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Co-Ingestion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Carbohydrate Stimulates Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Following Resistance Exercise in Trained Young Men. 支链氨基酸和碳水化合物的共同摄入刺激肌原纤维蛋白合成后的阻力运动训练的年轻人。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0015
Sarah R Jackman, Gareth A Wallis, Jinglei Yu, Andrew Philp, Keith Baar, Kevin D Tipton, Oliver C Witard

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and carbohydrate (CHO) are commonly recommended postexercise supplements. However, no study has examined the interaction of CHO and BCAA ingestion on myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates following exercise. We aimed to determine the response of MyoPS to the co-ingestion of BCAA and CHO following an acute bout of resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained young men completed two trials in counterbalanced order, ingesting isocaloric drinks containing either 30.6-g CHO plus 5.6-g BCAA (B + C) or 34.7-g CHO alone following a bout of unilateral, leg resistance exercise. MyoPS was measured postexercise with a primed, constant infusion of L-[ring13C6] phenylalanine and collection of muscle biopsies pre- and 4 hr postdrink ingestion. Blood samples were collected at time points before and after drink ingestion. Serum insulin concentrations increased to a similar extent in both trials (p > .05), peaking at 30 min postdrink ingestion. Plasma leucine (514 ± 34 nmol/L), isoleucine (282 ± 23 nmol/L), and valine (687 ± 33 nmol/L) concentrations peaked at 0.5 hr postdrink in B + C and remained elevated for 3 hr during exercise recovery. MyoPS was ∼15% greater (95% confidence interval [-0.002, 0.028], p = .039, Cohen's d = 0.63) in B + C (0.128%/hr ± 0.011%/hr) than CHO alone (0.115%/hr ± 0.011%/hr) over the 4 hr postexercise period. Co-ingestion of BCAA and CHO augments the acute response of MyoPS to resistance exercise in trained young males.

支链氨基酸(BCAA)和碳水化合物(CHO)是通常推荐的运动后补充。然而,没有研究检查CHO和BCAA摄入对运动后肌原纤维蛋白合成(MyoPS)率的相互作用。我们的目的是确定MyoPS对急性抗阻运动后同时摄入BCAA和CHO的反应。10名接受过阻力训练的年轻男性按平衡顺序完成了两项试验,他们分别摄入含有30.6 g CHO加5.6 g BCAA (B + C)或34.7 g CHO的等热量饮料,然后进行一轮单侧腿部阻力运动。运动后用L-[ring13C6]苯丙氨酸持续灌注,并在饮酒前和饮酒后4小时收集肌肉活检,测量MyoPS。在饮酒前后各时间点采集血样。在两项试验中,血清胰岛素浓度升高的幅度相似(p > 0.05),在饮酒后30分钟达到峰值。B + C组血浆亮氨酸(514±34 nmol/L)、异亮氨酸(282±23 nmol/L)和缬氨酸(687±33 nmol/L)浓度在饮酒后0.5小时达到峰值,并在运动恢复期间持续升高3小时。运动后4小时,B + C组MyoPS (0.128%/hr±0.011%/hr)比CHO组MyoPS (0.115%/hr±0.011%/hr)高约15%(95%可信区间[-0.002,0.028],p = 0.039, Cohen’s d = 0.63)。在受过训练的年轻男性中,BCAA和CHO的共同摄入增加了MyoPS对抗阻运动的急性反应。
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引用次数: 0
Characterizing Hydration Practices in Healthy Young Recreationally Active Adults-Is There Utility in First Morning Urine Sampling? 描述健康年轻娱乐活跃成年人的补水实践第一次晨尿采样有实用性吗?
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-24 Print Date: 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0203
Colleen X Muñoz, Michael F Bergeron

First morning urine (FMU) assessment would be a practical and convenient solution for clinically acceptable detection of underhydration prior to competition/training, and for the general public. Thus, we thus sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FMU as a valid indicator of recent (previous 24 hr, 5 days average) hydration practices. For 5 consecutive days and one final morning, 67 healthy women (n = 38) and men (n = 29; age: 20 [1] years, body mass index: 25.9 [5.5]) completed 24-hr diet logs for total water intake (from beverages and foods, absolute and relative to body mass), 24-hr urine and FMU collection (last morning only) for osmolality (Osm), specific gravity (SG), and color (Col), and morning blood sampling for plasma osmolality and copeptin. Correlations determined significance and relationship strength among FMU and all other variables. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were employed using previously reported values to indicate underhydration (total water intake < 30 ml/kg, osmolality > 500, and >800 mOsm/kg, specific gravity > 1.017, and copeptin > 6.93 pmol/L). FMU_Osm and FMU_SG were significantly correlated (p < .05) to all variables except the previous 5-day plasma osmolality. FMU_Col was only significantly correlated with other color time intervals and total water intake per gram. FMU_Osm held greatest utility (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity >80%) overall, with the best outcome being FMU_Osm indicating a previous 24-hr osmolality threshold of 500 mOsm/kg (FMU_Osm criterion >710 mOsm/kg and positive likelihood ratio = 5.9). With less effort and cost restriction, FMU is a viable metric to assess underhydration.

首次晨尿(FMU)评估将是一种实用且方便的解决方案,可用于在比赛/训练前检测临床可接受的水分不足,也可用于普通公众。因此,我们试图确定FMU的诊断准确性,作为最近(之前24小时,5天平均)水合实践的有效指标。在连续5天和最后一个早晨,67名健康女性(n=38)和男性(n=29;年龄:20[1],体重指数:25.9[5.5])完成了24小时饮食日志,记录了总水分摄入(来自饮料和食物,绝对和相对体重)、24小时尿液和FMU收集(仅限最后一个上午)的渗透压(Osm)、比重(SG)和颜色(Col),以及早晨的血液取样以测定血浆渗透压和copeptin。相关性决定了FMU和所有其他变量之间的显著性和关系强度。受试者工作特性曲线下面积、灵敏度、特异性和阳性似然比使用先前报告的值来指示水合作用不足(总水摄入量<30ml/kg,渗透压摩尔浓度>500和>800mOsm/kg,比重>1.017,copeptin>6.93pmol/L)。除前5天血浆渗透压外,FMU_Osm和FMU_SG与所有变量均显著相关(p<0.05)。FMU_Col仅与其他颜色时间间隔和每克总摄水量显著相关。总的来说,FMU_Osm具有最大的效用(受试者工作特性曲线下的面积、灵敏度和特异性>80%),最佳结果是FMU_Osm,表明之前24小时的渗透压阈值为500 mOsm/kg(FMU_Osm>710 mOsm/kg+正似然比=5.9)。FMU是一种评估低水合作用的可行指标,其工作量和成本限制较小。
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引用次数: 0
Female Athlete Representation and Dietary Control Methods Among Studies Assessing Chronic Carbohydrate Approaches to Support Training. 在评估支持训练的慢性碳水化合物方法的研究中,女性运动员的代表性和饮食控制方法。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Print Date: 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0214
Megan A Kuikman, Alannah K A McKay, Ella S Smith, Kathryn E Ackerman, Rachel Harris, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale, Trent Stellingwerff, Louise M Burke

The aim of this audit was to assess the representation of female athletes, dietary control methods, and gold standard female methodology that underpins the current guidelines for chronic carbohydrate (CHO) intake strategies for athlete daily training diets. Using a standardized audit, 281 studies were identified that examined high versus moderate CHO, periodized CHO availability, and/or low CHO, high fat diets. There were 3,735 total participants across these studies with only ∼16% of participants being women. Few studies utilized a design that specifically considered females, with only 16 studies (∼6%) including a female-only cohort and six studies (∼2%) with a sex-based comparison in their statistical procedure, in comparison to the 217 studies (∼77%) including a male-only cohort. Most studies (∼72%) did not provide sufficient information to define the menstrual status of participants, and of the 18 studies that did, optimal methodology for control of ovarian hormones was only noted in one study. While ∼40% of male-only studies provided all food and beverages to participants, only ∼20% of studies with a female-specific design used this approach for dietary control. Most studies did not implement strategies to ensure compliance to dietary interventions and/or control energy intake during dietary interventions. The literature that has contributed to the current guidelines for daily CHO intake is lacking in research that is specific to, or adequately addresses, the female athlete. Redressing this imbalance is of high priority to ensure that the female athlete receives evidence-based recommendations that consider her specific needs.

本次审核的目的是评估女运动员的代表性、饮食控制方法和金标准女性方法,这些都是目前运动员日常训练饮食中慢性碳水化合物(CHO)摄入策略指南的基础。通过标准化审核,确定了 281 项研究,这些研究考察了高碳水化合物与适量碳水化合物、周期性碳水化合物供应和/或低碳水化合物、高脂肪饮食。这些研究共有 3735 名参与者,其中女性参与者仅占 16%。只有 16 项研究(∼6%)包含纯女性队列,6 项研究(∼2%)在统计程序中进行了基于性别的比较,相比之下,217 项研究(∼77%)包含纯男性队列。大多数研究(72%)没有提供足够的信息来确定参与者的月经状况,在18项提供信息的研究中,只有一项研究指出了控制卵巢激素的最佳方法。40%的纯男性研究为参与者提供了所有的食物和饮料,而只有20%的女性研究采用了这种方法进行饮食控制。大多数研究没有实施确保饮食干预依从性和/或在饮食干预期间控制能量摄入的策略。现行的每日碳水化合物摄入量指南所依据的文献资料中,缺乏专门针对或充分针对女性运动员的研究。纠正这种不平衡现象是当务之急,以确保女运动员获得考虑到其特殊需求的循证建议。
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引用次数: 0
Chronic Statin Treatment Does Not Impair Exercise Lipolysis or Fat Oxidation in Exercise-Trained Individuals With Obesity and Dyslipidemia. 慢性他汀类药物治疗不会损害运动训练的肥胖和血脂异常患者的运动脂肪分解或脂肪氧化。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0175
Laura Alvarez-Jimenez, Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas, Felix Morales-Palomo, Juan F Ortega, Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez

Objective: To determine whether statin medication in individuals with obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome affects their capacity to mobilize and oxidize fat during exercise.

Methods: Twelve individuals with metabolic syndrome pedaled during 75 min at 54 ± 13% V˙O2max (5.7 ± 0.5 metabolic equivalents) while taking statins (STATs) or after 96-hr statin withdrawal (PLAC) in a randomized double-blind fashion.

Results: At rest, PLAC increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (i.e., STAT 2.55 ± 0.96 vs. PLAC 3.16 ± 0.76 mmol/L; p = .004) and total cholesterol blood levels (i.e., STAT 4.39 ± 1.16 vs. PLAC 4.98 ± 0.97 mmol/L; p = .008). At rest, fat oxidation (0.99 ± 0.34 vs. 0.76 ± 0.37 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .068) and the rates of plasma appearance of glucose and glycerol (i.e., Ra glucose-glycerol) were not affected by PLAC. After 70 min of exercise, fat oxidation was similar between trials (2.94 ± 1.56 vs. 3.06 ± 1.94 μmol·kg-1·min-1, STA vs. PLAC; p = .875). PLAC did not alter the rates of disappearance of glucose in plasma during exercise (i.e., 23.9 ± 6.9 vs. 24.5 ± 8.2 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .611) or the rate of plasma appearance of glycerol (i.e., 8.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.9 ± 1.8 μmol·kg-1·min-1 for STAT vs. PLAC; p = .262).

Conclusions: In patients with obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, statins do not compromise their ability to mobilize and oxidize fat at rest or during prolonged, moderately intense exercise (i.e., equivalent to brisk walking). In these patients, the combination of statins and exercise could help to better manage their dyslipidemia.

目的:确定肥胖、血脂异常和代谢综合征患者服用他汀类药物是否会影响他们在运动中动员和氧化脂肪的能力。方法:12例代谢综合征患者在服用他汀类药物(STATs)或停药96小时(placc)后,在54±13% V˙O2max(5.7±0.5代谢当量)下骑行75分钟,采用随机双盲方法。结果:静息时,PLAC使低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高(即STAT为2.55±0.96,PLAC为3.16±0.76 mmol/L;p = 0.004)和总胆固醇血水平(即STAT 4.39±1.16 vs plac4.98±0.97 mmol/L;P = .008)。静止状态下,STAT和placc的脂肪氧化(0.99±0.34 vs 0.76±0.37 μmol·kg-1·min-1);p = 0.068),血浆葡萄糖和甘油(即Ra葡萄糖-甘油)的出现率不受placc的影响。运动70 min后,两组之间的脂肪氧化相似(STA vs. PLAC, 2.94±1.56 vs. 3.06±1.94 μmol·kg-1·min-1;P = .875)。PLAC没有改变运动期间血浆中葡萄糖的消失率(即STAT和PLAC分别为23.9±6.9 μmol·kg-1·min-1和24.5±8.2 μmol·kg-1);p = 0.611)或血浆甘油出现率(即STAT和placc的8.5±1.9 vs. 7.9±1.8 μmol·kg-1·min-1;P = .262)。结论:在肥胖、血脂异常和代谢综合征患者中,他汀类药物在休息或长时间中等强度运动(即相当于快走)时不会损害其动员和氧化脂肪的能力。在这些患者中,他汀类药物和运动的结合可以帮助更好地控制他们的血脂异常。
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引用次数: 0
How Skepticism (not Cynicism) Can Raise Scientific Standards and Reform the Health and Wellness Industry. 怀疑主义(而非犬儒主义)如何提高科学标准并改革健康和保健行业。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0037
Nicholas B Tiller, Stuart M Phillips
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引用次数: 0
Reply to G. Escalante and D. St. Mart. 回复G. Escalante和D. St. Mart。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0010
Andrew T Askow, Nicholas A Burd
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引用次数: 0
Dietary β-Alanine Intake Assessed by Food Records Does Not Associate With Muscle Carnosine Content in Healthy, Active, Omnivorous Men and Women. 食物记录评估的健康、活跃、杂食性男性和女性膳食β-丙氨酸摄入量与肌肉肌肽含量无关。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0236
Nathalia Saffioti Rezende, Giulia Cazetta Bestetti, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Bruna Caruso Mazzolani, Fabiana Infante Smaira, Alina Dumas, Paul Swinton, Bryan Saunders, Eimear Dolan

β-Alanine (BA) is one of the most widely used sport supplements, due to its capacity to improve high-intensity exercise performance by increasing muscle carnosine (MCarn) content, and consequently, the buffering capacity of the muscle. BA is also available in a variety of animal foods, but little is currently known about the influence of dietary BA intake on MCarn. The aim of the current study was to compile a detailed summary of available data on the BA content of commonly consumed foods, and to explore whether associations could be detected between self-reported dietary BA intake and skeletal MCarn in a group of 60 healthy, active, omnivorous men and women. Dietary BA intake was assessed via 3-day food records, and MCarn content assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. A series of univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to explore associations between estimated dietary BA and MCarn. No evidence of associations between dietary BA intake and MCarn were identified, with effect sizes close to zero calculated from models accounting for key demographic variables (f2 ≤ 0.02 for all analyses). These findings suggest that capacity to increase MCarn via dietary strategies may be limited, and that supplementation may be required to induce increases of the magnitude required to improve performance.

β-丙氨酸(BA)是最广泛使用的运动补充剂之一,因为它能够通过增加肌肉肌肽(MCarn)含量来改善高强度运动表现,从而提高肌肉的缓冲能力。BA也存在于多种动物性食品中,但目前对膳食BA摄入量对mccarn的影响知之甚少。当前研究的目的是对常用食物中BA含量的现有数据进行详细总结,并探索在60名健康、活跃、杂食性的男性和女性中,自我报告的饮食BA摄入量与骨骼MCarn之间是否存在关联。采用3 d进食记录法测定饲粮BA摄入量,高效液相色谱法测定mccarn含量。采用一系列单因素和多因素线性回归模型探讨饲粮BA与mccarn之间的关系。没有证据表明膳食BA摄入量与MCarn之间存在关联,从考虑关键人口统计学变量的模型中计算出的效应量接近于零(所有分析的f2≤0.02)。这些发现表明,通过膳食策略提高mccarn的能力可能有限,可能需要补充mccarn来诱导提高生产性能所需的幅度。
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引用次数: 0
Within-Subject Variability and the Influence of Exercise Training History on the Resting Plasma Metabolome in Men. 受试者内变异性和运动训练史对男性静息血浆代谢组的影响。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0177
Ian A J Darragh, Lorraine O'Driscoll, Brendan Egan

This study investigated within-subject variability in the circulating metabolome under controlled conditions, and whether divergent exercise training backgrounds were associated with alterations in the circulating metabolome assessed in resting samples. Thirty-seven men comprising of endurance athletes (END; body mass, 71.0 ± 6.8 kg; fat-free mass index, 16.9 ± 1.1 kg/m2), strength athletes (STR; 94.5 ± 8.8 kg; 23.0 ± 1.8 kg/m2), and recreationally active controls (CON; 77.6 ± 7.7 kg; 18.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2) provided blood samples after an overnight fast on two separate occasions controlled for time of day of sampling, recent dietary intake, time since last meal, and time since last exercise training session. A targeted profile of metabolites, performed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry on plasma samples, identified 166 individual metabolites and metabolite features, which were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients, a multilevel principal component analysis, and univariate t tests adjusted for multiple comparisons. The median intraclass correlation coefficient was .49, with 46 metabolites displaying good reliability and 31 metabolites displaying excellent reliability. No difference in the abundance of any individual metabolite was identified within groups when compared between visits, but a combined total of 44 metabolites were significantly different (false discovery rate <0.05) between groups (END vs. CON, 42 metabolites; STR vs. CON, 10 metabolites; and END vs. STR, five metabolites). Under similar measurement conditions, the reliability of resting plasma metabolite concentrations varies largely at the level of individual metabolites with ∼48% of metabolites displaying good-to-excellent reliability. However, a history of exercise training was associated with alterations in the abundance of ∼28% of metabolites in the targeted profile employed in this study.

本研究调查了受控条件下受试者体内循环代谢组的变异性,以及不同的运动训练背景是否与静息样本中评估的循环代谢组的改变有关。男子耐力运动员37人(END;体重:71.0±6.8 kg;无脂质量指数,16.9±1.1 kg/m2),力量运动员(STR;94.5±8.8 kg;23.0±1.8 kg/m2)和娱乐活动控制组(CON;77.6±7.7 kg;(18.1±1.0 kg/m2)在两个不同的时间(采样时间、最近的饮食摄入、距离最后一餐的时间和距离最后一次运动训练的时间)禁食一夜后提供血液样本。通过对血浆样品进行液相色谱和质谱分析,鉴定出166种代谢物和代谢物特征,并使用类内相关系数、多水平主成分分析和单变量t检验进行分析,以适应多重比较。类内相关系数中位数为0.49,有46种代谢物具有良好的信度,31种代谢物具有优异的信度。当两次访问比较时,在组内发现任何单个代谢物的丰度没有差异,但总共44种代谢物有显著差异(错误发现率)
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引用次数: 1
Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate in Male Professional Flat Jockeys: Preliminary Outcomes and Implications for Future Research Directions. 男性专业骑师身体成分和静息代谢率的纵向变化:初步结果和对未来研究方向的启示。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0229
George Wilson, Carl Langan-Evans, Dan Martin, Andreas M Kasper, James P Morton, Graeme L Close

Jockeys are unique given that they make weight daily and, therefore, often resort to fasting and dehydration. Through increasing daily food frequency (during energy deficit), we have reported short-term improvements in jockey's body composition. While these changes were observed over 6-12 weeks with food provided, it is unclear whether such improvements can be maintained over an extended period during free-living conditions. We, therefore, assessed jockeys over 5 years using dual X-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate, and hydration measurements. Following dietary and exercise advice, jockeys reduced fat mass from baseline of 7.1 ± 1.4 kg to 6.1 ± 0.7 kg and 6.1 ± 0.6 kg (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. In addition, fat-free mass was maintained with resting metabolic rate increasing significantly from 1,500 ± 51 kcal/day at baseline to 1,612 ± 95 kcal/day and 1,620 ± 92 kcal/day (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. Urine osmolality reduced from 816 ± 236 mOsmol/L at baseline to 564 ± 175 mOsmol/L and 524 ± 156 mOsmol/L (p < .001) at Years 1 and 5, respectively. The percent of jockeys consuming a regular breakfast significantly increased from 48% at baseline to 83% (p = .009) and 87% (p = .003) at Years 1 and 5, alongside regular lunch from 35% to 92% (p < .001) and 96% (p < .001) from baseline to Years 1 and 5, respectively. In conclusion, we report that improved body composition can be maintained in free-living jockeys over a 5-year period when appropriate guidance has been provided.

骑师是独一无二的,因为他们每天都在增重,因此经常采取禁食和脱水的方式。通过增加每日进食频率(在能量不足时),我们报告了骑师身体成分的短期改善。虽然这些变化是在提供食物的6-12周内观察到的,但目前尚不清楚这种改善是否能在自由生活条件下长期维持。因此,我们使用双x线吸收仪、静息代谢率和水合作用测量来评估骑师超过5年。根据饮食和运动建议,骑师在第1年和第5年分别将脂肪量从基线7.1±1.4 kg减少到6.1±0.7 kg和6.1±0.6 kg (p < 0.001)。静止代谢率从基线时的1500±51 kcal/d显著增加到第1年和第5年的1612±95 kcal/d和1620±92 kcal/d (p < 0.001)。在第1年和第5年,尿渗透压分别从基线时的816±236 mOsmol/L降至564±175 mOsmol/L和524±156 mOsmol/L (p < 0.001)。在第1年和第5年,骑师经常吃早餐的比例从基线的48%显著增加到83% (p = 0.009)和87% (p = 0.003),而在第1年和第5年,定期吃午餐的比例分别从35%增加到92% (p < 0.001)和96% (p < 0.001)。总之,我们报告说,在提供适当指导的情况下,自由生活的骑师可以在5年的时间里保持良好的身体成分。
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引用次数: 1
Comment on: "Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation, but not Creatyl-L-Leucine Increased Muscle Creatine Content in Healthy Young Adults: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial". 评论:“补充一水肌酸,而不是肌酰亮氨酸增加健康年轻人肌肉肌酸含量:一项双盲安慰剂对照试验”。
IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0251
Guillermo Escalante, Dean St Mart
participants
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism
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