Indonesia is the largest producer and the exporter of palm oil in the world which has three palm oil industrial cluster (POIC) areas that are Sei Mangkei (North Sumatera), Dumai (Riau), and Maloy (East Kalimantan). To carry out the delivery of palm oil products to the destination countries, the Palm oil from the three POICs must be transshipment in Malaysia and Singapore. In line with this issues, a strategy to develop the POIC based international connectivity need to be done. This study aims to identify the actual conditions of POIC Indonesia, to determine the factors (internal and external) that influence the development of POIC, and to formulate priority strategy for developing POIC Indonesia. These are needed so that Indonesia can become a hub port of international trade especially in Asia. This research uses "Diamonds" Porter’s Model, gap analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the analysis connectivity, the main strategy that can be formulated in order to develop Indonesian palm oil industry cluster is infrastructure improvements. This strategy can be done if the government (the Ministry of economy, Ministry of industry and trade, Ministry of sea, PT PELINDO, and local government), private sector, academic, and the public is able to work together and integrated.
{"title":"Development Strategy of Indonesian Palm Oil Industrial Cluster Based International Trade Connectivity","authors":"S. Raharja, S. Djohar, Dwi Aryanthi","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v2i2.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v2i2.59","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is the largest producer and the exporter of palm oil in the world which has three palm oil industrial cluster (POIC) areas that are Sei Mangkei (North Sumatera), Dumai (Riau), and Maloy (East Kalimantan). To carry out the delivery of palm oil products to the destination countries, the Palm oil from the three POICs must be transshipment in Malaysia and Singapore. In line with this issues, a strategy to develop the POIC based international connectivity need to be done. This study aims to identify the actual conditions of POIC Indonesia, to determine the factors (internal and external) that influence the development of POIC, and to formulate priority strategy for developing POIC Indonesia. These are needed so that Indonesia can become a hub port of international trade especially in Asia. This research uses \"Diamonds\" Porter’s Model, gap analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the analysis connectivity, the main strategy that can be formulated in order to develop Indonesian palm oil industry cluster is infrastructure improvements. This strategy can be done if the government (the Ministry of economy, Ministry of industry and trade, Ministry of sea, PT PELINDO, and local government), private sector, academic, and the public is able to work together and integrated.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"45 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72626919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.
{"title":"Formulation of Biodegreaser Made from Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant with Oxalic Acid Additive","authors":"I. Sailah, E. Hambali, Fadilla Eka Aulyana","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v4i2.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v4i2.62","url":null,"abstract":"The development of bio degreaser made from palm oil surfactant aims to substitute bio degreaser made from petroleum surfactant which is less environmentally friendly. The development was carried out by formulating palm methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant with oxalic acid as metal or non-metal cleaning agent. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best concentration of oxalic acid in the bio degreaser formulation. The concentrations of oxalic acid tested were 7, 8, and 9%. The best concentration of oxalic acid was determined based on the results of characteristic tests and detergency tests, namely 7% oxalic acid concentration. The resulting bio degreaser product has a pH of 1.6; viscosity 1.39 cp; specific gravity of 1.012; surface tension 32 dyne/cm and detergency power 84%. Furthermore, the resulting bio degreaser was added with Diethanolamioda (DEA) surfactant. The purpose of adding DEA surfactant is to increase the pH and lower the surface tension. The formulation results showed an increase in pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and a decrease in surface tension from 31.97 dyne/cm to 28.70 dyne/cm. In addition, there was an increase in viscosity from 1.39 cp to 1.62 cp and specific gravity from 1.012 to 1.018.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"49 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81671743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of palm oil bio grease aimed to substitute grease made from petroleum with a material that is more environmentally friendly. The enhancement of bio grease characteristics can be performed by chemical synthesis. This research aimed to obtain best mole ratio of palm olein and H2O2 in the epoxidation process, and to analyze the physical characteristics of the bio grease products. This process used acetic acid and H2O2 with mole ratio variations of olein and H2O2 of 1: 3, 1: 6, and 1: 9. The mole ratio was selected based on the analysis of iodine and oxiran numbers, which was then processed into bio grease with the addition of calcium stearate and calcium acetate. Epoxidized olein with a mole ratio of olein and H2O2 of 1: 9 was selected because it achieved the highest average oxiran number (0.99), the lowest iodine number (33.09), and it was based on ANOVA and LSD tests. The higher the oxiran number, the more epoxide compounds produced. Low iodine number indicated low unsaturation in fatty acids. The peroxy acid used in the epoxidation process reacted with unsaturated compounds, so that the lower iodine number in the epoxidized olein produced more epoxide compounds. Bio grease had a light cream color, density of 0.96 g/cm3, viscosity of 31,280 mPa.s, unworked penetration of 438 (0.1 mm), worked penetration of 443 (0.1 mm), dropping point < 26°C, corrosion resistance of 2c and NLGI number 00.
{"title":"Epoxidation of Palm Olein as Base Oil for Calcium Complex Bio Grease","authors":"E. Hambali, N. Puspita","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v4i1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v4i1.57","url":null,"abstract":"The development of palm oil bio grease aimed to substitute grease made from petroleum with a material that is more environmentally friendly. The enhancement of bio grease characteristics can be performed by chemical synthesis. This research aimed to obtain best mole ratio of palm olein and H2O2 in the epoxidation process, and to analyze the physical characteristics of the bio grease products. This process used acetic acid and H2O2 with mole ratio variations of olein and H2O2 of 1: 3, 1: 6, and 1: 9. The mole ratio was selected based on the analysis of iodine and oxiran numbers, which was then processed into bio grease with the addition of calcium stearate and calcium acetate. Epoxidized olein with a mole ratio of olein and H2O2 of 1: 9 was selected because it achieved the highest average oxiran number (0.99), the lowest iodine number (33.09), and it was based on ANOVA and LSD tests. The higher the oxiran number, the more epoxide compounds produced. Low iodine number indicated low unsaturation in fatty acids. The peroxy acid used in the epoxidation process reacted with unsaturated compounds, so that the lower iodine number in the epoxidized olein produced more epoxide compounds. Bio grease had a light cream color, density of 0.96 g/cm3, viscosity of 31,280 mPa.s, unworked penetration of 438 (0.1 mm), worked penetration of 443 (0.1 mm), dropping point < 26°C, corrosion resistance of 2c and NLGI number 00.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80662698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently the expansion of oil palm is increasing, which at the same time creates a lot of negative responses related to environmental impacts, biodiversity loss, including birds and butterflies species diversity. Nowadays our understanding of the impacts of oil palm plantations is still based on the claim that oil palm plantations are established on primary forest land. The study aimed to estimate the impact of land cover changes, loss of biodiversity, and possible cohabitation between birds and butterflies based on baseline land type before oil palm plantation. The research was conducted at PT Tempirai Palm Resources, to be precise, in the baseline area (shrubs) and plantation areas planted with oil palm using direct and indirect observation methods. Based on research, it was known that land conversion to oil palm plantations caused changes in the number of species, and the diversity of birds and butterflies. The number of bird species in the baseline area was higher (S = 22 species, H ‘= 2.51) than in the plantation area. The number of butterfly species in the baseline area was less (0 species) than in the oil palm plantation area (5 species, H ‘= 1.56, Dmg = 2.23). In general, the increase in bird species’ biodiversity was higher (59.09%) compared to the loss. In contrast, the butterfly species was not lost. A cohabitation also occurred between birds and butterflies at the site. The study concluded that oil palm plantation not only have a negative impact but also a positive impact for biodiversity especially for bird and butterfly.
{"title":"Does the Change in Land Cover Alters Birds and Butterflies Diversity?","authors":"M. Putri, Y. Santosa, B. Masy’ud","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v4i1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v4i1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Currently the expansion of oil palm is increasing, which at the same time creates a lot of negative responses related to environmental impacts, biodiversity loss, including birds and butterflies species diversity. Nowadays our understanding of the impacts of oil palm plantations is still based on the claim that oil palm plantations are established on primary forest land. The study aimed to estimate the impact of land cover changes, loss of biodiversity, and possible cohabitation between birds and butterflies based on baseline land type before oil palm plantation. The research was conducted at PT Tempirai Palm Resources, to be precise, in the baseline area (shrubs) and plantation areas planted with oil palm using direct and indirect observation methods. Based on research, it was known that land conversion to oil palm plantations caused changes in the number of species, and the diversity of birds and butterflies. The number of bird species in the baseline area was higher (S = 22 species, H ‘= 2.51) than in the plantation area. The number of butterfly species in the baseline area was less (0 species) than in the oil palm plantation area (5 species, H ‘= 1.56, Dmg = 2.23). In general, the increase in bird species’ biodiversity was higher (59.09%) compared to the loss. In contrast, the butterfly species was not lost. A cohabitation also occurred between birds and butterflies at the site. The study concluded that oil palm plantation not only have a negative impact but also a positive impact for biodiversity especially for bird and butterfly.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84798858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesia is the number one producer and exporter of palm oil globally. About 85% of palm oil is used for food applications. Consequently, issues related to food safety and nutrition have always been a major concern, both for producers and consumers of palm oil. In this respect, the palm oil industry must put serious effort to comply with food safety and quality standards, such as those of Codex standards, especially specified at Codex Standard for named vegetable oils (CXS 210-1999).
{"title":"Understanding the Codex Standard to Ensure Safety and Quality of Palm Oil","authors":"P. Hariyadi","doi":"10.35876/ijop.v4i1.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/ijop.v4i1.58","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is the number one producer and exporter of palm oil globally. About 85% of palm oil is used for food applications. Consequently, issues related to food safety and nutrition have always been a major concern, both for producers and consumers of palm oil. In this respect, the palm oil industry must put serious effort to comply with food safety and quality standards, such as those of Codex standards, especially specified at Codex Standard for named vegetable oils (CXS 210-1999).","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"50 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84687897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Setiawan, J. R. Pangala, Abdul Baits Dehana Padma Swastika, A. Tambunan
Biochar production by pyrolysis stove and utilization of the excess heat to generate electricity, simultaneously, could improve the performance of the whole system, and give a significant solution to both energy and environmental problems. This is especially if implemented as a stand-alone facility and applied in a remote area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate technical feasibility and strategy in using pyrolysis stoves to produce biochar and generate electricity by ORC, simultaneously. This study combines various data obtained previously, which consists of pyrolysis stove design and performance test for simultaneous biochar production and thermal energy use, and ORC experiments for electricity generation. Those data then was used to analyze the technical feasibility of the simultaneous production of biochar and electricity generation using the excess heat from the pyrolysis stove. The integration of the pyrolysis stove with the ORC was conducted in a simulative study. The results showed that biochar produced using the pyrolysis stove has characteristics that are very supportive for use as a soil enhancer. Excess heat from the pyrolysis stove during the production of biochar can be used to fuel the ORC system to generate electricity. The optimum biochar yield and thermal efficiency of the ORC were found to be optimum at the stove's airflow rate of 0.034-0.035 kg/s. Accordingly, a combination of biochar production and electricity generation using the ORC system is considered to be technologically feasible to meet the sustainability requirement.
{"title":"Technical Feasibility to Utilize Wasted Empty Fruit Bunch from Small Scale Farms for Simultaneous Production of Biochar and Electricity","authors":"D. Setiawan, J. R. Pangala, Abdul Baits Dehana Padma Swastika, A. Tambunan","doi":"10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.54","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar production by pyrolysis stove and utilization of the excess heat to generate electricity, simultaneously, could improve the performance of the whole system, and give a significant solution to both energy and environmental problems. This is especially if implemented as a stand-alone facility and applied in a remote area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate technical feasibility and strategy in using pyrolysis stoves to produce biochar and generate electricity by ORC, simultaneously. This study combines various data obtained previously, which consists of pyrolysis stove design and performance test for simultaneous biochar production and thermal energy use, and ORC experiments for electricity generation. Those data then was used to analyze the technical feasibility of the simultaneous production of biochar and electricity generation using the excess heat from the pyrolysis stove. The integration of the pyrolysis stove with the ORC was conducted in a simulative study. The results showed that biochar produced using the pyrolysis stove has characteristics that are very supportive for use as a soil enhancer. Excess heat from the pyrolysis stove during the production of biochar can be used to fuel the ORC system to generate electricity. The optimum biochar yield and thermal efficiency of the ORC were found to be optimum at the stove's airflow rate of 0.034-0.035 kg/s. Accordingly, a combination of biochar production and electricity generation using the ORC system is considered to be technologically feasible to meet the sustainability requirement.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85053731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examined the factors influencing economic performance of palm oil production in Abak Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. The study was based on primary data collected with the aid of pre-tested questionnaire from 120 respondents using multistage sampling technique in the study area. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results revealed that majority (78%) of the palm oil producers were female with a mean age of about 50 years. The costs and returns analysis indicated that palm oil production was a profitable enterprise with a rate of return of 1.17. The result of the regression analysis revealed that age (p<0.05), education (p<0.01), membership of cooperative society (p<0.05), cost of equipment (p<0.05) and cost of labour were the significant factors influencing economic performance of palm oil producers in the study area. The major constraints faced by the producers were inadequate capital, lack of credit facilities, lack of access to improved inputs and technology, price fluctuation among others. The study recommended that, government, both at the federal and state levels should make credit facilities available and accessible to the palm oil producers at low interest rate in order to sustain and invigorate their economic performance.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Economic Performance of Palm Oil Producers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Aminu, J. Umoh","doi":"10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.52","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the factors influencing economic performance of palm oil production in Abak Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. The study was based on primary data collected with the aid of pre-tested questionnaire from 120 respondents using multistage sampling technique in the study area. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results revealed that majority (78%) of the palm oil producers were female with a mean age of about 50 years. The costs and returns analysis indicated that palm oil production was a profitable enterprise with a rate of return of 1.17. The result of the regression analysis revealed that age (p<0.05), education (p<0.01), membership of cooperative society (p<0.05), cost of equipment (p<0.05) and cost of labour were the significant factors influencing economic performance of palm oil producers in the study area. The major constraints faced by the producers were inadequate capital, lack of credit facilities, lack of access to improved inputs and technology, price fluctuation among others. The study recommended that, government, both at the federal and state levels should make credit facilities available and accessible to the palm oil producers at low interest rate in order to sustain and invigorate their economic performance.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"1994 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82410730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Dita Febriani Lumban Gaol, Andreas Adhi Satya, E. Puspitasari, N. R. Mubarik, A. Suwanto
ABSTRACT Random mutagenesis technique is a powerful technique capable of producing enzymes with desired biocatalytic activity. This study aims to obtain a mutant lipase with improved hydrolytic activity on palm oil substrate using random mutagenesis technique. Random mutagenesis by error-prone PCR was used to generate mutant lipases. A total of 1101 mutants were obtained, out of which two mutants, Lip M14.25, and Lip M14.57, showed an increased relative hydrolytic activity. Lip M14.25 and Lip M14.57 demonstrated a 14% and 16% increased activity respectively. A comparison of the mutants' hydrolytic activities using p-nitrophenyl esters showed a significantly high preference for p-nitrophenyl palmitate. Furthermore, the mutant, Lip M14.25 showed its highest activity at pH 5, and Lip M14.57 exhibited a 10 oC decrease in optimum temperature. The two mutants' protein modelling showed the substitution of N44S/S202N on M14.25 and F154L/S265C on M14.57 lipase, which caused changes in conformation and active site residue distance of the lipase. The study found two mutants of lipase, M14.25 and M14.57, which showed improved hydrolytic activity on palm oil substrate.
{"title":"Increasing Hydrolytic Activity of Lipase on Palm Oil by PCR-Based Random Mutagenesis","authors":"Maria Dita Febriani Lumban Gaol, Andreas Adhi Satya, E. Puspitasari, N. R. Mubarik, A. Suwanto","doi":"10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/IJOP.V3I3.53","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000Random mutagenesis technique is a powerful technique capable of producing enzymes with desired biocatalytic activity. This study aims to obtain a mutant lipase with improved hydrolytic activity on palm oil substrate using random mutagenesis technique. Random mutagenesis by error-prone PCR was used to generate mutant lipases. A total of 1101 mutants were obtained, out of which two mutants, Lip M14.25, and Lip M14.57, showed an increased relative hydrolytic activity. Lip M14.25 and Lip M14.57 demonstrated a 14% and 16% increased activity respectively. A comparison of the mutants' hydrolytic activities using p-nitrophenyl esters showed a significantly high preference for p-nitrophenyl palmitate. Furthermore, the mutant, Lip M14.25 showed its highest activity at pH 5, and Lip M14.57 exhibited a 10 oC decrease in optimum temperature. The two mutants' protein modelling showed the substitution of N44S/S202N on M14.25 and F154L/S265C on M14.57 lipase, which caused changes in conformation and active site residue distance of the lipase. The study found two mutants of lipase, M14.25 and M14.57, which showed improved hydrolytic activity on palm oil substrate.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87270886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kartika Okta Purnama, D. Setyaningsih, E. Hambali, D. Taniwiryono
Crude palm oil (CPO) is produced from the extraction process of palm fruit pulp. Palm oil contains essential components in the form of triglycerides, mostly as fatty acids, namely palmitic acid, oleic, and linoleic. However, palm oil also contains minor phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. Palm oil has been widely used in the food and non-food industries. As a raw material in various products, palm oil undergoes a refinery process to remove unlike free fatty acids (FFA), odors, and colors (reddish to bright yellow). In this process, phytonutrients are degraded and damaged so that the content becomes very low. Phytonutrients in the CPO has not been fully utilized their benefits for human health. One of the palm oil products that contain high phytonutrient compounds is red palm oil. There are two types of red palm oil, namely virgin red palm oil (VRPO) and red palm oil derived from CPO (RPO). VRPO is produced from direct extraction of oil palm fruit, while RPO is produced from the neutralization of CPO and deodorization at low temperatures to reduce FFA levels. Both of these products contain high phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. This paper reviews several studies on the processing, characteristics, and potential use of red palm oil in food and non-food products. The application of red palm oil in margarine as a specific food product has the potential to be further studied.
{"title":"Processing, Characteristics, and Potential Application of Red Palm Oil - A review","authors":"Kartika Okta Purnama, D. Setyaningsih, E. Hambali, D. Taniwiryono","doi":"10.35876/IJOP.V3I2.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/IJOP.V3I2.47","url":null,"abstract":"Crude palm oil (CPO) is produced from the extraction process of palm fruit pulp. Palm oil contains essential components in the form of triglycerides, mostly as fatty acids, namely palmitic acid, oleic, and linoleic. However, palm oil also contains minor phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. Palm oil has been widely used in the food and non-food industries. As a raw material in various products, palm oil undergoes a refinery process to remove unlike free fatty acids (FFA), odors, and colors (reddish to bright yellow). In this process, phytonutrients are degraded and damaged so that the content becomes very low. Phytonutrients in the CPO has not been fully utilized their benefits for human health. One of the palm oil products that contain high phytonutrient compounds is red palm oil. There are two types of red palm oil, namely virgin red palm oil (VRPO) and red palm oil derived from CPO (RPO). VRPO is produced from direct extraction of oil palm fruit, while RPO is produced from the neutralization of CPO and deodorization at low temperatures to reduce FFA levels. Both of these products contain high phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. This paper reviews several studies on the processing, characteristics, and potential use of red palm oil in food and non-food products. The application of red palm oil in margarine as a specific food product has the potential to be further studied.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86134756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oil palm is the most productive oil-producing crop. To yield the same volume of oil that is from one hectare of palm, eight hectares of soybean are needed. Palm oil is used an ingredient in over 50% of packaged supermarket products and also as biofuels. The palm oil sector provides over 4.5 million jobs for on-farm laborers in developing countries. However, palm oil is often blamed for deforestation and loss of biodiversity. We argue that palm oil sustainability is not only about the environment and biodiversity but also about people and their prosperity. Palm oil sustainability can be achieved with joint efforts from palm oil players including the smallholders, plantation companies, governments, certification agencies, consumers and researchers.
{"title":"The Unavoidable Palm Oil Can Be Sustainable","authors":"G. Yue, B. Ye, Antonius A Suwanto","doi":"10.35876/IJOP.V3I2.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35876/IJOP.V3I2.50","url":null,"abstract":"The oil palm is the most productive oil-producing crop. To yield the same volume of oil that is from one hectare of palm, eight hectares of soybean are needed. Palm oil is used an ingredient in over 50% of packaged supermarket products and also as biofuels. The palm oil sector provides over 4.5 million jobs for on-farm laborers in developing countries. However, palm oil is often blamed for deforestation and loss of biodiversity. We argue that palm oil sustainability is not only about the environment and biodiversity but also about people and their prosperity. Palm oil sustainability can be achieved with joint efforts from palm oil players including the smallholders, plantation companies, governments, certification agencies, consumers and researchers.","PeriodicalId":14324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Oil Palm","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90884987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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