Palm oil has many minor components that can act as natural antioxidant. It contains carotenoid and vitamin E. This research was conducted to determine antioxidant activity of non-polar extract from crude palm oil and fatty acid methyl ester. The oil extract obtained from crude palm oil by solvent extraction with hexane (CPO) and transesterification method followed by solvent extraction with hexane (PME). Carotene content from non-polar extracts were analyzed by using UV-visible spectrophotometer, while carotene composition (α- and β-carotene) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol) compositions were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography. Glycerides and esters content was analyzed by gas chromatography. Antioxidant activity of oil extract was determined by using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method. Result revealed that PME has higher content carotenoid and vitamin E than CPO. As expected, the concentration of carotenoid and vitamin E in PME increased with transesterification process. Results also showed that all of non-polar extracts exhibited antioxidant activity significantly, as proven by inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of PME and CPO is 5.9 µg mL-1 and 15.6 µg mL-1. It is suggested that the presence of carotenoid and vitamin E may have a potential effect as natural antioxidant.
{"title":"Antioxidant Activity of Bioactive Constituents from Crude Palm Oil and Palm Methyl Ester","authors":"Ahmad Gazali Sofwan Sinaga, D. Siahaan","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v2i1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v2i1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Palm oil has many minor components that can act as natural antioxidant. It contains carotenoid and vitamin E. This research was conducted to determine antioxidant activity of non-polar extract from crude palm oil and fatty acid methyl ester. The oil extract obtained from crude palm oil by solvent extraction with hexane (CPO) and transesterification method followed by solvent extraction with hexane (PME). Carotene content from non-polar extracts were analyzed by using UV-visible spectrophotometer, while carotene composition (α- and β-carotene) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol) compositions were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography. Glycerides and esters content was analyzed by gas chromatography. Antioxidant activity of oil extract was determined by using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method. Result revealed that PME has higher content carotenoid and vitamin E than CPO. As expected, the concentration of carotenoid and vitamin E in PME increased with transesterification process. Results also showed that all of non-polar extracts exhibited antioxidant activity significantly, as proven by inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of PME and CPO is 5.9 µg mL-1 and 15.6 µg mL-1. It is suggested that the presence of carotenoid and vitamin E may have a potential effect as natural antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75543140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valuation of biomass and its waste is indispensable for sustainable development of bioenergy in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to estimate the value of biomass, mainly from oil palm waste, for supporting bioenergy development in Indonesia. The research was applying thermodynamic theory to reinterpret the economic valuation by exergonomic analysis on biomass conversion to electricity. The results revealed that exergonomic value of electricity generated from oil palm fiber was 5 cents USD kWh-1, while the steam was 0.46 cents US kWh-1, under the assumption of zero biomass value. When the value of electricity was at its production base cost, the biomass (i.e. oil palm fiber) could be valuated to Rp 296.57 per kWh of its exergy content, or Rp 1 764.73 kg-1 of the biomass. The real price of shell in the field was Rp 700 kg-1. The results show that either the oil palm fiber is undervalued or the production cost of electricity generated from the fiber could be lower.
对生物质及其废弃物进行评估对于印尼生物能源的可持续发展是必不可少的。这项研究的目的是估计主要来自油棕废料的生物质的价值，以支持印度尼西亚的生物能源发展。通过对生物质转化为电能的工效学分析，应用热力学理论重新解释生物质转化的经济价值。结果表明，在零生物质值假设下，油棕纤维发电的工效价值为5 cents USD kWh-1，蒸汽为0.46 cents US kWh-1。当电力价值处于其生产基础成本时，生物质(即油棕纤维)可评估为每千瓦时296.57卢比，或生物质1 764.73卢比。该油田贝壳的实际价格为每公斤700卢比。结果表明，要么是油棕纤维的价值被低估，要么是油棕纤维发电的生产成本可以降低。
{"title":"Valuation of Waste Oil Palm Biomass for Energy in Palm Oil Mill in Indonesia","authors":"A. Tambunan","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v2i1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v2i1.26","url":null,"abstract":"Valuation of biomass and its waste is indispensable for sustainable development of bioenergy in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to estimate the value of biomass, mainly from oil palm waste, for supporting bioenergy development in Indonesia. The research was applying thermodynamic theory to reinterpret the economic valuation by exergonomic analysis on biomass conversion to electricity. The results revealed that exergonomic value of electricity generated from oil palm fiber was 5 cents USD kWh-1, while the steam was 0.46 cents US kWh-1, under the assumption of zero biomass value. When the value of electricity was at its production base cost, the biomass (i.e. oil palm fiber) could be valuated to Rp 296.57 per kWh of its exergy content, or Rp 1 764.73 kg-1 of the biomass. The real price of shell in the field was Rp 700 kg-1. The results show that either the oil palm fiber is undervalued or the production cost of electricity generated from the fiber could be lower.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88593962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sitompul, D. Setyawan, Aldhita Graffi Nabila, V. Wonoputri, H. Lee
This paper concerns on synthesis of nancomposite materials, based on poly(D,Llactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid). The Poly(L,D-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was produced from L,Dlactic acid through direct polycondensation method and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) derived from L-lactide through ring-opening polymerization method. The PDLLA/PLLA films were produced through solvent casting method. The ratio of PDLLA in the PDLLA/PLLA matrix was determined by adjusting PDLLA fraction. The nanoclay used in this experiment were natural clay (Bentonite) and modified organoclay with quaternary ammonium salt (Cloisite 30B). The PLA blend nanocomposites was produced through solution intercalation with sonication. To determine the effect of amounts of nanoclay and sonication period, these two variable were varied. To analyze chemical structure of PLA, the PLA blend film were tested using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The dispersion of nanoclay on the PLA blend matrix was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test. The properties of PLA blend nanocomposites film were then characterized using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) test and the enzymatic biodegradability test. The fraction of PDLLA on the PLA blend was fixed 70 % wt. XRD test showed exfoliation of Cloisite 30B in the PLA matrix while the Bentonite was exfoliated as well as intercalated. The addition of nanoclay improved the tensile strength of PLA blend nanocomposites polymer to the number of 56.26 MPa and 37.65 MPa, respectively. Sonication period of PDLLA/PLLA nanocomposite affected the mechanical properties, barrier properties and polymer biodegradability. Moreover, from the WVP test, the barrier properties of the blend polymers was improved and increased twice compared to that of the pure PDLLA/PLLA.
本文研究了聚乳酸/聚l -乳酸纳米复合材料的合成。以L, d -乳酸为原料，通过直接缩聚法制备聚L-乳酸(PDLLA)， L-乳酸通过开环聚合法制备聚L-乳酸(PLLA)。采用溶剂铸造法制备了PDLLA/PLLA薄膜。通过调整PDLLA分数来确定PDLLA/PLLA矩阵中PDLLA的比例。本实验使用的纳米粘土为天然粘土(膨润土)和季铵盐改性有机粘土(Cloisite 30B)。采用超声插层法制备了聚乳酸共混纳米复合材料。为了确定纳米粘土用量和超声时间的影响，改变了这两个变量。为了分析聚乳酸共混膜的化学结构，采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)对聚乳酸共混膜进行了测试。采用x射线衍射(XRD)测试分析了纳米粘土在PLA共混基体上的分散。采用万能试验机(UTM)、水蒸气渗透性(WVP)测试和酶促生物降解测试对聚乳酸共混纳米复合材料薄膜的性能进行了表征。PLA共混物中PDLLA的含量固定在70% wt。XRD测试表明，PLA基体中cloite 30B有剥离，膨润土有剥离和插层。纳米粘土的加入提高了PLA共混纳米复合聚合物的抗拉强度，分别达到56.26 MPa和37.65 MPa。超声时间对聚乳酸/聚乳酸纳米复合材料的力学性能、阻隔性能和聚合物的生物降解性均有影响。此外，从WVP测试来看，共混聚合物的阻挡性能得到了改善，比纯PDLLA/PLLA提高了两倍。
{"title":"Synthesis of Nanocomposite Materials for Biodegradable Food Packaging","authors":"J. Sitompul, D. Setyawan, Aldhita Graffi Nabila, V. Wonoputri, H. Lee","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v2i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v2i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concerns on synthesis of nancomposite materials, based on poly(D,Llactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid). The Poly(L,D-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was produced from L,Dlactic acid through direct polycondensation method and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) derived from L-lactide through ring-opening polymerization method. The PDLLA/PLLA films were produced through solvent casting method. The ratio of PDLLA in the PDLLA/PLLA matrix was determined by adjusting PDLLA fraction. The nanoclay used in this experiment were natural clay (Bentonite) and modified organoclay with quaternary ammonium salt (Cloisite 30B). The PLA blend nanocomposites was produced through solution intercalation with sonication. To determine the effect of amounts of nanoclay and sonication period, these two variable were varied. To analyze chemical structure of PLA, the PLA blend film were tested using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The dispersion of nanoclay on the PLA blend matrix was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test. The properties of PLA blend nanocomposites film were then characterized using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) test and the enzymatic biodegradability test. The fraction of PDLLA on the PLA blend was fixed 70 % wt. XRD test showed exfoliation of Cloisite 30B in the PLA matrix while the Bentonite was exfoliated as well as intercalated. The addition of nanoclay improved the tensile strength of PLA blend nanocomposites polymer to the number of 56.26 MPa and 37.65 MPa, respectively. Sonication period of PDLLA/PLLA nanocomposite affected the mechanical properties, barrier properties and polymer biodegradability. Moreover, from the WVP test, the barrier properties of the blend polymers was improved and increased twice compared to that of the pure PDLLA/PLLA.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88867370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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