中存在什么样的政治空间,似乎在1948年的两个历史事件中得到了回答。首先是1948年5月14日以色列国的成立。第二次是1948年12月10日联合国大会通过了《世界人权宣言》。首先,犹太人可以在自己的国家里以犹太人的身份生活,作为多数人,掌握自己的政治命运。第二项改革为20世纪60年代发展起来的少数民族权利时代铺平了道路。这一发展意味着犹太人可以像散居他乡的犹太人一样生活,从而显著地改变了同化下的术语。同化变成了融合。因此,犹太问题似乎已经得到了回答,在当代犹太思想中不再具有重要意义。然而,如果是这样的话,为什么犹太人问题在当代重要的犹太小说中扮演着中心角色呢?在两位获奖的犹太小说家Howard Jacobson和Michael Chabon的小说中,这个问题一直是一个关键的情节元素。为什么犹太问题在21世纪主要犹太作家的作品中如此突出?因为它没有得到回答。本文结合犹太文学和当代关于流散/以色列关系的辩论的政治社会学框架,探讨了犹太问题是如何没有得到回答的,并指出这个问题没有得到回答的部分原因是我们一开始就不清楚这个问题是什么。
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引用次数: 0
The Question of Others: Reflections on Anthropology and the ‘Jewish Question’ 他者问题:对人类学与“犹太问题”的反思
Pub Date : 2014-08-22 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V56I1/2.91
Fiona Wright
In this essay I interrogate the place of the ‘Jewish Question’ in contemporary anthropology, based on ethnographic research conducted with Jewish Israeli non- and anti-Zionist left-wing activists. I engage with Jonathan Boyarin’s proposal for ‘Jewish ethnography’ (Boyarin 1996b) via reflections on the ways in which anthropology has failed to incorporate ‘Jewish theory’ as a theoretical other of its disciplinary premises. Exploring the irony of Israeli activists’ artistic and leisure practices, I argue that there is am ambivalent self-mockery at the heart of their attachments to Jewishness. I analyse this with reference to the theories of Judith Butler, Jacques Derrida, and Emmanuel Levinas, who have similarly placed in question the stability of ‘Jewish identity’, and thus what it might mean to do ‘Jewish theory’, in relation to histories of European racism and colonialism. Ultimately I place in question the ideas of both ‘Jewish ethnography’ and ‘Jewish theory’ with a critical perspective on how Jews are seen to present a problematic otherness for anthropology not similarly conceptualised vis-a-vis other ‘Others’.
在这篇文章中,我根据与以色列非犹太复国主义和反犹太复国主义左翼活动家进行的民族志研究,对“犹太问题”在当代人类学中的地位进行了质疑。我通过反思人类学未能将“犹太理论”作为其学科前提的理论他者的方式,参与了乔纳森·博雅林(Jonathan Boyarin)关于“犹太民族志”(Boyarin 1996b)的提议。探究以色列积极分子的艺术和休闲活动的讽刺意味,我认为在他们对犹太人的依恋中,有一种矛盾的自嘲。我参照朱迪思·巴特勒、雅克·德里达和伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯的理论来分析这一点,他们同样对“犹太人身份”的稳定性提出了质疑,因此,在与欧洲种族主义和殖民主义历史的关系中,“犹太理论”可能意味着什么。最后,我对“犹太民族志”和“犹太理论”的观点提出了质疑,并从一个批判性的角度看待犹太人如何被视为人类学中有问题的他者,而不是与其他“他者”进行类似的概念化。
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引用次数: 0
Leaving an Insular Community: The Case of Ultra Orthodox Jews 离开一个孤立的社区:极端正统派犹太人的案例
Pub Date : 2014-07-24 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V56I1/2.83
Roni Berger
This article describes a study that used a qualitative mythology to capture the lived experience of individuals who grew up in Ultra Orthodox and Chasidic communities and left to explore a new path. A convenience sample of 19 individuals from the New York area was used. Non structured individual in-depth interviews were conducted to learn how these individuals perceive, describe, and interpret their experience. The interviews were content-analyzed. This analysis yielded six main themes: The nature of the process (beginnings, intellectual vs. relational motivation, phases, and pivotal points), social attitudes (of the families and the community), emotional issues, challenges, and coping strategies (reaching compromises and reasoning, relocating to a different geographical area, pretending, developing a “thick skin”, and catching up), support sources, current view of the Ultra Orthodox community and of self. These themes are discussed and illustrated. Implications for intervention and for future research are suggested.
本文描述了一项研究,该研究使用定性神话来捕捉在极端正统派和正统派社区长大的个人的生活经历,并离开他们去探索新的道路。从纽约地区选取了19个人作为方便样本。进行了非结构化的个人深度访谈,以了解这些人如何感知、描述和解释他们的经历。访谈内容分析。这个分析产生了六个主要主题:过程的性质(开始,智力与关系动机,阶段和关键点),社会态度(家庭和社区),情感问题,挑战和应对策略(达成妥协和推理,搬迁到不同的地理区域,假装,发展“厚脸皮”,迎头赶上),支持来源,当前对极端正统社区和自我的看法。对这些主题进行了讨论和说明。对干预和未来研究的启示提出了建议。
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引用次数: 10
Review of Timothy D. Lytton, Kosher: Private Regulation in the Age of Industrial Food 蒂莫西·d·利顿:《洁食:工业食品时代的私人监管》
Pub Date : 2013-10-04 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V55I1.82
B. Chiswick
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引用次数: 0
Jews in the British Isles in 1851: Occupations 1851年不列颠群岛上的犹太人:占领
Pub Date : 2013-10-04 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V55I1.66
P. Laidlaw
An earlier paper, in Volume LIII, drew on the 1851 Anglo-Jewry Database (AJDB) to analyse the residence and migrations of Jews living in mid-19th century Britain. The current paper draws further on this source to analyse the population’s occupations from a number of angles in 1851 and other decades, using the standard Booth-Armstrong industrial classification and a custom-designed supplementary taxonomy.
第三卷中的一篇较早的论文,利用1851年的盎格鲁-犹太人数据库(AJDB)来分析19世纪中期英国犹太人的居住和迁移。目前的论文进一步利用这一来源,从多个角度分析1851年和其他几十年的人口职业,使用标准的布斯-阿姆斯特朗工业分类和定制设计的补充分类。
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引用次数: 2
Review of Meir Persoff 'Hats in the Ring' 梅尔·佩尔索夫《魔戒》书评
Pub Date : 2013-10-04 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V55I1.71
B. Elton
Persoff has assembled a great deal of data on the selection of Britain's Chief Rabbis, but much of it is gossip and there is little historical analysis.
佩尔索夫收集了大量关于英国首席拉比人选的数据,但其中大部分都是闲言碎语,很少有历史分析。
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引用次数: 0
DIY Judaism: How Contemporary Jewish Young Adults Express their Jewish Identity DIY犹太教:当代犹太青年如何表达他们的犹太身份
Pub Date : 2013-10-04 DOI: 10.5750/JJSOC.V55I1.70
M. Shain, S. Fishman, G. Wright, S. Hecht, Leonard Saxe
Contemporary Jewish young adults, like other Americans of their generation, often eschew traditional religious and communal institutions. The term “Do-It-Yourself” (DIY) Judaism has emerged to describe alternative ways of engaging in Jewish life. Although much discussed, little is known about the extent or prevalence of DIY Judaism. Using a large sample of applicants to Taglit-Birthright Israel, the current study explores respondents’ current Jewish activities though quantitative measures as well as through responses to open-ended questions which capture unique ways of engaging with Judaism. The analysis captures both current involvement and how childhood experiences impact adult Jewish engagement. The results indicate that although these young adults are unlikely to be a member of a synagogue, they are attending events sponsored by a wide array of other Jewish organizations, including many small, niche organizations, and some celebrate Shabbat. The majority of young adults also celebrated Hanukkah and attended a Passover seder during the past year. Home-based or self-organized ritual practice appears more appealing for the current young adult generation and far exceeds engagement with traditional Jewish organizations. As expected, current engagement is strongly predicted by respondents’ background and intervening Jewish experiences, such as participation in Taglit. Those with stronger Jewish backgrounds are significantly more likely to celebrate Shabbat and holidays and participate in Jewish-sponsored events. Single young adults with minimal Jewish background, however, remain an especially disconnected segment of the Jewish population, and practices of DIY Judaism have yet to capture this particular demographic.
当代犹太青年和他们这一代的其他美国人一样,经常回避传统的宗教和公共机构。“自己动手”(DIY)犹太教一词已经出现,用来描述参与犹太人生活的另一种方式。虽然讨论很多,但很少有人知道DIY犹太教的程度或流行程度。目前的研究使用了大量的申请者样本,通过定量测量以及通过对开放式问题的回答来探索受访者当前的犹太活动,这些问题捕捉了与犹太教接触的独特方式。该分析既包括当前的参与,也包括童年经历如何影响成年犹太人的参与。调查结果表明,尽管这些年轻人不太可能成为犹太教堂的一员,但他们正在参加各种各样的其他犹太组织主办的活动,包括许多小型的利基组织,有些人还庆祝安息日。在过去的一年里,大多数年轻人也庆祝光明节并参加逾越节家宴。以家庭为基础或自我组织的仪式实践似乎对当前的年轻一代更有吸引力,远远超过了与传统犹太组织的接触。正如预期的那样,受访者的背景和干预犹太人的经历(如参与Taglit)强烈地预测了当前的参与度。那些有较强犹太背景的人更有可能庆祝安息日和节日,并参加犹太人赞助的活动。然而,几乎没有犹太背景的单身年轻人仍然是犹太人口中一个特别孤立的部分,DIY犹太教的实践尚未吸引到这一特定人群。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
The Jewish Journal of Sociology
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