Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/57-62
Vipin Kumar, Drinkal Yadav, A. Pandey, Ravindra Kumar
Viruses are the most common disease causing agent in plants among them various forms of mosaic causing viruses were discovered in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) plant species in the Uttar Pradesh. Based on the results of serological tests and responses to various host symptomatologies, four different forms of mosaic causing viruses have been identified. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X (PVX), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato virus Y (PVY) have all been found either alone or in combination with other mosaic viruses. Among them most commonly infecting one is CMV.
病毒是植物中最常见的致病因子，其中在北方邦的辣椒(Capsicum annum L.)植物中发现了各种形式的花叶病毒。根据血清学测试结果和对各种宿主症状的反应，已经确定了四种不同形式的花叶病毒。烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)都是单独或与其他花叶病毒结合发现的。其中最常感染的是巨细胞病毒。
{"title":"Identification of the viruses causing mosaic diseases in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) in Tarai region of eastern U.P.","authors":"Vipin Kumar, Drinkal Yadav, A. Pandey, Ravindra Kumar","doi":"10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/57-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/57-62","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are the most common disease causing agent in plants among them various forms of mosaic causing viruses were discovered in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) plant species in the Uttar Pradesh. Based on the results of serological tests and responses to various host symptomatologies, four different forms of mosaic causing viruses have been identified. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X (PVX), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato virus Y (PVY) have all been found either alone or in combination with other mosaic viruses. Among them most commonly infecting one is CMV.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80601687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/34-39
H. Meena, R. Yadav, Pratap Singh, Manoj, S. Yadav, R. Bairwa, Uditi Dhakar, Rajesh Kumar
An experiment conducted during three consecutive years of Kharif (2013 to 2015) at Agricultural Research Station- Ummedganj, Agriculture University, Kota (Rajasthan) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill].The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations viz., four irrigation schedules (one irrigation at flowering, one irrigation at pod development, two irrigations at flowering and pod development and rainfed) and five foliar fertilization spray of N:P: K (5 g/lit. water) spray at 45, 60 and 75 DAS(17:44:00,19:19:19 ,17:44:00 ,19:19:19 and RDF) were under taken in split plot design with four replications. Three years pooled data showed that the maximum seed yield (1286 kg ha-1) obtained under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage over irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed, but it was found at par with irrigation at pod development stagein soybean. The water use efficiency did not significantly influence under various irrigation schedules. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.19452/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.84) were observed under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage, but it was found at par with one irrigation at pod development stage. Significantly higher seed yield (1333kg ha-1) was recorded under foliar fertilization 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS, but it was found at par with 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of foliar fertilization. The water use efficiency was found maximum (23.46 kg/ha-cm) with foliar spray of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS.The foliar fertilization of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS gave significantly higher net return (Rs. 21081/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.92), but it was found at par with foliar spray of 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of the treatments.
{"title":"Effect of irrigation scheduling and foliar fertilization on productivity, profitability and water use efficiency of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] under climatic variability of South Eastern Rajasthan","authors":"H. Meena, R. Yadav, Pratap Singh, Manoj, S. Yadav, R. Bairwa, Uditi Dhakar, Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/34-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/34-39","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment conducted during three consecutive years of Kharif (2013 to 2015) at Agricultural Research Station- Ummedganj, Agriculture University, Kota (Rajasthan) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill].The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations viz., four irrigation schedules (one irrigation at flowering, one irrigation at pod development, two irrigations at flowering and pod development and rainfed) and five foliar fertilization spray of N:P: K (5 g/lit. water) spray at 45, 60 and 75 DAS(17:44:00,19:19:19 ,17:44:00 ,19:19:19 and RDF) were under taken in split plot design with four replications. Three years pooled data showed that the maximum seed yield (1286 kg ha-1) obtained under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage over irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed, but it was found at par with irrigation at pod development stagein soybean. The water use efficiency did not significantly influence under various irrigation schedules. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.19452/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.84) were observed under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage, but it was found at par with one irrigation at pod development stage. Significantly higher seed yield (1333kg ha-1) was recorded under foliar fertilization 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS, but it was found at par with 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of foliar fertilization. The water use efficiency was found maximum (23.46 kg/ha-cm) with foliar spray of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS.The foliar fertilization of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS gave significantly higher net return (Rs. 21081/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.92), but it was found at par with foliar spray of 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of the treatments.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88220909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/63-72
Forum S. Dave
“Access of anything is bad” Mahatam Gandhi suggested to store only the basic required goods and services. To avoid the excess. Global warming and ozone depletion are clear examples of “Excess” exploitation of nature. These are times of great volatility and anxiety from the melting of polar ice caps to the meltdown of financial markets, numerous common challenges compete for the attendance of the human race. However, the major question for the survival of humans is the challenge of a sustainable environment. As the world is facing issues like climate change, global warming, and ozone depletion. Now, we have reached at the times when sustainable development should be the sole mission for all the nation. If different countries of the world will not change their current patterns of consumption and production, the negative consequences will outweigh the economic benefits soon. To achieve a sustainable environment on must adopt Green Growth Strategy. Green Growth approach aims to put environmental issues at the forefront of policy decisions, which, in line with current issues and challenges, cannot be overstated. That is why the Green Growth strategy is extremely pertinent. The extent and rate of global environmental changes are driven largely by rapid population growth, uncontrolled urbanization, and unplanned industrialization. According to 2011, Gujarat is a highly urbanized state with 42 percent of the population resides in the urban region of the state. The case study of Ahmedabad- now mega-city and Financial hub of Gujarat, cultural city Baroda and the rapidly growing Surat will help to throw some light on the current scenario of Environmental Issues and probable solution. Although on 31st August 2009, Gujarat Government makes a very important announcement i.e. “PLASTIC FREE GUJARAT” which surely is a step towards Sustainable Development. The current epidemic of COVID-19 is also result of the exploitation of natural resources.
{"title":"The global warming : An urbanization effects","authors":"Forum S. Dave","doi":"10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/63-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/18.1/63-72","url":null,"abstract":"“Access of anything is bad” Mahatam Gandhi suggested to store only the basic required goods and services. To avoid the excess. Global warming and ozone depletion are clear examples of “Excess” exploitation of nature. These are times of great volatility and anxiety from the melting of polar ice caps to the meltdown of financial markets, numerous common challenges compete for the attendance of the human race. However, the major question for the survival of humans is the challenge of a sustainable environment. As the world is facing issues like climate change, global warming, and ozone depletion. Now, we have reached at the times when sustainable development should be the sole mission for all the nation. If different countries of the world will not change their current patterns of consumption and production, the negative consequences will outweigh the economic benefits soon. To achieve a sustainable environment on must adopt Green Growth Strategy. Green Growth approach aims to put environmental issues at the forefront of policy decisions, which, in line with current issues and challenges, cannot be overstated. That is why the Green Growth strategy is extremely pertinent. The extent and rate of global environmental changes are driven largely by rapid population growth, uncontrolled urbanization, and unplanned industrialization. According to 2011, Gujarat is a highly urbanized state with 42 percent of the population resides in the urban region of the state. The case study of Ahmedabad- now mega-city and Financial hub of Gujarat, cultural city Baroda and the rapidly growing Surat will help to throw some light on the current scenario of Environmental Issues and probable solution. Although on 31st August 2009, Gujarat Government makes a very important announcement i.e. “PLASTIC FREE GUJARAT” which surely is a step towards Sustainable Development. The current epidemic of COVID-19 is also result of the exploitation of natural resources.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87988756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. From a purely palynological perspective, lowest Danian fern-dominated assemblages of the Williston Basin (North Dakota and southwestern Saskatchewan) and the Raton Basin (northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado) appear indistinguishable, although this perspective has yet to be corroborated by macrofloral studies across this same region. No ferns have been collected from the lowest Danian barren series of the Raton Formation in more than a century, and this section remains sparsely sampled. Methodology. New collections of fossil ferns from the basal portion of the barren series or informal middle member of the Raton Formation, which directly overlies the K/Pg boundary, are compared with contemporaneous assemblages in other North American depositional basins. Pivotal results. Dennastra sorimarginata McIver and Basinger (Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy) and Woodwardia arctica (Heer) Brown (Blechnaceae Newman) that produce Cyathidites diaphana (Wilson and Webster) Nichols and JL Brown and Laevigatosporites haardtii (Potonié and Venitz) Thomson and Pflug, respectively, are recognized as characteristic ferns in the basal portion of the barren series, in addition to Osmunda macrophylla Penhallow. Conclusions. In accordance with palynological perspectives, lowest Danian fern macrofossil assemblages from the Raton Basin support the concept of a geographically widespread “postdisaster” pteridophyte flora represented predominantly by Dennstaedtiaceae and Blechnaceae, with other minor components of more northern assemblages. The enigmatic hypothesis of a landscape dominated by anemiaceous or schizaeaceous ferns is rejected on the basis of this new evidence, which suggests that Cyathidites diaphana–producing dennstaedtiaceous ferns were the K/Pg boundary “disaster taxon” and among those that flourished in the Raton Basin.
{"title":"Fern Macroflora Identified in the Basal Danian of the Raton Formation Supports Palynological Signal of a Widespread “Postdisaster” Fern Flora","authors":"K. Berry","doi":"10.1086/723565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723565","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. From a purely palynological perspective, lowest Danian fern-dominated assemblages of the Williston Basin (North Dakota and southwestern Saskatchewan) and the Raton Basin (northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado) appear indistinguishable, although this perspective has yet to be corroborated by macrofloral studies across this same region. No ferns have been collected from the lowest Danian barren series of the Raton Formation in more than a century, and this section remains sparsely sampled. Methodology. New collections of fossil ferns from the basal portion of the barren series or informal middle member of the Raton Formation, which directly overlies the K/Pg boundary, are compared with contemporaneous assemblages in other North American depositional basins. Pivotal results. Dennastra sorimarginata McIver and Basinger (Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy) and Woodwardia arctica (Heer) Brown (Blechnaceae Newman) that produce Cyathidites diaphana (Wilson and Webster) Nichols and JL Brown and Laevigatosporites haardtii (Potonié and Venitz) Thomson and Pflug, respectively, are recognized as characteristic ferns in the basal portion of the barren series, in addition to Osmunda macrophylla Penhallow. Conclusions. In accordance with palynological perspectives, lowest Danian fern macrofossil assemblages from the Raton Basin support the concept of a geographically widespread “postdisaster” pteridophyte flora represented predominantly by Dennstaedtiaceae and Blechnaceae, with other minor components of more northern assemblages. The enigmatic hypothesis of a landscape dominated by anemiaceous or schizaeaceous ferns is rejected on the basis of this new evidence, which suggests that Cyathidites diaphana–producing dennstaedtiaceous ferns were the K/Pg boundary “disaster taxon” and among those that flourished in the Raton Basin.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"8 1","pages":"122 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87856324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. Typically, the small coalified mesofossil flowers known from the Early Cretaceous have character combinations that are unknown among extant angiosperms, highlighting that many extinct lineages, which will be important for understanding the early diversification of angiosperms, are currently unrecognized. The fossils studied here provide a further example of an early angiosperm flower with an unusual combination of features of extant Laurales and other magnoliids. Methodology. Mesofossils were extracted from the sediments, cleaned using standard methods, and investigated using scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. Comparisons with extant and fossil taxa, and a phylogenetic assessment using the existing Doyle and Endress data set for extant angiosperms, were used to assess potential relationships. Pivotal results. Racheliflora is named as a new Early Cretaceous flower based on floral buds with an obconical floral cup. The perianth has about six whorls, each of four tepals. Tepals borne on the outside of the floral cup are bract-like, while inner tepals are more petallike and borne on the rim of the floral cup. The androecium comprises two whorls of four bulky, partly laminar stamens that are also borne on the rim of the floral cup. The gynoecium is apocarpous with three free carpels, each of which contains many ovules borne along two ventral placentae. Conclusions. Racheliflora is most closely related to extant magnoliids but possesses a combination of characters that is unknown among extant taxa. It has several carpels borne in a distinct floral cup, as in pluricarpellate members of Laurales, but the multiovulate carpels and bulky, laminar stamens are unknown in Laurales and more like features seen in other groups of magnoliids.
{"title":"Multipartite Flowers with a Distinct Floral Cup and Multiovulate Carpels: An Early Cretaceous Angiosperm of Probable Lauralean Relationship","authors":"E. M. Friis, P. Crane, K. Pedersen","doi":"10.1086/723682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723682","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Typically, the small coalified mesofossil flowers known from the Early Cretaceous have character combinations that are unknown among extant angiosperms, highlighting that many extinct lineages, which will be important for understanding the early diversification of angiosperms, are currently unrecognized. The fossils studied here provide a further example of an early angiosperm flower with an unusual combination of features of extant Laurales and other magnoliids. Methodology. Mesofossils were extracted from the sediments, cleaned using standard methods, and investigated using scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. Comparisons with extant and fossil taxa, and a phylogenetic assessment using the existing Doyle and Endress data set for extant angiosperms, were used to assess potential relationships. Pivotal results. Racheliflora is named as a new Early Cretaceous flower based on floral buds with an obconical floral cup. The perianth has about six whorls, each of four tepals. Tepals borne on the outside of the floral cup are bract-like, while inner tepals are more petallike and borne on the rim of the floral cup. The androecium comprises two whorls of four bulky, partly laminar stamens that are also borne on the rim of the floral cup. The gynoecium is apocarpous with three free carpels, each of which contains many ovules borne along two ventral placentae. Conclusions. Racheliflora is most closely related to extant magnoliids but possesses a combination of characters that is unknown among extant taxa. It has several carpels borne in a distinct floral cup, as in pluricarpellate members of Laurales, but the multiovulate carpels and bulky, laminar stamens are unknown in Laurales and more like features seen in other groups of magnoliids.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"32 1","pages":"87 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89350848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María José Ramírez, Catalina Escanilla-Jaramillo, M. Murúa
Premise of research. Nototriby has evolved independently many times in different plant families, possibly for the advantage in the prevention of heterospecific pollen contact in pollinator-sharing environments. However, differences in pollen deposition and their consequences have received little attention, especially in highly specialized systems. Methodology. A systematic stigma collection was performed to estimate the proportion of heterospecific and conspecific pollen in two Calceolaria species with different pollination modes (i.e., nototribic and sternotribic) inhabiting a high mountain valley in Chile. Then, with the previous information, a manipulative pollen donor-receipt experiment was conducted to determine the impact of heterospecific pollen deposition in female reproductive success in both species (seed production). Pivotal results. The two Calceolaria species were prone to receive pollen from some plants of the surrounding community, mainly Adesmia emarginata. However, in the nototribic species (C. filicaulis), only 10% of the total pollen deposition belonged to heterospecific plant species, while in the sternotribic species (C. cavanillesii), more than 60% was heterospecific. Concomitant with this, the hand cross-pollination experiment showed that seed production of C. cavanillesii was more affected by A. emarginata pollen deposition than C. filicaulis pollen. Conclusions. Nototribic morphology can be an effective prepollination barrier to the deposition of heterospecific pollen. However, when this barrier is overcome, its impact may be affected by different factors, such as the foraging behavior of their main pollinator species and a rejection or tolerance mechanism to foreign pollen receipt developed by plant species. Future studies should consider assays to determine the mechanisms behind these findings and their generality to other species of the genus Calceolaria.
{"title":"Nototribic Pollination Reduces Heterospecific Pollen Deposition and Dampens Its Negative Impact on Seed Production in Calceolaria Species","authors":"María José Ramírez, Catalina Escanilla-Jaramillo, M. Murúa","doi":"10.1086/723602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723602","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Nototriby has evolved independently many times in different plant families, possibly for the advantage in the prevention of heterospecific pollen contact in pollinator-sharing environments. However, differences in pollen deposition and their consequences have received little attention, especially in highly specialized systems. Methodology. A systematic stigma collection was performed to estimate the proportion of heterospecific and conspecific pollen in two Calceolaria species with different pollination modes (i.e., nototribic and sternotribic) inhabiting a high mountain valley in Chile. Then, with the previous information, a manipulative pollen donor-receipt experiment was conducted to determine the impact of heterospecific pollen deposition in female reproductive success in both species (seed production). Pivotal results. The two Calceolaria species were prone to receive pollen from some plants of the surrounding community, mainly Adesmia emarginata. However, in the nototribic species (C. filicaulis), only 10% of the total pollen deposition belonged to heterospecific plant species, while in the sternotribic species (C. cavanillesii), more than 60% was heterospecific. Concomitant with this, the hand cross-pollination experiment showed that seed production of C. cavanillesii was more affected by A. emarginata pollen deposition than C. filicaulis pollen. Conclusions. Nototribic morphology can be an effective prepollination barrier to the deposition of heterospecific pollen. However, when this barrier is overcome, its impact may be affected by different factors, such as the foraging behavior of their main pollinator species and a rejection or tolerance mechanism to foreign pollen receipt developed by plant species. Future studies should consider assays to determine the mechanisms behind these findings and their generality to other species of the genus Calceolaria.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"17 1","pages":"135 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84416348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alireza Foroozani, Eleanor L. Desmond, Catherine Gough, R. Pérez-Barrales, A. Brennan
Premise of research. Distyly is a floral polymorphism involving reciprocal herkogamy shaped by selection for pollen transfer efficiency. The variation of the floral organs involved in pollen transfer can be individually affected by environmental and genetic sources of variance, but the organ development will be canalized to minimize reciprocal inaccuracy between anthers and stigmas, as this is the focus of selection. Methodology. We measured floral organ and cell length of both morphs of distylous Linum tenue (Linaceae) at different developmental stages of field- and glasshouse-grown plants. We analyzed the results to measure reciprocal inaccuracy and identify sources of variance. Pivotal results. Flowers from the field were larger than those from the glasshouse owing to both environmental and genetic (population) factors. Pistil and stamen length in adult flowers correlated with flower size, but reciprocal herkogamy was mostly invariant to the size of individual floral organs. The length of short floral organs showed greater maladaptive bias, while the length of tall organs showed greater imprecision. During development, the pistils of pin flowers grew at a faster rate than those of thrum flowers, mostly owing to cell elongation, while cell division was more important for male organ height. Conclusions. Distyly in L. tenue involves the interaction of multiple coordinated developmental and environmental mechanisms, leading to limited but predictable patterns of variance in the expression of reciprocal herkogamy.
{"title":"Sources of Variation in Reciprocal Herkogamy in the Distyly Floral Syndrome of Linum tenue (Linaceae)","authors":"Alireza Foroozani, Eleanor L. Desmond, Catherine Gough, R. Pérez-Barrales, A. Brennan","doi":"10.1086/723564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723564","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Distyly is a floral polymorphism involving reciprocal herkogamy shaped by selection for pollen transfer efficiency. The variation of the floral organs involved in pollen transfer can be individually affected by environmental and genetic sources of variance, but the organ development will be canalized to minimize reciprocal inaccuracy between anthers and stigmas, as this is the focus of selection. Methodology. We measured floral organ and cell length of both morphs of distylous Linum tenue (Linaceae) at different developmental stages of field- and glasshouse-grown plants. We analyzed the results to measure reciprocal inaccuracy and identify sources of variance. Pivotal results. Flowers from the field were larger than those from the glasshouse owing to both environmental and genetic (population) factors. Pistil and stamen length in adult flowers correlated with flower size, but reciprocal herkogamy was mostly invariant to the size of individual floral organs. The length of short floral organs showed greater maladaptive bias, while the length of tall organs showed greater imprecision. During development, the pistils of pin flowers grew at a faster rate than those of thrum flowers, mostly owing to cell elongation, while cell division was more important for male organ height. Conclusions. Distyly in L. tenue involves the interaction of multiple coordinated developmental and environmental mechanisms, leading to limited but predictable patterns of variance in the expression of reciprocal herkogamy.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"66 1","pages":"142 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88200313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Manchester, D. Kapgate, B. Samant, D. Mohabey, A. Dhobale
Malvaceae were an important component of vegetation represented in the Deccan Intertrappean beds in central India, as verified by fruits and pollen. We review the extinct schizocarpic fruit genera Daberocarpon Chitaley & Sheikh and Harrisocarpon Chitaley & Nambudiri and reconfirm their affinities to the Malvoideae subfamily of the Malvaceae. Micro–computed tomography scanning imagery supplements light microscopy to enable detailed documentation of the morphology and anatomy leading to revised interpretation of their intrafamilial affinities. Other genera of fruits that have been proposed to represent Malvoideae from the same horizon, Chitaleocarpon VD Kapgate, DK Kapgate & Sheikh and Hibiscocarpon VD Kapgate are also reviewed, but in our current assessment they remain uncertain in familial affinity. We also recognize two species of dispersed spiny pollen assigned to Malvacipolloides that indicate that the Malvoideae were present across a large geographic span in central India by the latest Cretaceous. These fossils provide our earliest hard evidence for the subfamily Malvoideae.
{"title":"Fruits and Pollen of Malvoideae (Malvaceae) in the Maastrichtian–Danian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India","authors":"S. Manchester, D. Kapgate, B. Samant, D. Mohabey, A. Dhobale","doi":"10.1086/723016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723016","url":null,"abstract":"Malvaceae were an important component of vegetation represented in the Deccan Intertrappean beds in central India, as verified by fruits and pollen. We review the extinct schizocarpic fruit genera Daberocarpon Chitaley & Sheikh and Harrisocarpon Chitaley & Nambudiri and reconfirm their affinities to the Malvoideae subfamily of the Malvaceae. Micro–computed tomography scanning imagery supplements light microscopy to enable detailed documentation of the morphology and anatomy leading to revised interpretation of their intrafamilial affinities. Other genera of fruits that have been proposed to represent Malvoideae from the same horizon, Chitaleocarpon VD Kapgate, DK Kapgate & Sheikh and Hibiscocarpon VD Kapgate are also reviewed, but in our current assessment they remain uncertain in familial affinity. We also recognize two species of dispersed spiny pollen assigned to Malvacipolloides that indicate that the Malvoideae were present across a large geographic span in central India by the latest Cretaceous. These fossils provide our earliest hard evidence for the subfamily Malvoideae.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"130 1","pages":"68 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75637426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. Seago, K. Mohamed, Breanna Leasure, Nikole Bonacorsi
Premise of research. We examined select members of the Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodioideae and Huperzioideae) and Selaginellaceae to determine whether there were some unique anatomical and histochemical traits that might contribute to our understanding of their stems and roots. Methodology. Living plants and herbarium/dried specimens were examined using hand or hand microtome sections, processed in different stains, and viewed using different microscopic methods. Pivotal results. Among the Lycopodiaceae, Lycopodioideae, the innermost region of the cortex in stems and roots often has variously modified cell walls that we term an endodermoid without Casparian bands. In the Huperzioideae, the cell walls of the innermost cortex usually have a layer of cells better defined as an endodermis because cells with Casparian bands are usually evident in a ring around the stele of stems and vascular cylinder of roots. Lycopodioideae adventitious roots have an epidermal emergence from the stems, while Huperzioideae roots have a cortical emergence. Stems of Selaginellaceae do not have a well-defined endodermis or endodermoid around their steles; instead, most species studied have an extracellular wall layer lining outer stele and inner cortical trabecular cells, interpreted as a stele-cortex wall that is readily apparent only under 488-nm laser microscopy. While most Selaginella species have an endodermis in their rhizophores, roots of all species studied have an endodermis with Casparian bands and often with suberin lamellae. Conclusions. Our results revealed the occurrence of distinct innermost cortex layers not adequately and previously demonstrated in these plants. In Lycopodiaceae, these are endodermoid or endodermis. In Selaginellaceae, these are extracellular stele-cortex walls in most stems and endodermis in rhizophores and roots. There is clearly a need to examine in much greater detail cell wall chemistry and cell/tissue development as they relate to the genetics and molecular development of these extant lycopods and their phylogenetic history.
{"title":"Enigmatic Features of the Lycopodiaceae and Selaginellaceae—Lycopodophyta","authors":"J. L. Seago, K. Mohamed, Breanna Leasure, Nikole Bonacorsi","doi":"10.1086/722817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722817","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. We examined select members of the Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodioideae and Huperzioideae) and Selaginellaceae to determine whether there were some unique anatomical and histochemical traits that might contribute to our understanding of their stems and roots. Methodology. Living plants and herbarium/dried specimens were examined using hand or hand microtome sections, processed in different stains, and viewed using different microscopic methods. Pivotal results. Among the Lycopodiaceae, Lycopodioideae, the innermost region of the cortex in stems and roots often has variously modified cell walls that we term an endodermoid without Casparian bands. In the Huperzioideae, the cell walls of the innermost cortex usually have a layer of cells better defined as an endodermis because cells with Casparian bands are usually evident in a ring around the stele of stems and vascular cylinder of roots. Lycopodioideae adventitious roots have an epidermal emergence from the stems, while Huperzioideae roots have a cortical emergence. Stems of Selaginellaceae do not have a well-defined endodermis or endodermoid around their steles; instead, most species studied have an extracellular wall layer lining outer stele and inner cortical trabecular cells, interpreted as a stele-cortex wall that is readily apparent only under 488-nm laser microscopy. While most Selaginella species have an endodermis in their rhizophores, roots of all species studied have an endodermis with Casparian bands and often with suberin lamellae. Conclusions. Our results revealed the occurrence of distinct innermost cortex layers not adequately and previously demonstrated in these plants. In Lycopodiaceae, these are endodermoid or endodermis. In Selaginellaceae, these are extracellular stele-cortex walls in most stems and endodermis in rhizophores and roots. There is clearly a need to examine in much greater detail cell wall chemistry and cell/tissue development as they relate to the genetics and molecular development of these extant lycopods and their phylogenetic history.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"36 1","pages":"34 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84206649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. Chusquea Kunth is the most diverse bamboo genus worldwide and comprises 198 species classified into five subgenera. Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea subg. Platonia together include 26 taxa that have been studied on the basis of incomplete or fragmentary material, and complete keys to their taxonomic identification based on vegetative and reproductive characters are still pending. Since the identification of woody bamboos often relies mainly on vegetative characters, the addition of foliage leaf blade anatomy and micromorphology characters provides valuable information to be considered. Methodology. Anatomical and micromorphological studies were performed on the basis of herbarium material. Foliage leaf blade abaxial epidermal and transverse section characters are described and compared for 11 taxa of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and 14 of Chusquea subg. Platonia to enhance the currently available descriptions. Pivotal results. Regarding foliage leaf blade anatomy in transverse section, no single character turned out to be exclusive to a species or subgenus. All taxa studied here are recognizable from a combination of anatomical characters. Of note is that intercostal sclerenchyma is recorded for the first time in the subtribe Chusqueinae. When micromorphological characters of the foliage leaf blade abaxial epidermis are considered, a few potential autapomorphies may be recognized for a few species. Conclusions. On the basis of anatomical and micromorphological studies, characters of taxonomic value are presented in comparative tables. A key to the identification of the species of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea subg. Platonia was elaborated and is presented here for the first time as an additional tool to corroborate the taxonomic identity of sterile or poorly collected specimens.
{"title":"Anatomical and Micromorphological Studies of Chusquea Subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea Subg. Platonia (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae)","authors":"C. Guerreiro, L. Clark, A. S. Vega","doi":"10.1086/722594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722594","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Chusquea Kunth is the most diverse bamboo genus worldwide and comprises 198 species classified into five subgenera. Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea subg. Platonia together include 26 taxa that have been studied on the basis of incomplete or fragmentary material, and complete keys to their taxonomic identification based on vegetative and reproductive characters are still pending. Since the identification of woody bamboos often relies mainly on vegetative characters, the addition of foliage leaf blade anatomy and micromorphology characters provides valuable information to be considered. Methodology. Anatomical and micromorphological studies were performed on the basis of herbarium material. Foliage leaf blade abaxial epidermal and transverse section characters are described and compared for 11 taxa of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and 14 of Chusquea subg. Platonia to enhance the currently available descriptions. Pivotal results. Regarding foliage leaf blade anatomy in transverse section, no single character turned out to be exclusive to a species or subgenus. All taxa studied here are recognizable from a combination of anatomical characters. Of note is that intercostal sclerenchyma is recorded for the first time in the subtribe Chusqueinae. When micromorphological characters of the foliage leaf blade abaxial epidermis are considered, a few potential autapomorphies may be recognized for a few species. Conclusions. On the basis of anatomical and micromorphological studies, characters of taxonomic value are presented in comparative tables. A key to the identification of the species of Chusquea subg. Magnifoliae and Chusquea subg. Platonia was elaborated and is presented here for the first time as an additional tool to corroborate the taxonomic identity of sterile or poorly collected specimens.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"62 1","pages":"19 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82636066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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