International Journal of Preventive Medicine最新文献

Background: The high frequency of use of social media among students has prompted worries about its impact on attitudes toward body image. Previous research indicates that exposure to idealized body representations on platforms like Instagram and TikTok may lead to a distorted reflection of body image. This study explores the association between social media use and students' body image shame, aiming to understand how these dynamics affect mental health and well-being.

Method: A study was conducted among university students; a total of 504 students were selected through stratified random sampling from different colleges of the university. Participants were recruited through campus-wide announcements and different social media applications. Data were analyzed and used correlation and regression analyses to identify a significant association between social media users and attitude toward body image shame. P value 0.005 considered statistically significant.

Results: The results found that a distinguished frequency of body image shame among study participants, with 81.0% experiencing internal shame and 74.8% reporting external shame. Used of social media was significantly associated with body image shame, as participants with high social media usage (>3 hours per day) had increased odds of experiencing internal (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) = 19.48, P = 0.000) and external shame (AOR = 6.12, P = 0.005) compared to those using social media for less than one hour daily.

Conclusion: The study results found a positive association between social media habit and body image shame among students. Higher social media engagement correlates with increased internal and external shame, particularly among older and married participants. Awareness programs and interventions are needed to promote healthy social media habits.

Background: Under-5 mortality serves as a critical indicator of the population's overall health and effectiveness of the healthcare system. Reduction in under-5 mortality is a key global health goal, access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation. Disparities in under-5 mortality according to gender and economic status have not been well explored in India. This study aims at assessing the inequalities of under-5 mortality in India from 2000 to 2020.

Methods: The World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit was used to investigate the inequalities. Different summary measures like difference, ratio, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction (PAF) were used. For each measure, point estimate and confidence interval were estimated. The data source was UN IGME.

Results: In India, there is a declining pattern of under-5 mortality in females, that is, 96.6, 78.2, 61.0, 44.9, 32.6, and 29.2 in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022, respectively. The difference in gender-related inequality gradually decreased from 9.6 in 2000 to 0.2 in 2022. The difference in wealth-related inequality gradually decreased from 81.9 in 2000 to 28.9 in 2022. There was a significant decrease in PAF in economic status in 2005, that is, -49.4, as compared to -49.9 in 2000, which gradually increased to -48.8 in 2022.

Conclusions: In India, under-5 mortality has decreased between the years 2000 and 2022. Gender-related inequalities of under-5 mortality have decreased significantly between the years 2000 and 2022, but economic status-related inequality still persists, which can be addressed by successful interventions.

Background: The population at risk of developing diabetes in future is large and the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise. With sensitivity of 72.5% and a specificity of 60.1%, Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) can play an important role to screen the risk of diabetes. The objective was to determine the diabetes risk among Indian population aged 45 years and above using the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). Additionally, the state-wise risk of diabetes was estimated and its association with various risk factors in this population was determined.

Methods: This study used the baseline LASI (Longitudinal Ageing Study in India) wave 1 (2017-18) data. LASI was a household survey of adults aged ≥ 45 years and their spouses. It followed a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design. This age group was selected to determine the early onset of chronic diseases in this group. The outcome variable was the IDRS score calculated using age category, abdominal obesity-waist circumference (cm), physical activity and family history of diabetes. The data extracted from the LASI dataset included socio-demographic characteristics including sex, education, residence and the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) quintile. Metabolic and behavioural factors, such as BMI, self-reported hypertension status, consumption of tobacco and hyperlipidemia were also included along with development of diseases like stroke, chronic heart disease, chronic bone/joint diseases, cataract and neurological/psychiatric disorders. Statistical analysis used: Univariate and multivariate analysis using ordinal regression was done on the extracted data, with the calculated IDRS as the dependent variable. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: This analysis included 52,063 non-diabetic individuals ≥45 years. Half (46.3%) (95% CI: 45.8-46.7) of the LASI population had a high risk of diabetes. Only a small proportion (4.5%) (95% CI: 4.3-4.6) had a low risk of diabetes. The proportion of population with high IDRS varied from 24% to 75%. The highest proportion of individuals with high IDRS were seen in the states/UTs of Lakshadweep, Kerala, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Goa. In contrast, Nagaland, Assam, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh showed the lowest proportion of individuals in high IDRS category. Females and urban population had 2.26- and 1.62-times the odds of being in the high-risk category of IDRS, respectively. The underweight population had 78% odds of being at high risk.

Conclusions: In this population, half were at high risk for diabetes, with a wide variation in the risk among the states. A significant proportion of individuals may be unaware of their diabetes status. Targeted interventions can be applied on this high-risk population. This may include early diagnosis and promotion of a healthy lifestyle.

The concept of work-life balance (WLB) has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly within the academic sector, where faculty face unique challenges due to the multifaceted demands of teaching, research, and administration. This manuscript examines the significance of WLB for academicians, emphasizing the hurdles they encounter in achieving balance, including the pressures of a publish-or-perish culture and the frequent blurring of boundaries between professional and personal time. Despite the perceived flexibility of academic work, many faculty members find it challenging to disengage from professional obligations, resulting in heightened stress and reduced personal time. To address these challenges, the manuscript introduces the emerging "hourly need" approach, which advocates for real-time management of daily stressors to mitigate burnout and enhance sustainable productivity. Additionally, it outlines effective strategies for promoting WLB, such as institutional support for flexible work arrangements, effective time management practices, and the implementation of wellness programs. By cultivating a culture that prioritizes work-life balance, academic institutions can significantly improve faculty well-being, retention, and overall job satisfaction. Ultimately, this manuscript aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding work-life balance in academia, providing insights and recommendations that enable academicians to navigate their professional and personal lives more effectively. Through this exploration, it seeks to underscore the critical importance of WLB in fostering a healthy and productive academic environment.

Several inflammatory-related signaling pathways are involved in infertility. A common feature involves activating inflammatory cascades in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Oxidative stress triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and initiates intrinsic apoptosis pathways, leading to cell damage/death in germ cells. Disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a leading cause of degenerative disorders of germ cells. However, the signaling pathways responsible for disrupting the mitochondrial respiratory chain function are unclear and require further studies. Among the signaling pathways potentially involved, the PGC-α/PPARβ/UCPs pathway has been reported to modulate mitochondrial function in germ cells. Although the role of the cell death cascades on germ cell-induced damage has not been unwoven, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and their related signaling cascades play roles in infertility. Thus, therapeutic agents, such as simvastatin, with anti-cell death properties should be considered as possible new therapeutic approaches for managing infertility.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries like India. Optimal glycemic control remains a cornerstone of diabetes management in primary care. Emerging evidence suggests that micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin B12 and vitamin D, may adversely affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, yet their routine assessment is often overlooked in clinical practice.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between serum vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels with glycemic control in patients with T2DM and to explore their potential as modifiable risk factors in primary care-based diabetes management.

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 500 patients with T2DM attending the outpatient clinic of Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, in 2024. Data collected included demographics, BMI, HbA1c, fasting and postprandial glucose, vitamin B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, lipid profile, and renal function tests. Patients were categorized based on glycemic control (Group A: HbA1c < 7%, Group B: HbA1c ≥ 7%). Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression.

Results: Group A had significantly higher vitamin B12 (674.2 ± 609.5 pg/mL) and vitamin D levels (31.20 ± 13.80 ng/mL) compared to Group B (457.76 ± 463.6 pg/mL and 26.76 ± 20.63 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.01). HbA1c showed inverse correlations with both vitamins. Multivariate analysis confirmed both as independent predictors of glycemic control.

Conclusions: Vitamin B12 and D deficiencies are significantly associated with poor glycemic control and may serve as modifiable targets in diabetes care, warranting routine screening in primary care settings.