A. Pan, B. Jacobs, E. Currano, M. Estrella, P. Herendeen, X. M. van der Burgt
Premise of research. Several morphotypes of well-preserved legume leaflet compressions are known from the early Miocene Mush plant assemblages from the northwestern plateau of Ethiopia. One of these morphotypes represents a member of the Amherstieae tribe (subfamily Detarioideae) and is prevalent in the assemblage. Morphological and epidermal micromorphological characteristics are sufficient to identify it to genus. The evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the early Miocene occurrence of this genus in the uplands of Ethiopia is explored. Methodology. Fossil laminae were compared with herbarium specimens and leaf cuticle preparations to determine their likely identity. Pivotal results. Morphological and micromorphological characteristics support recognition of a new fossil species of Anthonotha (Leguminosae: Detarioideae: Amherstieae: Berlinia clade), herein named Anthonotha shimaglae Pan, Jacobs, Currano, Estrella, Herendeen et Burgt sp. nov. Characteristics include symmetrical, untoothed leaflets with pulvinate petiolules, short acuminate leaflet tips, eucamptodromous secondary venation, an abaxial epidermal surface possessing sinuous anticlinal cell walls, paracytic stomatal complexes, abundant trichome bases, papillate periclinal cell walls, and an adaxial epidermal surface possessing highly sinuous anticlinal cell walls. A. shimaglae represents the earliest-known macrofossil of the genus. The occurrence of this new species with other Detarioideae legumes, including Englerodendron mulugetanum, and a morphotype representing Berlinia or Isoberlinia in the early Miocene Mush plant assemblages is more analogous to high-rainfall evergreen forests of Central Africa today than East African forest types. Conclusions. Early Miocene Mush fossils include the common occurrence of an extinct species of legume, herein named Anthonotha shimaglae. Prehistoric forests of the Ethiopian plateau may represent ancestral sources of currently disjunct and perhaps relictual wet forest taxa in tropical montane and coastal forests of eastern Africa today, as well as potential evolutionary sources of the Guineo-Congolian forested region.
{"title":"A Fossil Anthonotha (Leguminosae: Detarioideae: Amherstieae) Species from the Early Miocene (21.73 Ma) of Ethiopia","authors":"A. Pan, B. Jacobs, E. Currano, M. Estrella, P. Herendeen, X. M. van der Burgt","doi":"10.1086/725429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725429","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Several morphotypes of well-preserved legume leaflet compressions are known from the early Miocene Mush plant assemblages from the northwestern plateau of Ethiopia. One of these morphotypes represents a member of the Amherstieae tribe (subfamily Detarioideae) and is prevalent in the assemblage. Morphological and epidermal micromorphological characteristics are sufficient to identify it to genus. The evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the early Miocene occurrence of this genus in the uplands of Ethiopia is explored. Methodology. Fossil laminae were compared with herbarium specimens and leaf cuticle preparations to determine their likely identity. Pivotal results. Morphological and micromorphological characteristics support recognition of a new fossil species of Anthonotha (Leguminosae: Detarioideae: Amherstieae: Berlinia clade), herein named Anthonotha shimaglae Pan, Jacobs, Currano, Estrella, Herendeen et Burgt sp. nov. Characteristics include symmetrical, untoothed leaflets with pulvinate petiolules, short acuminate leaflet tips, eucamptodromous secondary venation, an abaxial epidermal surface possessing sinuous anticlinal cell walls, paracytic stomatal complexes, abundant trichome bases, papillate periclinal cell walls, and an adaxial epidermal surface possessing highly sinuous anticlinal cell walls. A. shimaglae represents the earliest-known macrofossil of the genus. The occurrence of this new species with other Detarioideae legumes, including Englerodendron mulugetanum, and a morphotype representing Berlinia or Isoberlinia in the early Miocene Mush plant assemblages is more analogous to high-rainfall evergreen forests of Central Africa today than East African forest types. Conclusions. Early Miocene Mush fossils include the common occurrence of an extinct species of legume, herein named Anthonotha shimaglae. Prehistoric forests of the Ethiopian plateau may represent ancestral sources of currently disjunct and perhaps relictual wet forest taxa in tropical montane and coastal forests of eastern Africa today, as well as potential evolutionary sources of the Guineo-Congolian forested region.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"34 1","pages":"541 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74442894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Randall W. Long, David Ward, Chiara Baker, Juliana S. Medeiros
Premise of research. Woody plant expansion is a global problem in which trees and/or shrubs replace herbaceous species. Often the woody plants are native species, and the expansion may be attributable either to natural stochasticity or to changes in management of grazing or fire. In other cases, woody plant species are expanding their historic range, and changes in management may be insufficient to explain observed changes in range. One possible mechanism is adaptation of populations at the range edge to the local environment. Methodology. We investigated drought responses of plants sourced from three populations of the widespread, grassland-encroaching Juniperus virginiana and one population of the more drought-resistant Juniperus scopulorum. Seedlings of the four different populations were grown in a common garden in northeast Ohio, part of the native range of J. virginiana. We exposed plants to either an acute or chronic drought and determined water potential at 50% loss of function (P50) for shoots. Pivotal results. The most resistant shoot P50 measured ranged from 2.7 to 4.7 MPa less negative than P50 reported in the literature for woody tissues. Juniperus virginiana plants sourced from the most arid site maintained high stomatal conductance when water was available and retained hydraulic conductance at lower water potentials compared to J. virginiana from wetter locations. Juniperus virginiana from the most arid site exhibited the largest hydraulic safety margin, with shoot P50 as much as 3.25 MPa less negative than minimum shoot water potentials measured. Conclusions. Our data show that estimates of Juniperus spp. drought tolerance based on woody tissues misrepresent actual plant drought response. Juniperus virginiana plants from more arid sites exhibit a more exploitative water use strategy, which could promote expansion by facilitating rapid water uptake in pulse-driven systems, while a decrease in hydraulic conductance in shoots could promote survival by preventing hydraulic failure of more costly woody tissue.
{"title":"Some Like It Dry: Differences in Water Use Strategies between Historic and Range-Expanding Populations of Juniperus virginiana","authors":"Randall W. Long, David Ward, Chiara Baker, Juliana S. Medeiros","doi":"10.1086/725385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725385","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Woody plant expansion is a global problem in which trees and/or shrubs replace herbaceous species. Often the woody plants are native species, and the expansion may be attributable either to natural stochasticity or to changes in management of grazing or fire. In other cases, woody plant species are expanding their historic range, and changes in management may be insufficient to explain observed changes in range. One possible mechanism is adaptation of populations at the range edge to the local environment. Methodology. We investigated drought responses of plants sourced from three populations of the widespread, grassland-encroaching Juniperus virginiana and one population of the more drought-resistant Juniperus scopulorum. Seedlings of the four different populations were grown in a common garden in northeast Ohio, part of the native range of J. virginiana. We exposed plants to either an acute or chronic drought and determined water potential at 50% loss of function (P50) for shoots. Pivotal results. The most resistant shoot P50 measured ranged from 2.7 to 4.7 MPa less negative than P50 reported in the literature for woody tissues. Juniperus virginiana plants sourced from the most arid site maintained high stomatal conductance when water was available and retained hydraulic conductance at lower water potentials compared to J. virginiana from wetter locations. Juniperus virginiana from the most arid site exhibited the largest hydraulic safety margin, with shoot P50 as much as 3.25 MPa less negative than minimum shoot water potentials measured. Conclusions. Our data show that estimates of Juniperus spp. drought tolerance based on woody tissues misrepresent actual plant drought response. Juniperus virginiana plants from more arid sites exhibit a more exploitative water use strategy, which could promote expansion by facilitating rapid water uptake in pulse-driven systems, while a decrease in hydraulic conductance in shoots could promote survival by preventing hydraulic failure of more costly woody tissue.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"49 1","pages":"507 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87584432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. Fossil flowers and fruits with unresolved affinities among extant angiosperms may potentially represent extinct families or orders. The characterization and systematic assessments of such fossils will undoubtedly further our understanding of extinct angiosperm diversity, which is crucial for reconstructing the evolution of angiosperms in deep time. Here, we report two three-dimensionally preserved winged fruits from Campanian (∼82–80 Ma) deposits on Sucia Island, Washington State, that represent a new genus. We explore potential phylogenetic relationships of this genus relative to higher taxa across the angiosperm phylogeny. Methodology. The fossils were studied using microcomputed tomography (μCT) scanning and light microscopy. A three-dimensional reconstruction of one winged fruit was created from the μCT scans. The phyloscan method was used to assess the systematic positions of the winged fruits. Using the reconstruction, the fossil fruits were compared to extant angiosperms and extinct winged fruits to assess potential affinities. Pivotal results. The μCT scans and reconstruction of the winged fruit reveal a pentamerous perianth, five pairs of fin-wings, two whorls of persistent stamens, five semicircular nectary pads, an inferior unilocular ovary, and a style with three stylar branches. Phyloscan analyses recover the winged fruits within the rosid clade, but they cannot be assigned to any extant family or order within the group because of differing floral and fruit morphologies. Conclusions. The winged fruits are assigned to Friisifructus aligeri gen. et sp. nov. This new genus and species add to the diversity of winged fruits from the Cretaceous, which are relatively uncommon. Moreover, the unique morphology of Friisifructus indicates that this genus may belong to an extinct family of rosids.
研究的前提。现存被子植物中未确定亲缘关系的花和果化石可能代表已灭绝的科或目。这些化石的特征和系统评价无疑将进一步加深我们对已灭绝被子植物多样性的认识，这对重建被子植物的深时间进化至关重要。在这里，我们报告了两个三维保存的有翼水果，它们来自华盛顿州苏西亚岛的坎帕尼亚(~ 82-80 Ma)沉积物，代表了一个新属。我们探索潜在的系统发育关系，相对于更高的分类群在被子植物系统发育。方法。采用微计算机断层扫描(μCT)和光学显微镜对化石进行了研究。通过μCT扫描创建了一个带翅水果的三维重建。采用系统扫描法对有翅果实的系统位置进行了评价。利用重建结果，将化石果实与现存被子植物和灭绝的有翼果实进行比较，以评估潜在的亲和性。关键的结果。有翅果的μCT扫描和重建显示:五分生花被，五对翅，两轮宿存雄蕊，五个半圆形蜜腺，下单室子房，花柱带三个花柱分枝。系统扫描分析恢复了蔷薇枝中有翅的果实，但由于花和果实的形态不同，它们不能被分配到任何现存的科或目中。结论。翼果归属于Friisifructus aligeri gen. et sp. 11 .，这一新属和新种增加了白垩纪翼果的多样性，这是相对罕见的。此外，Friisifructus的独特形态表明该属可能属于已灭绝的蔷薇科。
{"title":"Winged Fruits of Friisifructus aligeri gen. et sp. nov. from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America","authors":"Keana K Tang, Selena Y. Smith, Brian A Atkinson","doi":"10.1086/724745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724745","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Fossil flowers and fruits with unresolved affinities among extant angiosperms may potentially represent extinct families or orders. The characterization and systematic assessments of such fossils will undoubtedly further our understanding of extinct angiosperm diversity, which is crucial for reconstructing the evolution of angiosperms in deep time. Here, we report two three-dimensionally preserved winged fruits from Campanian (∼82–80 Ma) deposits on Sucia Island, Washington State, that represent a new genus. We explore potential phylogenetic relationships of this genus relative to higher taxa across the angiosperm phylogeny. Methodology. The fossils were studied using microcomputed tomography (μCT) scanning and light microscopy. A three-dimensional reconstruction of one winged fruit was created from the μCT scans. The phyloscan method was used to assess the systematic positions of the winged fruits. Using the reconstruction, the fossil fruits were compared to extant angiosperms and extinct winged fruits to assess potential affinities. Pivotal results. The μCT scans and reconstruction of the winged fruit reveal a pentamerous perianth, five pairs of fin-wings, two whorls of persistent stamens, five semicircular nectary pads, an inferior unilocular ovary, and a style with three stylar branches. Phyloscan analyses recover the winged fruits within the rosid clade, but they cannot be assigned to any extant family or order within the group because of differing floral and fruit morphologies. Conclusions. The winged fruits are assigned to Friisifructus aligeri gen. et sp. nov. This new genus and species add to the diversity of winged fruits from the Cretaceous, which are relatively uncommon. Moreover, the unique morphology of Friisifructus indicates that this genus may belong to an extinct family of rosids.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"54 1","pages":"271 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79362414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mandel, Erika R. Moore-Pollard, J. M. Bonifacino
Vicki Ann Funk was an American botanist and a leading figure on the taxonomy, systematics, and biogeography of Compositae in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Of her many contributions to these fields, Vicki’s ardent defense of the value and necessity of strong collections-based research for plant systematics was highly prominent. We will delve into Vicki’s contribution to Compositae systematics and explore how she was often at the forefront of research in the areas of plant phylogenetics, systematics, and collections. She pioneered the use of cladistics in plant systematics in the late 1970s and the early 1980s and helped develop and put in practice novel methods for understanding plant evolutionary relationships. During the next-generation sequencing revolution of the 2010s, she was again at the leading edge developing new tools for studying the world’s largest flowering plant family. Throughout this, she continuously made use of the latest methods and approaches to study evolutionary diversification, biogeography, and classification in Compositae. She spared no effort in supporting small herbaria across the globe, constantly aware (and reminding those around her) of the paramount importance of collections at all levels of plant research. She envisioned producing a global database to track nomenclature in Compositae and saw this massive effort from its origin to its implementation by encouraging contributions from researchers across the globe. In all her work, there was a genuine desire to connect people in pursuit of deeper understanding of the Compositae.
Vicki Ann Funk是美国植物学家，是20世纪末和21世纪初菊科植物分类学、系统学和生物地理学的领军人物。在她对这些领域的许多贡献中，Vicki对植物系统学强有力的以收集为基础的研究的价值和必要性的热情辩护是非常突出的。我们将深入研究Vicki对复合植物系统学的贡献，并探讨她如何经常站在植物系统发育、系统学和收藏领域的研究前沿。她在20世纪70年代末和80年代初率先在植物系统学中使用分支学，并帮助开发和实践了理解植物进化关系的新方法。在2010年代的下一代测序革命中，她再次站在最前沿，开发了研究世界上最大开花植物家族的新工具。在此期间，她不断利用最新的方法和途径研究复合科的进化多样化、生物地理学和分类。她不遗余力地支持全球各地的小型植物标本馆，不断意识到(并提醒她周围的人)在各级植物研究中收集的重要性。她设想建立一个全球数据库来跟踪合成科的命名法，并通过鼓励全球研究人员的贡献，看到了从起源到实施的巨大努力。在她所有的作品中，都有一种真诚的愿望，即在追求对合成的更深入理解的过程中，将人们联系起来。
{"title":"The Reinvention of Compositae: Vicki Funk’s Legacy in the Systematics of the Largest Plant Family on Earth","authors":"J. Mandel, Erika R. Moore-Pollard, J. M. Bonifacino","doi":"10.1086/725047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725047","url":null,"abstract":"Vicki Ann Funk was an American botanist and a leading figure on the taxonomy, systematics, and biogeography of Compositae in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Of her many contributions to these fields, Vicki’s ardent defense of the value and necessity of strong collections-based research for plant systematics was highly prominent. We will delve into Vicki’s contribution to Compositae systematics and explore how she was often at the forefront of research in the areas of plant phylogenetics, systematics, and collections. She pioneered the use of cladistics in plant systematics in the late 1970s and the early 1980s and helped develop and put in practice novel methods for understanding plant evolutionary relationships. During the next-generation sequencing revolution of the 2010s, she was again at the leading edge developing new tools for studying the world’s largest flowering plant family. Throughout this, she continuously made use of the latest methods and approaches to study evolutionary diversification, biogeography, and classification in Compositae. She spared no effort in supporting small herbaria across the globe, constantly aware (and reminding those around her) of the paramount importance of collections at all levels of plant research. She envisioned producing a global database to track nomenclature in Compositae and saw this massive effort from its origin to its implementation by encouraging contributions from researchers across the globe. In all her work, there was a genuine desire to connect people in pursuit of deeper understanding of the Compositae.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"62 1","pages":"305 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81076253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. During two recent field seasons in the Arctic Archipelago of Canada (Nunavut), assemblages of well-preserved plant macrofossils have been collected at five different sites from the Fosheim Member of the Heiberg Formation, which are here reported. Methodology. The plant fossils are analyzed, described, illustrated, and identified. The assemblage is compared with the other two reports of plant macrofossils from that area, and the overall vegetation of the Fosheim Member of the Heiberg Formation is put in relation to well-known Rhaetian–Hettangian macrofossil assemblages of Greenland, north-central Europe, and central and eastern Asia. Pivotal results. Among the sphenophytes and ferns, Neocalamites lehmannianus, Todites roessertii, Cladophlebis cf. ingens, and Dictyophyllum exile have been encountered; ginkgophytes are represented by three species (Ginkgoites taeniatus, Baiera minuta, and Sphenobaiera spectabilis) and conifers by two Podozamites species (Podozamites schenkii and Podozamites punctatus). For the bennettites, only one species could be identified, but this species (Otozamites micrauritus) was so far unknown from Arctic Canada and described only from the Rhaetian of South Korea. Cycads are absent. Taeniopteris sp. and Desmiophyllum sp. represent two species of so far unknown affinity. Conclusions. An evaluation of the composition of the flora, together with the fossiliferous sedimentary succession, indicates that the plants grew in a variety of exposed and disturbed habitats of wide floodplains within lowland, deltaic, or coastal plain settings or brackish to tidal mudflat areas, in a relatively warm climate with abundant rainfall and well-developed seasons. The age of the fossil-bearing strata is briefly discussed based on the stratigraphic information retrieved from the elsewhere occurrence of the identified taxa.
{"title":"A New Plant Macrofossil Assemblage from the Rhaetian–Hettangian Fosheim Member of the Heiberg Formation on Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada","authors":"C. Pott, S. Kelly, B. Bomfleur, S. Schneider","doi":"10.1086/725108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725108","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. During two recent field seasons in the Arctic Archipelago of Canada (Nunavut), assemblages of well-preserved plant macrofossils have been collected at five different sites from the Fosheim Member of the Heiberg Formation, which are here reported. Methodology. The plant fossils are analyzed, described, illustrated, and identified. The assemblage is compared with the other two reports of plant macrofossils from that area, and the overall vegetation of the Fosheim Member of the Heiberg Formation is put in relation to well-known Rhaetian–Hettangian macrofossil assemblages of Greenland, north-central Europe, and central and eastern Asia. Pivotal results. Among the sphenophytes and ferns, Neocalamites lehmannianus, Todites roessertii, Cladophlebis cf. ingens, and Dictyophyllum exile have been encountered; ginkgophytes are represented by three species (Ginkgoites taeniatus, Baiera minuta, and Sphenobaiera spectabilis) and conifers by two Podozamites species (Podozamites schenkii and Podozamites punctatus). For the bennettites, only one species could be identified, but this species (Otozamites micrauritus) was so far unknown from Arctic Canada and described only from the Rhaetian of South Korea. Cycads are absent. Taeniopteris sp. and Desmiophyllum sp. represent two species of so far unknown affinity. Conclusions. An evaluation of the composition of the flora, together with the fossiliferous sedimentary succession, indicates that the plants grew in a variety of exposed and disturbed habitats of wide floodplains within lowland, deltaic, or coastal plain settings or brackish to tidal mudflat areas, in a relatively warm climate with abundant rainfall and well-developed seasons. The age of the fossil-bearing strata is briefly discussed based on the stratigraphic information retrieved from the elsewhere occurrence of the identified taxa.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"15 1","pages":"429 - 453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88819654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Premise of research. Two permineralized inflorescences have been found in calcium carbonate concretions from the Eocene Appian Way locality on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, increasing sampling density and helping clarify the pattern of phylogeny for Alismatalean monocots. Methodology. Serial sections of specimens were prepared by the cellulose acetate peel technique and studied with light microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses using a morphological matrix of living and fossil Araceae and Acoraceae were performed using TNT version 1.5 to help establish relationships of the fossil inflorescences. Pivotal results. Inflorescences are cylindrical spikes, >37 mm long and 8.1 mm wide, with a peduncle at least 14.5 mm long, bearing numerous helically arranged, bisexual sessile flowers with hooded tepals. Fruits are trilocular, with basal axile placentation and one seed per locule. Remnants of probable stamens are present in most flowers. Conclusions. Flower structure was compared to those of other petalloid, spicate, bisexual flowers in the monocot families Acoraceae and Araceae (Alismatales). The number of carpels is similar to that in Acorus (Acoraceae) and Spathiphyllum (Araceae, Monsteroideae) and some Pothoideae. Single-seeded ovaries are common in Araceae, while the locules in Acorus contain several apically attached seeds. Phylogenetic analyses place Appianospadix in Proto-Araceae near the base of the aroid tree. This inflorescence with a unique combination of characters is described as Appianospadix bogneri, a new genus and species of Alismatales (family: Araceae).
{"title":"Refining Our Understanding of Late Cretaceous–Paleogene Evolution within the Monocot Family Araceae: Appianospadix bogneri gen. et sp. nov.","authors":"R. Stockey, G. Rothwell, G. Beard, J. Gemmell","doi":"10.1086/725163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725163","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Two permineralized inflorescences have been found in calcium carbonate concretions from the Eocene Appian Way locality on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, increasing sampling density and helping clarify the pattern of phylogeny for Alismatalean monocots. Methodology. Serial sections of specimens were prepared by the cellulose acetate peel technique and studied with light microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses using a morphological matrix of living and fossil Araceae and Acoraceae were performed using TNT version 1.5 to help establish relationships of the fossil inflorescences. Pivotal results. Inflorescences are cylindrical spikes, >37 mm long and 8.1 mm wide, with a peduncle at least 14.5 mm long, bearing numerous helically arranged, bisexual sessile flowers with hooded tepals. Fruits are trilocular, with basal axile placentation and one seed per locule. Remnants of probable stamens are present in most flowers. Conclusions. Flower structure was compared to those of other petalloid, spicate, bisexual flowers in the monocot families Acoraceae and Araceae (Alismatales). The number of carpels is similar to that in Acorus (Acoraceae) and Spathiphyllum (Araceae, Monsteroideae) and some Pothoideae. Single-seeded ovaries are common in Araceae, while the locules in Acorus contain several apically attached seeds. Phylogenetic analyses place Appianospadix in Proto-Araceae near the base of the aroid tree. This inflorescence with a unique combination of characters is described as Appianospadix bogneri, a new genus and species of Alismatales (family: Araceae).","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"61 1","pages":"470 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84913440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. C. Tellería, V. Barreda, P. Jardine, L. Palazzesi
Pollen morphology has proven to be particularly informative for elucidating the evolutionary relationships within Asteraceae (or Compositae). However, very few studies have attempted to reconstruct the character states across the family based on pollen data. Here, we mapped pollen characters onto a recent phylogenomic tree of Asteraceae based on new and published observations. We also revised the pollen morphology of selected lineages of the family largely distributed in South America, including living representatives of the oldest fossils of Asteraceae. By mapping the three selected pollen characters onto a recent phylogenomic framework, we detected shifts and trends across the evolution of the family. Our study showed that Asteraceae pollen grains ancestrally possessed microspines and a nonlayered ecaveate exine. The morphology of this reconstructed ancestor agrees with that of the oldest extinct fossil pollen grains assigned to Barnadesieae discovered in late Cretaceous sediments from Antarctica and New Zealand. The presence of a layered sexine with stout columellae characterizes the most recent common ancestor of all Asteraceae, except for the sister clade Barnadesieae. This extinct ancestor also appears to be represented in the fossil record with morphologically related species of Mutisiapollis, distributed in Paleogene sediments across Patagonia, Africa, and Australia. Taken together, our work supports previous studies, indicating that the range of variation in pollen morphology across Asteraceae is wide yet phylogenetically structured. However, pollen characters (and character states) fail to support the unequivocal recognition of the selected monophyletic South American groups. Although preliminary, our results highlight the importance of scoring pollen characters to identify fossil specimens, explore character evolution, and reconstruct ancestral forms.
{"title":"The Use of Pollen Morphology to Disentangle the Origin, Early Evolution, and Diversification of the Asteraceae","authors":"M. C. Tellería, V. Barreda, P. Jardine, L. Palazzesi","doi":"10.1086/725046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725046","url":null,"abstract":"Pollen morphology has proven to be particularly informative for elucidating the evolutionary relationships within Asteraceae (or Compositae). However, very few studies have attempted to reconstruct the character states across the family based on pollen data. Here, we mapped pollen characters onto a recent phylogenomic tree of Asteraceae based on new and published observations. We also revised the pollen morphology of selected lineages of the family largely distributed in South America, including living representatives of the oldest fossils of Asteraceae. By mapping the three selected pollen characters onto a recent phylogenomic framework, we detected shifts and trends across the evolution of the family. Our study showed that Asteraceae pollen grains ancestrally possessed microspines and a nonlayered ecaveate exine. The morphology of this reconstructed ancestor agrees with that of the oldest extinct fossil pollen grains assigned to Barnadesieae discovered in late Cretaceous sediments from Antarctica and New Zealand. The presence of a layered sexine with stout columellae characterizes the most recent common ancestor of all Asteraceae, except for the sister clade Barnadesieae. This extinct ancestor also appears to be represented in the fossil record with morphologically related species of Mutisiapollis, distributed in Paleogene sediments across Patagonia, Africa, and Australia. Taken together, our work supports previous studies, indicating that the range of variation in pollen morphology across Asteraceae is wide yet phylogenetically structured. However, pollen characters (and character states) fail to support the unequivocal recognition of the selected monophyletic South American groups. Although preliminary, our results highlight the importance of scoring pollen characters to identify fossil specimens, explore character evolution, and reconstruct ancestral forms.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"18 1","pages":"350 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89750003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan-Niklas Nuppenau, Elsa Höglund, Nikolaos Minadakis, Kent Kainulainen, A. M. Humphreys
Premise of research. Geothermal areas create living conditions strikingly different from their surroundings, providing opportunities for studying organisms’ thermal adaptations and responses to climate warming. However, the origins of geothermal organisms are poorly known, limiting our ability to design and interpret experimental studies. To address this, we tested whether geothermal populations of Agrostis (Poaceae) in Iceland represent a single lineage (clade) and, if so, whether that lineage originated in adjacent, nonthermal areas or elsewhere. Methodology. We studied the phylogeography of A. stolonifera and A. vinealis from geothermally heated and nonheated areas in Iceland, using whole plastome data and Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Having identified an exclusively geothermal clade for A. stolonifera, we performed a common-garden experiment to test for heritable phenotypic differences between geothermal and nonthermal plants. Pivotal results. At least two lineages of A. stolonifera have colonized Iceland independently, one being exclusively geothermal and the other exclusively nonthermal. The geothermal lineage is phylogenetically isolated, and its geographical origin could not be determined. Grown in a common garden, geothermal A. stolonifera produced significantly shorter stolons than nonthermal plants. In contrast, geothermal A. vinealis did not form a clade. Instead, all Icelandic A. vinealis formed a clade with nonthermal A. vinealis from outside of Iceland, plus geothermal A. rossiae and A. scabra. Conclusions. We demonstrate the existence of an exclusively geothermal lineage of A. stolonifera, which also shows heritable phenotypic differences, but not of A. vinealis. These contrasting findings possibly reflect different growth forms and life histories. Our results provide a phylogenetic hypothesis to be tested with nuclear data and a framework for future experimental studies, highlighting the importance of a historical perspective for understanding the peculiar plant communities that thrive in geothermal areas. Finally, our results suggest A. vinealis is in need of taxonomic revision.
{"title":"Phylogeography of Icelandic Agrostis (Poaceae) Reveals a New Geothermal Lineage","authors":"Jan-Niklas Nuppenau, Elsa Höglund, Nikolaos Minadakis, Kent Kainulainen, A. M. Humphreys","doi":"10.1086/725164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725164","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Geothermal areas create living conditions strikingly different from their surroundings, providing opportunities for studying organisms’ thermal adaptations and responses to climate warming. However, the origins of geothermal organisms are poorly known, limiting our ability to design and interpret experimental studies. To address this, we tested whether geothermal populations of Agrostis (Poaceae) in Iceland represent a single lineage (clade) and, if so, whether that lineage originated in adjacent, nonthermal areas or elsewhere. Methodology. We studied the phylogeography of A. stolonifera and A. vinealis from geothermally heated and nonheated areas in Iceland, using whole plastome data and Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Having identified an exclusively geothermal clade for A. stolonifera, we performed a common-garden experiment to test for heritable phenotypic differences between geothermal and nonthermal plants. Pivotal results. At least two lineages of A. stolonifera have colonized Iceland independently, one being exclusively geothermal and the other exclusively nonthermal. The geothermal lineage is phylogenetically isolated, and its geographical origin could not be determined. Grown in a common garden, geothermal A. stolonifera produced significantly shorter stolons than nonthermal plants. In contrast, geothermal A. vinealis did not form a clade. Instead, all Icelandic A. vinealis formed a clade with nonthermal A. vinealis from outside of Iceland, plus geothermal A. rossiae and A. scabra. Conclusions. We demonstrate the existence of an exclusively geothermal lineage of A. stolonifera, which also shows heritable phenotypic differences, but not of A. vinealis. These contrasting findings possibly reflect different growth forms and life histories. Our results provide a phylogenetic hypothesis to be tested with nuclear data and a framework for future experimental studies, highlighting the importance of a historical perspective for understanding the peculiar plant communities that thrive in geothermal areas. Finally, our results suggest A. vinealis is in need of taxonomic revision.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"231 1","pages":"413 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82108408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine R. Goodrich, Inesha Ellis, Allison H. DeHaas, Rebecca Senski, J. Savage
Premise of research. Floral mimicry of nonfloral substrates frequently involves mimicry of microbial volatile blends, tapping into the chemical ecology of diverse saprophagous insects. We investigate pollination of Asimina triloba, a temperate woody species with yeasty-smelling maroon flowers that bloom in early spring and putatively mimic fermenting substrates. Specifically, we identify likely pollinators and present evidence of floral mimicry of fermentation by investigating a range of fermenting substrates in the local environment. Methodology. To test floral mimicry, we characterize naturally occurring fermenting substrates that co-occur with blooming A. triloba. We compare odor chemistry of substrates to floral scent and identify insect species captured from flowers and visiting fermenting substrates. Pivotal results. Substrates sharing volatile chemical overlap with floral scent of A. triloba include sap flows, decaying floral tissues, fermenting mulberries, and frugivore dung. Several substrates shared major components of the floral scent chemistry, including acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, and ethanol. True flies (Diptera) represent a majority of insects collected from within flowers and upon substrates. Flies collected from flowers represent 20 species from nine families. A majority of species collected from flowers were also collected from substrates. Conclusions. These results all support the hypothesis of floral mimicry of fermenting substrates as a pollination strategy for A. triloba. We emphasize the importance of understanding the ecology of diverse pollinating taxa and examining diverse potential models when investigating floral mimicry.
{"title":"False Advertising with Fermented Scents: Floral Mimicry in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba: Annonaceae) Pollination","authors":"Katherine R. Goodrich, Inesha Ellis, Allison H. DeHaas, Rebecca Senski, J. Savage","doi":"10.1086/725107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725107","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of research. Floral mimicry of nonfloral substrates frequently involves mimicry of microbial volatile blends, tapping into the chemical ecology of diverse saprophagous insects. We investigate pollination of Asimina triloba, a temperate woody species with yeasty-smelling maroon flowers that bloom in early spring and putatively mimic fermenting substrates. Specifically, we identify likely pollinators and present evidence of floral mimicry of fermentation by investigating a range of fermenting substrates in the local environment. Methodology. To test floral mimicry, we characterize naturally occurring fermenting substrates that co-occur with blooming A. triloba. We compare odor chemistry of substrates to floral scent and identify insect species captured from flowers and visiting fermenting substrates. Pivotal results. Substrates sharing volatile chemical overlap with floral scent of A. triloba include sap flows, decaying floral tissues, fermenting mulberries, and frugivore dung. Several substrates shared major components of the floral scent chemistry, including acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, and ethanol. True flies (Diptera) represent a majority of insects collected from within flowers and upon substrates. Flies collected from flowers represent 20 species from nine families. A majority of species collected from flowers were also collected from substrates. Conclusions. These results all support the hypothesis of floral mimicry of fermenting substrates as a pollination strategy for A. triloba. We emphasize the importance of understanding the ecology of diverse pollinating taxa and examining diverse potential models when investigating floral mimicry.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"23 1","pages":"485 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86168511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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