Nan Hu, Haley Hale, Brian Sanderson, Guanqiao Feng, Minghao Guo, Diksha Gambhir, Matt Olson
Premise of the Research The prevalence of sexual dimorphisms, which evolve due to contrasting strategies to maximize reproductive success in males and females, is variable among dioecious plant species. In the Salicaceae, many traits have been assessed across many studies, but direct or indirect associations between these traits and reproductive allocation are often neglected. Given the dynamic evolution of sex determination systems and the strong interest in wood production in the family, we wondered whether sexual dimorphisms related to reproduction may have gone unreported. Here, we assess sexual dimorphism in reproductive traits in two species of Salix. Recognition of reproductive sexually dimorphic traits will contribute to understanding the evolution of sex determination systems in the Salicaceae. Methodology We conducted observational studies in natural populations to assess the presence of sexual dimorphisms in early spring bud density, catkin number, and flower number per catkin across four sampling periods in Salix exigua. We also analyzed flower number and catkin number per flower in Salix nigra. Pivotal Results We observed no sexual dimorphism in pre-season buds per branch in S. exigua but did find that males produced more flowers per catkin and more catkins per branch than females in both S. exigua and S. nigra. Conclusions Higher flower numbers in males compared to females is consistent with expectations from intra-sexual selection among males. The presence of reproductive sexual dimorphisms in Salix suggests that sexual selection may affect the evolution of mating strategies in Salix species, and the evolution of the sex determination system within this genus.
{"title":"Reproductive sexual dimorphisms in two willow species, Salix exigua Nutt. and S. nigra Marshall.","authors":"Nan Hu, Haley Hale, Brian Sanderson, Guanqiao Feng, Minghao Guo, Diksha Gambhir, Matt Olson","doi":"10.1086/726623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726623","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of the Research The prevalence of sexual dimorphisms, which evolve due to contrasting strategies to maximize reproductive success in males and females, is variable among dioecious plant species. In the Salicaceae, many traits have been assessed across many studies, but direct or indirect associations between these traits and reproductive allocation are often neglected. Given the dynamic evolution of sex determination systems and the strong interest in wood production in the family, we wondered whether sexual dimorphisms related to reproduction may have gone unreported. Here, we assess sexual dimorphism in reproductive traits in two species of Salix. Recognition of reproductive sexually dimorphic traits will contribute to understanding the evolution of sex determination systems in the Salicaceae. Methodology We conducted observational studies in natural populations to assess the presence of sexual dimorphisms in early spring bud density, catkin number, and flower number per catkin across four sampling periods in Salix exigua. We also analyzed flower number and catkin number per flower in Salix nigra. Pivotal Results We observed no sexual dimorphism in pre-season buds per branch in S. exigua but did find that males produced more flowers per catkin and more catkins per branch than females in both S. exigua and S. nigra. Conclusions Higher flower numbers in males compared to females is consistent with expectations from intra-sexual selection among males. The presence of reproductive sexual dimorphisms in Salix suggests that sexual selection may affect the evolution of mating strategies in Salix species, and the evolution of the sex determination system within this genus.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135805047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Craig F. Barrett, Dhanushya Ramachandran, Chih-Hui Chen, Cameron W. Corbett, Cynthia D. Huebner, Brandon T. Sinn, Wen-Bin Yu, Kenji Suetsugu
Premise of the Research Plants remain underrepresented among species with sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), due to the difficulty in assembly with short-read technology. Invasive species lag behind crops and other economically important species in this respect, representing a lack of tools for management and land conservation efforts. Methodology The mitogenome of Microstegium vimineum, one of the most damaging invasive plant species in North America, was sequenced and analyzed using long-read data, providing a resource for biologists and managers. We conducted analyses of genome content, phylogenomic analyses among grasses and relatives based on mitochondrial coding regions, and an analysis of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism in this invasive grass species. Pivotal Results The assembly is 478,010 bp in length and characterized by two large, inverted repeats, and a large, direct repeat. However, the genome could not be circularized, arguing against a “master circle” structure. Long-read assemblies with data subsets revealed several alternative genomic conformations, predominantly associated with large repeats. Plastid-like sequences comprise 2.4% of the genome, with further evidence of Class I and Class II transposable element-like sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed M. vimineum with other Microstegium species, excluding M. nudum, but with weak support. Analysis of polymorphic sites across 112 accessions of M. vimineum from the native and invasive ranges revealed a complex invasion history. Conclusions We present an in-depth analysis of mitogenome structure, content, phylogenetic relationships, and range-wide genomic variation in M. vimineum’s invasive US range. The mitogenome of M. vimineum is typical of other andropogonoid grasses, yet mitochondrial sequence variation across the invasive and native ranges is extensive. Our findings suggest multiple introductions to the US over the last century, with subsequent spread, secondary contact, long-distance dispersal, and possibly post-invasion selection on awn phenotypes. Efforts to produce genomic resources for invasive species, including sequenced mitochondrial genomes, will continue to provide tools for their effective management, and to help predict and prevent future invasions.
{"title":"Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Invasive <i>Microstegium vimineum</i>: A Resource for Systematics, Invasion History, and Management","authors":"Craig F. Barrett, Dhanushya Ramachandran, Chih-Hui Chen, Cameron W. Corbett, Cynthia D. Huebner, Brandon T. Sinn, Wen-Bin Yu, Kenji Suetsugu","doi":"10.1086/726005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726005","url":null,"abstract":"Premise of the Research Plants remain underrepresented among species with sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), due to the difficulty in assembly with short-read technology. Invasive species lag behind crops and other economically important species in this respect, representing a lack of tools for management and land conservation efforts. Methodology The mitogenome of Microstegium vimineum, one of the most damaging invasive plant species in North America, was sequenced and analyzed using long-read data, providing a resource for biologists and managers. We conducted analyses of genome content, phylogenomic analyses among grasses and relatives based on mitochondrial coding regions, and an analysis of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism in this invasive grass species. Pivotal Results The assembly is 478,010 bp in length and characterized by two large, inverted repeats, and a large, direct repeat. However, the genome could not be circularized, arguing against a “master circle” structure. Long-read assemblies with data subsets revealed several alternative genomic conformations, predominantly associated with large repeats. Plastid-like sequences comprise 2.4% of the genome, with further evidence of Class I and Class II transposable element-like sequences. Phylogenetic analysis placed M. vimineum with other Microstegium species, excluding M. nudum, but with weak support. Analysis of polymorphic sites across 112 accessions of M. vimineum from the native and invasive ranges revealed a complex invasion history. Conclusions We present an in-depth analysis of mitogenome structure, content, phylogenetic relationships, and range-wide genomic variation in M. vimineum’s invasive US range. The mitogenome of M. vimineum is typical of other andropogonoid grasses, yet mitochondrial sequence variation across the invasive and native ranges is extensive. Our findings suggest multiple introductions to the US over the last century, with subsequent spread, secondary contact, long-distance dispersal, and possibly post-invasion selection on awn phenotypes. Efforts to produce genomic resources for invasive species, including sequenced mitochondrial genomes, will continue to provide tools for their effective management, and to help predict and prevent future invasions.","PeriodicalId":14306,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135989102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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