International Journal of Preventive Medicine最新文献

Background: Gentamicin, an effective antibiotic, can lead to kidney damage through increased oxidative stress and inflammation. As a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, selegiline has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce the negative effects of gentamicin.

Method: This study was conducted on human kidney tubular cells (HEK) and divided into five groups, control, group of cells exposed to gentamicin, group of cells exposed to gentamicin+ 20 μmol selegiline treatment, group of cells exposed to gentamicin + treatment of cells with selegiline 30 μmol, and group of cells exposed to gentamicin + treatment of cells with selegiline 40 μmol were placed, and in all groups, the amount of gentamicin was 3 μmol.

Results: This research showed that selegiline increases cell viability, total antioxidant capacity, and interleukin 10 as well as decreases the amount of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and interleukin 6 against the effects of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Conclusions: These findings show that selegiline can have protective effects on kidney damage caused by gentamicin and by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, it can be proposed as a promising treatment option to reduce the side effects of gentamicin.

Prenatal screening has undergone a profound transformation with the emergence of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT), a technology that analyzes cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal blood to detect common chromosomal abnormalities. Compared to traditional biochemical and ultrasound-based screening, NIPT offers markedly higher accuracy, earlier detection, and reduced procedural risk, representing a true paradigm shift in prenatal care. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the clinical performance, technological evolution, and ethical implications of NIPT within modern obstetric practice. Findings indicate that NIPT demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and specificity for trisomy 21, with strong performance for trisomy's 18 and 13 and promising application to sex chromosome aneuploidies. Its adoption has led to a significant reduction in invasive diagnostic procedures such as amniocentesis, thereby enhancing maternal safety and psychological comfort. Recent advancements-including SNP-based and fragmentomics-enhanced sequencing, artificial intelligence integration, and combined screening approaches-have further expanded NIPT's precision and potential scope. However, challenges persist regarding test accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and the interpretation of complex results from expanded panels. Beyond its clinical and technological merits, the review underscores the importance of addressing ethical, legal, and social concerns such as informed consent, privacy protection, and equitable access, particularly as direct-to-consumer models emerge. Ultimately, NIPT stands as a transformative innovation in reproductive medicine, offering a safer and more individualized approach to prenatal screening. Its continued success will depend on the establishment of robust ethical frameworks and equitable implementation strategies to ensure that advances in genetic technology translate into meaningful and responsible improvements in maternal-fetal care.

Background: Dietary fat is of necessary macronutrients for body health. According to the guidelines, up to 10% of calories can be supplied by saturated fat. Moreover, intake of trans fats should be reduced up to zero, if possible. Owing to the increasing share of ready-to-eat foods in the daily basket, we aimed to analyze these types of foods to determine their fatty acid profile, and the hazard indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity.

Methods: Four types of industrial and seven types of retail ready-to-eat foods were purchased from local markets. The fatty acid profile was determined using a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector.

Results: According to our results, trans fats were found at very low levels in the products. The amount of saturated and trans fats increased by increasing the concentration of meat. In comparison, the most concentration of unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the products prepared with vegetable oils and/or nonmeat ingredients, including sausage, salami, falafel, and samosa. Among the fatty acids, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were predominant in both industrial and retail foods. Evaluation of hazard indices in the foods revealed that both atherogenicity (0.2-0.85) and thrombogenicity (0.46-1.51) indexes were within the normal ranges, except for industrially packed hamburger with a thrombogenicity index of 3.7 due to its high stearic acid.

Conclusions: Considering the low atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, we concluded that the ready-to-eat foods did not compromise the health of the consumers. It was approved by the low ratio of SFA/USFA in almost all the products.

Background: Indonesia ranks fifth among the most diabetic countries in the world, with a prevalence of 1.5%. This figure can also increase in community groups in slum areas because they are a group that is limited in accessing good quality health services. Hence, preventing complications from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a concern in slum areas.

Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors related to T2DM, description of physical activity, smoking status, central obesity, and sociodemographic features in the community in a slum area of Penjaringan, North Jakarta.

Methods: Cross-sectional research in the slum area Penjaringan Jakarta Utara was conducted from July 2022 to November 2022. We conducted a total sampling method and obtained 3314 respondents. Data analysis was done using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests for bivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis used logistic regression analysis with a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results: The study showed the prevalence of T2DM in slum area communities in Penjaringan North Jakarta was 9.6%. Age (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.86, P < 0.05) and central obesity (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, P < 0.05) had a significant relationship with T2DM. While physical inactivity (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00, P < 0.05) and gender (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.94-1.53, P < 0.05) had no association with T2DM.

Conclusions: The prevalence of T2DM in people in slum areas is greater than the prevalence of diabetes in Jakarta. Central obesity and age are the variables that have a significant correlation with T2DM.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene play a significant role in the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Recognition of these polymorphisms is a crucial aspect of TB treatment. This study aims to investigate the effects of VDR gene polymorphisms on TB susceptibility.

Methods: This research encompassed studies from 2010 to 2023. The synthesis and integration of data, along with meta-analysis and qualitative heterogeneity investigation, were conducted using a documentation table. STATA 14 software was employed for meta-analysis, utilizing both the fixed and random effects models. To assess data heterogeneity, the Q test (p < 0.10) with the chi-square χ2 distribution at the 95% confidence level was employed. Two-sided statistical tests were conducted with α = 0.05.

Results: The highest pooled OR of genotype polymorphism of the VDR gene was associated with the FF (OR: 1.165, 95% CI; 0.953- 1.424), TT (OR: 1.163, 95% CI; 1.018- 1.329), Tt (95% CI: 0.768-1.095) and tt (95% CI: 0.594-1.416) each one OR: 0.917, Ff (OR: 0.888, 95% CI; 0.699- 1.130, weight: 100.00) and ff (OR: 0.648, 95% CI; 0.418- 1.006, weight: 100.00), respectively. The statistical difference between case and control groups was found to be significant in terms of TT genotype (P = 0.026). A statistically significant difference was observed between individuals (Along with the polymorphism of VDR genes) with and without pulmonary TB.

Conclusions: The FF and TT genotypes exhibited the highest prevalence of polymorphism.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. The use of high-fat diet is a modifiable risk factor for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet on the progression of MS in a validated animal model.

Methods: Adult Wistar rats (N = 10/group) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) standard diet, (2) high-fat diet, (3) and (4) standard and high-fat diet for 45 days, followed by induction of experimental encephalomyelitis. Animals were evaluated for clinical symptoms of MS and biochemical tests, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), fibrinogen, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Tissue samples were subjected to neuropathological evaluation. The analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: The high-fat diet increased the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease, INF-γ (approximately 1.5 folds), IL-17 levels (approximately 3 folds), lymphocyte proliferation, TG (approximately 40 folds), TC (approximately 80 folds), LDL-C (approximately 14 folds), and fibrinogen levels (approximately 100 folds), but HDL-C (approximately 40 folds) was decreased (P < 0.05) in the affected MS group compared to standard diet.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a high-fat diet significantly worsens clinical and immunological outcomes in an animal model of MS. The elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and IL-17, suggests that dietary fat may promote an inflammatory environment that accelerates disease progression. These findings highlight the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Background: Patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) often face significant lifestyle adjustments upon commencing regular hemodialysis. Emphasizing self-care becomes crucial to enhance longevity and diminish hospitalization rates. This study aimed to scrutinize the nature and impact of self-care practices among individuals undergoing hemodialysis treatment.

Methods: A systematic review search was conducted, utilizing five databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. The search was limited to the years 2010-2024. Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if published in English and evaluated the self-care behaviors of patients receiving hemodialysis.

Results: Through meticulous searching, 716 articles were identified. After thorough screening, 32 studies aligned with the criteria and were included in the final analysis. The articles encompassed various types, such as clinical trials, quasi-experimental, descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional studies. The collective insights from 3350 hemodialysis patients worldwide revealed seven primary categories of self-care behavior: 1) Dietary management, 2) Physical exercise, 3) Mental health management, 4) Maintenance of fistula, 5) Compliance with medication, 6) Post-dialysis issue management, and 7) Fluid regulation.

Conclusions: Self-care practices play a pivotal role in enhancing the treatment outcomes of Patients Receiving Hemodialysis (PRH), simplifying therapy administration, and addressing potential complications effectively. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of socio-economic factors, including education and income level, in shaping patients' self-care behaviors. It was observed that patients with higher education levels tended to engage more in physical activities and maintain better self-care practices.

Background: Research suggests a possible link between maladaptive coping strategies and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, but conclusive evidence is lacking. Given the importance of early prevention in addressing cardiovascular disease, further investigation into this potential connection is essential. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate this relationship.

Methods: The Isfahan Cohort Study, a long-term research endeavor (2001-2015), provided data for this study. Participants aged 35 or older were assessed for cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight/obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical activity, and diet were also considered. Coping strategies were evaluated using a self-administered stress management questionnaire. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square, ANOVA tests, and mixed-effect logistic regression, were conducted and stratified by age groups (<60 and ≥60).

Results: This study involved 1388 participants. Results show maladaptive coping score correlated with higher risks of (OR 1.003; 95%CI: 1.000,1.005), dyslipidemia (1.003; 1.000,1.007), and overweight/obesity (1.004; 1.001,1.008). Analysis among participants under 60 years mirrored the overall trends, but no significant associations were found among those over 60 years.

Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, managing maladaptive coping strategies, particularly among younger adults, could potentially mitigate cardiovascular risk factors and thereby contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention.

Background: According to the genome-wide association studies (GWASs), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8; SLC30A8) is among the loci containing variants linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. The variants rs11558471 and rs13266634 are two GWAS-suggestive single nucleotide variations (SNVs), however, their synergistic effects have received less attention, particularly in populations with the high prevalence of diabetes. This study, was thus conducted to determine their synergistic effects on insulin resistance.

Methods: A total of 261 subjects were included in this study. Insulin and fasting glucose concentrations were used to calculate the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. The study variants were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction analysis.

Results: For both variants, the HOMA-IR index is enhanced in the order of risk allele-carrying genotypes (GGrs11558471 and TTrs13266634). For rs13266634, in the CT + CC group, this insulin resistance index was significantly higher in T2D patients than in control subjects (P < 0.001). For rs11558471, in both the GA + AA group and GG genotypes, HOMA-IR was higher in patients than in control subjects; however, only the difference in the GA+AA group was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Individuals with 3-4 risk alleles had a significantly higher HOMA-IR than that of individuals with 0-2 risk alleles (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: In addition to individual effects on T2D risk, the risk alleles of rs13266634 and rs11558471 seem to collectively work in an additive manner to influence insulin resistance. The combination of their risk alleles may be helpful to diagnose people at high risk for the development of T2D.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) lead to serious problems such as antibiotic resistance and a high mortality rate. This study assessed the incidence of nosocomial infections (NIs), causative agents and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and mortality rate in Isfahan province, Iran, by the national surveillance system.

Methods: In a retrospective study, during 2017-2021, Iranian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (INIS) software was used to extract data for inpatients with NIs in Isfahan province, Iran. The demographic and microbiologic findings were collected and analyzed.

Results: From 2,660,073 hospitalized patients in 50 hospitals, the prevalence of NIs was 1.46%. About 54.5% of patients were male, and more than 62% were in the age group over 45 years. The total incidence was 24.06%, 22.22%, 17.11%, 13.25%, and 11.32% for urinary tract infection (UTI), ventilator-associated events (VAE), skin and soft tissue infection (SSI), pneumonia (PNEU), and blood stream infection (BSI), respectively. During the study period, 15.07% of deaths were recorded by NIs. The most common isolated bacteria from NIs were Acinetobacter spp. (12.2%). Also, Acinetobacter spp. was the dominant isolated bacteria in VAE (17.8%) and PNEU (4.1%). The common isolated bacteria in UTI, BSI, and SSI were E. coli (27.2%), S. epidermidis (22.1%), and Klebsiella spp (5.8%), respectively. Acinetobacter spp was the most resistant bacteria isolated.

Conclusion: Following the low incidence rate of NIs in Iran compared to other parts of the world, there is a need for more accurate diagnosis techniques and better reporting methods. The available data from INIS need to be used correctly to make smarter decisions, more effective interventions, and appropriate antibiotic stewardship programs for antimicrobial resistance control.