Pub Date : 2012-11-02DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010049
A. Pantoja, R. Ranft, D. Fielding, A. Hagerty, Susan Y. Emmert
This work reports on the use of cultural practices that influence grasshoppers' nymphal emergence. Grasshop- per eggs were buried at depths of 2, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cm in laboratory arenas. Nymph eclosion ranged from 77.5 to 87.8%. However, nymph emergence, measured as the number of nymphs that reached the soil surface, was estimated at 70.9% when eggs were buried at 2cm, but was reduced to 2.5 % at 18cm depth. No nymphs emerged at depths of 22 cm or more. The relative high percentage of nymphal eclosion and the low or no nymph emergence suggests that the depths tested on this trial do not affect egg development and nymphal eclosion, but affect the ability of the insect to emerge to the soil surface, thus increasing first instar mortality. The addition of sand to the soil reduced nymphal emergence. A signifi- cantly lower percentage of hoppers emerged from sand as compared to soil, vermiculite, or soil mixed with 25, 50 and 75% sand. This suggests that cultural practices, such as plowing can be used as a management tool to control grasshop- pers. Further research should investigate if nymphs died of suffocation at the eclosion site or in the process of emerging to the soil surface.
{"title":"Effects of Soil Depths on Nymphal Eclosion of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)","authors":"A. Pantoja, R. Ranft, D. Fielding, A. Hagerty, Susan Y. Emmert","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010049","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports on the use of cultural practices that influence grasshoppers' nymphal emergence. Grasshop- per eggs were buried at depths of 2, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cm in laboratory arenas. Nymph eclosion ranged from 77.5 to 87.8%. However, nymph emergence, measured as the number of nymphs that reached the soil surface, was estimated at 70.9% when eggs were buried at 2cm, but was reduced to 2.5 % at 18cm depth. No nymphs emerged at depths of 22 cm or more. The relative high percentage of nymphal eclosion and the low or no nymph emergence suggests that the depths tested on this trial do not affect egg development and nymphal eclosion, but affect the ability of the insect to emerge to the soil surface, thus increasing first instar mortality. The addition of sand to the soil reduced nymphal emergence. A signifi- cantly lower percentage of hoppers emerged from sand as compared to soil, vermiculite, or soil mixed with 25, 50 and 75% sand. This suggests that cultural practices, such as plowing can be used as a management tool to control grasshop- pers. Further research should investigate if nymphs died of suffocation at the eclosion site or in the process of emerging to the soil surface.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"16 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131183150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-07DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010042
L. Hesler, G. McNickle, M. Catangui, J. Losey, Eric A. Beckendorf, L. Stellwag, Danielle M. Brandt, Pa Bartlett
Coccinella novemnotata L., the ninespotted lady beetle, and Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, the transverse lady beetle, are predatory species whose abundance has declined significantly over the last few decades in North America. An ex situ system for continuously rearing these two beetles is described here to aid conservation efforts and facilitate studies aimed at determining factors in their decline and possible recovery. All rearing of lady beetles was conducted in the laboratory at or near room temperatures and 16:8 L:D photoperiod. The two coccinellid species were each reared separately, and different life stages were handled independently. Eggs were collected every 1 to 2 d and placed in holding containers, and individual clutches were transferred to cages with prey when their eggs began to hatch. Neonate larvae were fed live bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) for 3 to 4 d, and second instars were trans- ferred to different cages and fed live pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)). Third and fourth instars were also fed pea aphids, but reared individually in small cups to preclude cannibalism. Upon pupation, individuals were collectively trans- ferred to fresh cups and placed in a different container for the duration of pupation. Newly emerged adults were collected within containers about 2 d after eclosion. Adults were housed in cages stocked with live pea aphids, supplemental food, and rumpled paper towels as oviposition substrate. Over 80% of egg clutches were deposited by beetles on rumpled paper towels versus other surfaces within cages, and incidence of cannibalism of egg clutches was greatly reduced on rumpled paper towels. Techniques for successful rearing of these two coccinellids and future research regarding adaptations to fur- ther optimize their rearing methods are discussed.
{"title":"Method for Continuously Rearing Coccinella Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"L. Hesler, G. McNickle, M. Catangui, J. Losey, Eric A. Beckendorf, L. Stellwag, Danielle M. Brandt, Pa Bartlett","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010042","url":null,"abstract":"Coccinella novemnotata L., the ninespotted lady beetle, and Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, the transverse lady beetle, are predatory species whose abundance has declined significantly over the last few decades in North America. An ex situ system for continuously rearing these two beetles is described here to aid conservation efforts and facilitate studies aimed at determining factors in their decline and possible recovery. All rearing of lady beetles was conducted in the laboratory at or near room temperatures and 16:8 L:D photoperiod. The two coccinellid species were each reared separately, and different life stages were handled independently. Eggs were collected every 1 to 2 d and placed in holding containers, and individual clutches were transferred to cages with prey when their eggs began to hatch. Neonate larvae were fed live bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) for 3 to 4 d, and second instars were trans- ferred to different cages and fed live pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)). Third and fourth instars were also fed pea aphids, but reared individually in small cups to preclude cannibalism. Upon pupation, individuals were collectively trans- ferred to fresh cups and placed in a different container for the duration of pupation. Newly emerged adults were collected within containers about 2 d after eclosion. Adults were housed in cages stocked with live pea aphids, supplemental food, and rumpled paper towels as oviposition substrate. Over 80% of egg clutches were deposited by beetles on rumpled paper towels versus other surfaces within cages, and incidence of cannibalism of egg clutches was greatly reduced on rumpled paper towels. Techniques for successful rearing of these two coccinellids and future research regarding adaptations to fur- ther optimize their rearing methods are discussed.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123254755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-14DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010022
A. I. Tawfik
Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polyphenism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregari- ous and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. The endocrine control of phase polyphenism has been the most intensively studied in desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, Indeed, results of inves- tigations over the past 15 years, provide some of the most detailed information on the endocrine mechanisms that poten- tially regulate desert locust phase polyphenism. In addition, recent studies on the juvenile hormone titres, ecdysteroid ti- tres, the discovery of (His 7 )-corazonin as dark-colour-inducing neuropeptide (DCIN) and the involvement of serotonin pulse in the metathoracic ganglion that triggers behavioural gregarization in the desert locust have yielded not only a good progress in our understanding the endocrine control of phase polyphenism but also unexpected results which indicate that the endocrine control of desert locust phase polyphenism is more complex than envisioned by the classical model. This review gives an overview of the progress made to date in elucidating the hormonal control of the desert locust phase polyphenism. Moreover, this review will summarize these findings and present some questions that still need to be an- swered.
{"title":"Hormonal Control of the Phase Polyphenism of the Desert Locust: A Review of Current Understanding","authors":"A. I. Tawfik","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010022","url":null,"abstract":"Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polyphenism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregari- ous and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. The endocrine control of phase polyphenism has been the most intensively studied in desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, Indeed, results of inves- tigations over the past 15 years, provide some of the most detailed information on the endocrine mechanisms that poten- tially regulate desert locust phase polyphenism. In addition, recent studies on the juvenile hormone titres, ecdysteroid ti- tres, the discovery of (His 7 )-corazonin as dark-colour-inducing neuropeptide (DCIN) and the involvement of serotonin pulse in the metathoracic ganglion that triggers behavioural gregarization in the desert locust have yielded not only a good progress in our understanding the endocrine control of phase polyphenism but also unexpected results which indicate that the endocrine control of desert locust phase polyphenism is more complex than envisioned by the classical model. This review gives an overview of the progress made to date in elucidating the hormonal control of the desert locust phase polyphenism. Moreover, this review will summarize these findings and present some questions that still need to be an- swered.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132502224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-28DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010017
P. Chiu-Alvarado, A. Santiesteban, J. Rojas
The bethylid wasp Prorops nasuta Waterston is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus ham- pei Ferrari, the most devastating insect pest of coffee worldwide. Volatiles from H. hampei immature stages and dust/frass are used by P. nasuta as long-range cues during the host location process. In addition, host dust/frass extracts influenced the area-restricted search by P. nasuta females. In this study, we evaluated the effect of organic solvent extracts from H. hampei immature stages and adults on several parameters regarding locomotory behavior of P. nasuta females. P. nasuta females spent more time, covered greater distance, reduced their speed, and turned more per unit time in patches treated with hexanic, acetonic, and methanolic extracts from H. hampei immature stages and adults with respect to the solvent controls. The concentration of the methanolic extract from H. hampei immature stages clearly influenced the locomotory activity of P. nasuta.
{"title":"Host Kairomones Elicit Area-Restricted Search by Prorops nasuta, A Parasitoid of the Coffee Berry Borer","authors":"P. Chiu-Alvarado, A. Santiesteban, J. Rojas","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010017","url":null,"abstract":"The bethylid wasp Prorops nasuta Waterston is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus ham- pei Ferrari, the most devastating insect pest of coffee worldwide. Volatiles from H. hampei immature stages and dust/frass are used by P. nasuta as long-range cues during the host location process. In addition, host dust/frass extracts influenced the area-restricted search by P. nasuta females. In this study, we evaluated the effect of organic solvent extracts from H. hampei immature stages and adults on several parameters regarding locomotory behavior of P. nasuta females. P. nasuta females spent more time, covered greater distance, reduced their speed, and turned more per unit time in patches treated with hexanic, acetonic, and methanolic extracts from H. hampei immature stages and adults with respect to the solvent controls. The concentration of the methanolic extract from H. hampei immature stages clearly influenced the locomotory activity of P. nasuta.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129536846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-16DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010013
L. Prom, Zheyu Jin, W. Ree, Juan D. López, R. Perumal
Coreid bugs and in particular species in the genus Leptoglossus are considered insects pests of economic importance and have been shown to vector plant pathogens especially fungi. Leaffooted bugs, Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.), were collected from pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenheim) K. Koch, Gaura parviflora Dougl., pomegranate, Punica granatum L., and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, fields in Brazos and Burleson counties, Texas in 2008 and 2009. A number of genera of fungi, including Alternaria spp., Bipolaris spp., Claviceps spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Fusicladium effusum, Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., smut and several unidentified spores were found adhering to the external body parts of these insects. Several of these fungal genera contain species that are pathogenic to sorghum and pecan on which leaffooted bugs are considered pests. In both years, Alternaria spp. was the most frequently recovered fungal species. In collection areas such as pecan orchards or from G. parviflora growing close to pecan trees, higher amounts of Fusicladium effusum, causal agent of pecan scab, a very economically important disease, were found contaminating the external body parts of these bugs. Thus, these mobile insects have the potential to passively transmit fungal diseases from plant-to-plant, between fields or orchards and different crops, plant hosts, and habitats.
{"title":"Frequency and Diversity of Fungal Genera Contaminating the External Body Parts of Leaffooted Bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus (Heteroptera: Coreidae)","authors":"L. Prom, Zheyu Jin, W. Ree, Juan D. López, R. Perumal","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010013","url":null,"abstract":"Coreid bugs and in particular species in the genus Leptoglossus are considered insects pests of economic importance and have been shown to vector plant pathogens especially fungi. Leaffooted bugs, Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.), were collected from pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenheim) K. Koch, Gaura parviflora Dougl., pomegranate, Punica granatum L., and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, fields in Brazos and Burleson counties, Texas in 2008 and 2009. A number of genera of fungi, including Alternaria spp., Bipolaris spp., Claviceps spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Fusicladium effusum, Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., smut and several unidentified spores were found adhering to the external body parts of these insects. Several of these fungal genera contain species that are pathogenic to sorghum and pecan on which leaffooted bugs are considered pests. In both years, Alternaria spp. was the most frequently recovered fungal species. In collection areas such as pecan orchards or from G. parviflora growing close to pecan trees, higher amounts of Fusicladium effusum, causal agent of pecan scab, a very economically important disease, were found contaminating the external body parts of these bugs. Thus, these mobile insects have the potential to passively transmit fungal diseases from plant-to-plant, between fields or orchards and different crops, plant hosts, and habitats.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128890273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-27DOI: 10.2174/1874407901206010001
R. Hamilton, P. Kourtev, Chris W. Post, J. Dillard, Kate J. Knepper, R. Cowart
Natural habitats located in urbanized regions are increasingly being impacted by residential, commercial and agricultural development, but little is known about their biotic and abiotic characteristics. Temporary aquatic habitats are less protected by environmental regulations than permanently flooded habitats, and they have been historically understudied. We sampled temporary aquatic habitats including vernal pools, other emergent wetlands and intermittent streams in northeastern Ohio over a two-year period to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and abiotic characteristics of each habitat type. Duration of inundation of the habitat was the single largest contributing factor to benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. Macroinvertebrate community variability was greater among habitat types than within types suggesting that different habitats type do play a role in selecting for different invertebrate species. Macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity, and functional feeding group patterns differed among seasons. Dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential and conductivity explained a significant portion of the variability in macroinvertebrate community structure, and these differed among habitat types. Our results suggest that abiotic characteristics have a greater role in determining macroinvertebrate community structure than habitat type.
{"title":"Physicochemical Characteristics and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Temporary Surface Waters of Northern Stark County, Ohio","authors":"R. Hamilton, P. Kourtev, Chris W. Post, J. Dillard, Kate J. Knepper, R. Cowart","doi":"10.2174/1874407901206010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901206010001","url":null,"abstract":"Natural habitats located in urbanized regions are increasingly being impacted by residential, commercial and agricultural development, but little is known about their biotic and abiotic characteristics. Temporary aquatic habitats are less protected by environmental regulations than permanently flooded habitats, and they have been historically understudied. We sampled temporary aquatic habitats including vernal pools, other emergent wetlands and intermittent streams in northeastern Ohio over a two-year period to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and abiotic characteristics of each habitat type. Duration of inundation of the habitat was the single largest contributing factor to benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. Macroinvertebrate community variability was greater among habitat types than within types suggesting that different habitats type do play a role in selecting for different invertebrate species. Macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity, and functional feeding group patterns differed among seasons. Dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential and conductivity explained a significant portion of the variability in macroinvertebrate community structure, and these differed among habitat types. Our results suggest that abiotic characteristics have a greater role in determining macroinvertebrate community structure than habitat type.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122045156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-13DOI: 10.2174/1874407901105010049
T. Alavo, A. Z. Abagli
Infestations of the aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.cause a mean yield loss of cabbage that varies from 35.4% to 73.3% depending from agro-climatic conditions. To control this pest insect in Sub-saharan Africa, synthetic chemical insecticides are usually applied. Kaolin is a white, non-abrasive, inert aluminosilicate mineral that has been shown to effectively protect host plants from insect pests including lepidopterans, sucking insects and mites. The present work is aimed to study the effects of kaolin on the population dynamics of L. erysimi for the Integrated Management of this insect pest in cabbage. To carry out the present study, kaolin powder was dissolved in water to obtain a concentration of 5% kaolin. The plants were sprayed with kaolin suspension every week and every 4-days in 2 respective experiments. Results showed that kaolin sprays significantly reduced aphid populations density. Nevertheless, more frequent applications (every 4 days) did not improve kaolin efficacy. It is concluded that kaolin technology should be combined with another plant protection measure in order to keep aphids population under control in cabbage.
{"title":"Effect of Kaolin Particle Film Formulation Against Populations of the Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Cabbage","authors":"T. Alavo, A. Z. Abagli","doi":"10.2174/1874407901105010049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901105010049","url":null,"abstract":"Infestations of the aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.cause a mean yield loss of cabbage that varies from 35.4% to 73.3% depending from agro-climatic conditions. To control this pest insect in Sub-saharan Africa, synthetic chemical insecticides are usually applied. Kaolin is a white, non-abrasive, inert aluminosilicate mineral that has been shown to effectively protect host plants from insect pests including lepidopterans, sucking insects and mites. The present work is aimed to study the effects of kaolin on the population dynamics of L. erysimi for the Integrated Management of this insect pest in cabbage. To carry out the present study, kaolin powder was dissolved in water to obtain a concentration of 5% kaolin. The plants were sprayed with kaolin suspension every week and every 4-days in 2 respective experiments. Results showed that kaolin sprays significantly reduced aphid populations density. Nevertheless, more frequent applications (every 4 days) did not improve kaolin efficacy. It is concluded that kaolin technology should be combined with another plant protection measure in order to keep aphids population under control in cabbage.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116353577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-09DOI: 10.2174/1874407901105010045
A. Z. Abagli, T. Alavo
Concern about the deleterious effects associated with synthetic chemicals has revived interest to explore plants as a source of natural insecticides for mosquito control. Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Kenya on plant species including bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens Poit., showed that many of them repel mosquitoes effectively when burned overnight in rooms. Recent field works conducted with H. suaveolens essential oil have demonstrated the potential of this essential oil as mosquito repellent. The present work is a comparative study on the persistence of 30% DEET and 10% H. suaveolens essential oil for personal protection against mosquitoes in field conditions. Twenty volunteers who have given their informed consent have been involved for each of the products and control (no treatment). Results showed that the mean number of mosquitoes that landed on treated volunteers 6 hours post-application was 0.50 and 0.45 for 10% H. suaveolens essential oil and DEET respectively, against 6 mosquitoes for the control people. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between 10% H. suaveolens essential oil and DEET indicating that both products are similarly effective. The possibility to use H. suaveolens essential oil as integrated malaria vector management has been discussed.
{"title":"Essential Oil from Bush Mint, Hyptis suaveolens, is as Effective as DEET for Personal Protection against Mosquito Bites","authors":"A. Z. Abagli, T. Alavo","doi":"10.2174/1874407901105010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901105010045","url":null,"abstract":"Concern about the deleterious effects associated with synthetic chemicals has revived interest to explore plants as a source of natural insecticides for mosquito control. Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Kenya on plant species including bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens Poit., showed that many of them repel mosquitoes effectively when burned overnight in rooms. Recent field works conducted with H. suaveolens essential oil have demonstrated the potential of this essential oil as mosquito repellent. The present work is a comparative study on the persistence of 30% DEET and 10% H. suaveolens essential oil for personal protection against mosquitoes in field conditions. Twenty volunteers who have given their informed consent have been involved for each of the products and control (no treatment). Results showed that the mean number of mosquitoes that landed on treated volunteers 6 hours post-application was 0.50 and 0.45 for 10% H. suaveolens essential oil and DEET respectively, against 6 mosquitoes for the control people. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between 10% H. suaveolens essential oil and DEET indicating that both products are similarly effective. The possibility to use H. suaveolens essential oil as integrated malaria vector management has been discussed.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124001046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-08-27DOI: 10.2174/1874407901105010039
L. Hesler, K. Dashiell
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is a pest of soybean in Asia, and it has become a major pest of this crop in North America with large outbreaks that cause significant yield loss. Host-plant resistance is one management tactic being developed against soybean aphid in North America, and resistance may be manifested as antixenosis, antibiosis, or tolerance. In this study, choice tests were conducted to identify antixenosis to soybean aphids in several soybean lines. The soybean lines 'Dowling,' PI 230977, 'Jackson,' 'Cobb' and 'Palmetto' had strong antixenosis to soybean aphid, and lines PI 71506, G93-9223, 'Braxton,' 'Cook,' 'IAC-1,' 'Ripley,' and 'Tie feng 8' were moderately antixenotic. The intermediate level of antixenosis in PI 71506 contrasts with previous results, and suggests biotypic differences in the responses of soybean aphid to this line. Shoot length, shoot width, and seedling dry mass were also measured to test for any association between aphid host choice and plant size. Plant-size parameters varied by soybean line in all tests. However, the relation between aphid host choice and plant-size parameters was generally weak and not consistent across tests, suggesting that other undetermined plant characteristics were important in host selection. The identification of antixenosis in several soybean lines provides soybean breeders and pest management practitioners with additional options for managing soybean aphid through host-plant resistance. Antixenosis may be important on its own, and it may prove be complimentary to the antibiosis mode of resistance by reducing selection on resistance-breaking biotypes of soybean aphid, thereby prolonging the usefulness of plant resistance as a non-chemical means of managing soybean aphid.
{"title":"Antixenosis to the Soybean Aphid in Soybean Lines","authors":"L. Hesler, K. Dashiell","doi":"10.2174/1874407901105010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901105010039","url":null,"abstract":"The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is a pest of soybean in Asia, and it has become a major pest of this crop in North America with large outbreaks that cause significant yield loss. Host-plant resistance is one management tactic being developed against soybean aphid in North America, and resistance may be manifested as antixenosis, antibiosis, or tolerance. In this study, choice tests were conducted to identify antixenosis to soybean aphids in several soybean lines. The soybean lines 'Dowling,' PI 230977, 'Jackson,' 'Cobb' and 'Palmetto' had strong antixenosis to soybean aphid, and lines PI 71506, G93-9223, 'Braxton,' 'Cook,' 'IAC-1,' 'Ripley,' and 'Tie feng 8' were moderately antixenotic. The intermediate level of antixenosis in PI 71506 contrasts with previous results, and suggests biotypic differences in the responses of soybean aphid to this line. Shoot length, shoot width, and seedling dry mass were also measured to test for any association between aphid host choice and plant size. Plant-size parameters varied by soybean line in all tests. However, the relation between aphid host choice and plant-size parameters was generally weak and not consistent across tests, suggesting that other undetermined plant characteristics were important in host selection. The identification of antixenosis in several soybean lines provides soybean breeders and pest management practitioners with additional options for managing soybean aphid through host-plant resistance. Antixenosis may be important on its own, and it may prove be complimentary to the antibiosis mode of resistance by reducing selection on resistance-breaking biotypes of soybean aphid, thereby prolonging the usefulness of plant resistance as a non-chemical means of managing soybean aphid.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116947450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-06-20DOI: 10.2174/1874407901105010031
J. R. Coelho, C. Holliday, J. Hastings
The distributions of American cicada killers (Sphecius) were examined via solicited and museum specimens. S. hogardii occurs in southern Florida and several Caribbean islands. S. speciosus occurs throughout the east coast, southeast, and Midwestern states at high densities, and its range extends much farther west than expected, but not west of the continental divide. S. speciosus appears to be excluded from high altitudes. S. grandis and S. convallis occur at higher altitudes and are largely sympatric throughout the west, but are most common in lower riparian regions. Sphecius grandis is found at significantly higher altitudes than S. convallis. Both are sympatric with S. speciosus on both sides of the Rio Grande. The northern boundaries of Sphecius extend to 48.2oN latitude, and are associated with well known faunal zones. The continental divide may have served as a geographic barrier, playing a role in the evolution of American Sphecius by allopatric speciation.
{"title":"The Geographic Distributions of Cicada Killers (Sphecius; Hymenoptera,Crabronidae) in the Americas","authors":"J. R. Coelho, C. Holliday, J. Hastings","doi":"10.2174/1874407901105010031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901105010031","url":null,"abstract":"The distributions of American cicada killers (Sphecius) were examined via solicited and museum specimens. S. hogardii occurs in southern Florida and several Caribbean islands. S. speciosus occurs throughout the east coast, southeast, and Midwestern states at high densities, and its range extends much farther west than expected, but not west of the continental divide. S. speciosus appears to be excluded from high altitudes. S. grandis and S. convallis occur at higher altitudes and are largely sympatric throughout the west, but are most common in lower riparian regions. Sphecius grandis is found at significantly higher altitudes than S. convallis. Both are sympatric with S. speciosus on both sides of the Rio Grande. The northern boundaries of Sphecius extend to 48.2oN latitude, and are associated with well known faunal zones. The continental divide may have served as a geographic barrier, playing a role in the evolution of American Sphecius by allopatric speciation.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"88 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114109508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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