Pub Date : 2009-04-10DOI: 10.2174/1874407900903010001
E. Nguku, V. Adolkar, S. Raina, K. G. Mburugu, O. Mugenda, D. M. Kimbu
The economic and field performance of six Bombyx mori Linnaeus bivoltine strains were evaluated, namely ICIPE I, Chun-Lei X ZhengZhu (C X Z), QuiFeng X BaiYu (Q X B), Quingsong X Haoyoe (Q X H), Suju X Minghu (S X M) and 75xin X 7532 (75xin). Performance was based on larval, cocoon, pupa and shell weights, relationship of food consumption to larval weight, cocoon weight and shell weight. ICIPE I recorded the shortest larval development period in Location 1 (S1) during the short rains (SR) (26.53 + 5.05 days) and it was significantly shorter compared to that of the` other strains. It also had the highest cocoon shell weight (CSW) in location 1 (S1) and location 2 S2), 0.38 and 0.36gms respectively. ICIPE I and C X Z strains gave better performance for the parameters evaluated and are most suitable for the Kenyan conditions.
{"title":"Performance of six bivoltine Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) silkworm strains in Kenya.","authors":"E. Nguku, V. Adolkar, S. Raina, K. G. Mburugu, O. Mugenda, D. M. Kimbu","doi":"10.2174/1874407900903010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900903010001","url":null,"abstract":"The economic and field performance of six Bombyx mori Linnaeus bivoltine strains were evaluated, namely ICIPE I, Chun-Lei X ZhengZhu (C X Z), QuiFeng X BaiYu (Q X B), Quingsong X Haoyoe (Q X H), Suju X Minghu (S X M) and 75xin X 7532 (75xin). Performance was based on larval, cocoon, pupa and shell weights, relationship of food consumption to larval weight, cocoon weight and shell weight. ICIPE I recorded the shortest larval development period in Location 1 (S1) during the short rains (SR) (26.53 + 5.05 days) and it was significantly shorter compared to that of the` other strains. It also had the highest cocoon shell weight (CSW) in location 1 (S1) and location 2 S2), 0.38 and 0.36gms respectively. ICIPE I and C X Z strains gave better performance for the parameters evaluated and are most suitable for the Kenyan conditions.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134232603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-02DOI: 10.2174/1874407900802010014
V. Dev, A. Dash
For decades of attempted control using DDT indoor residual spraying and increased allocation of resources, malaria continues to deter the socio-economic development in the north-eastern states of India. Focal disease outbreaks are recurring and all death cases are ascribed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. As an alternative strategy to DDT, vil- lage scale filed trials with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were conducted in malaria endemic pocket of Assam during 1988-1990 that were evaluated to be a success story by the Technical Advisory Committee of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme of Government of India. Based on the research findings, a pilot project was undertaken under centrally sponsored scheme to assess the operational feasibility and sustainability of this intervention through primary health care services in the northeast sector for which National Institute of Malaria Research of Indian Council of Medical Research served as the nodal agency for technology transfer. Under this scheme, one hundred thousand insecticide-treated nets were distributed gratis beginning1996 in communities living below poverty line that were identified by the respective state health directorate of seven states of the northeast. For reporting states of Assam, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh for which data were analyzed, the results were promising in reducing disease transmission, and public response was over- whelming. The communities clearly preferred ITNs against DDT spraying and reported collateral benefits for decreased nuisance due to other household insect pests. Since then provision of ITNs is a continuing activity including impregnation of community-owned nets. We provide data on technology transfer and transmission reduction, and issues related to chal- lenges and prospects for malaria control using ITNs as evidence-based intervention are discussed.
{"title":"Insecticide-Treated Nets, the Key Element for Rolling Back Malaria in North-Eastern India: Policy and Practice","authors":"V. Dev, A. Dash","doi":"10.2174/1874407900802010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900802010014","url":null,"abstract":"For decades of attempted control using DDT indoor residual spraying and increased allocation of resources, malaria continues to deter the socio-economic development in the north-eastern states of India. Focal disease outbreaks are recurring and all death cases are ascribed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. As an alternative strategy to DDT, vil- lage scale filed trials with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were conducted in malaria endemic pocket of Assam during 1988-1990 that were evaluated to be a success story by the Technical Advisory Committee of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme of Government of India. Based on the research findings, a pilot project was undertaken under centrally sponsored scheme to assess the operational feasibility and sustainability of this intervention through primary health care services in the northeast sector for which National Institute of Malaria Research of Indian Council of Medical Research served as the nodal agency for technology transfer. Under this scheme, one hundred thousand insecticide-treated nets were distributed gratis beginning1996 in communities living below poverty line that were identified by the respective state health directorate of seven states of the northeast. For reporting states of Assam, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh for which data were analyzed, the results were promising in reducing disease transmission, and public response was over- whelming. The communities clearly preferred ITNs against DDT spraying and reported collateral benefits for decreased nuisance due to other household insect pests. Since then provision of ITNs is a continuing activity including impregnation of community-owned nets. We provide data on technology transfer and transmission reduction, and issues related to chal- lenges and prospects for malaria control using ITNs as evidence-based intervention are discussed.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133393291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-09DOI: 10.2174/1874407900802010006
C. Pfahlert, R. Lakes-Harlan
The aim of this study was to establish a cell culture system with identified classes of locust neurons (interneu- rons, motorneurons and sensory neurons). The cells belonging to the different classes were distinguished in cell culture by vital dyes, which had been applied to the neurons in situ. From the various dyes tested fluorescent marked dextrans (10.000MW) gave the best results. The cells survived for up to 28 days in culture and approx. half of the cells grew proc- esses, except of the sensory neurons, which never formed any processes. The different neurons were comparatively inves- tigated, e.g. with immunhistochemistry: 86% of motorneuron were glutamate immunoreactive and 50% of the interneu- rons exhibited GABA-like immunoreactivity. The cells had resting potentials between -20 and -60mV and did not show spontanous action potentials. Action potentials could be elicited by current injection in 8% of interneurons and 26% of motorneurons, but not in sensory neurons. The vital marking of cells allowed to study distinct neurons in cell culture and to compare their morphology and physiology.
{"title":"Thoracic Interneurons, Motorneurons and Sensory Neurons of Locusta Migratoria (Insecta: Orthoptera) in Primary Cell Culture","authors":"C. Pfahlert, R. Lakes-Harlan","doi":"10.2174/1874407900802010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900802010006","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to establish a cell culture system with identified classes of locust neurons (interneu- rons, motorneurons and sensory neurons). The cells belonging to the different classes were distinguished in cell culture by vital dyes, which had been applied to the neurons in situ. From the various dyes tested fluorescent marked dextrans (10.000MW) gave the best results. The cells survived for up to 28 days in culture and approx. half of the cells grew proc- esses, except of the sensory neurons, which never formed any processes. The different neurons were comparatively inves- tigated, e.g. with immunhistochemistry: 86% of motorneuron were glutamate immunoreactive and 50% of the interneu- rons exhibited GABA-like immunoreactivity. The cells had resting potentials between -20 and -60mV and did not show spontanous action potentials. Action potentials could be elicited by current injection in 8% of interneurons and 26% of motorneurons, but not in sensory neurons. The vital marking of cells allowed to study distinct neurons in cell culture and to compare their morphology and physiology.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"274 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114482622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-12DOI: 10.2174/1874407900802010001
S. Itakura, S. Kawabata, Hiromi Tanaka, A. Enoki
The aromatic -carboline norharmane, which is located in the fat body of Reticulitermes speratus, stimulated the activity of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) of larva, ergatoid, and nymphoid homogenates. JHEH activity of ergatoid (16.67 ± 1.30 μU/termite) and nymphoid (20.94 ± 1.64 μU/termite) homogenates fortified with 0.1 mM norharmane was significantly higher than that of ergatoid (9.84 ± 1.69 μU/termite) and nymphoid (16.99 ± 0.60 μU/termite) homogenates to which no norharmane was added. Egg-laying by ergatoids and nymphoids, which ingested norharmane by feeding on norharmane-treated filter paper, was observed in 3 weeks. During rearing on filter paper with- out norharmane, egg-laying by ergatoids was observed in 5 weeks, whereas no egg-laying by nymphoids was observed throughout the incubation period of 8 weeks. Norharmane seems to be involved in egg development of ergatoids and nymphoids of R. speratus.
{"title":"Possible Function of Norharmane in Egg-Laying by Ergatoids and Nymphoids of the Lower Termite, Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe)","authors":"S. Itakura, S. Kawabata, Hiromi Tanaka, A. Enoki","doi":"10.2174/1874407900802010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900802010001","url":null,"abstract":"The aromatic -carboline norharmane, which is located in the fat body of Reticulitermes speratus, stimulated the activity of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) of larva, ergatoid, and nymphoid homogenates. JHEH activity of ergatoid (16.67 ± 1.30 μU/termite) and nymphoid (20.94 ± 1.64 μU/termite) homogenates fortified with 0.1 mM norharmane was significantly higher than that of ergatoid (9.84 ± 1.69 μU/termite) and nymphoid (16.99 ± 0.60 μU/termite) homogenates to which no norharmane was added. Egg-laying by ergatoids and nymphoids, which ingested norharmane by feeding on norharmane-treated filter paper, was observed in 3 weeks. During rearing on filter paper with- out norharmane, egg-laying by ergatoids was observed in 5 weeks, whereas no egg-laying by nymphoids was observed throughout the incubation period of 8 weeks. Norharmane seems to be involved in egg development of ergatoids and nymphoids of R. speratus.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129110925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-20DOI: 10.2174/1874407900701010001
I. Wahid, T. Sunahara, M. Mogi
In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the structure that pierces into the host skin during blood feeding. As other parts, the hypopharynx is a free stylet. However, since male mosquitoes do not feed blood, their mouthparts are less developed. The hypopharynx fuses with the inner wall of the labium, while maxillae and mandibles are much shorter than the labium. Only the labrum and the labium are well developed and func- tion as food canal and its sheath, respectively. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to compare the hypopharynx of males of several mosquito genera and, in addition, females of autogenous mosqui- toes. The hypopharynxs of males of both autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes fuse with the labium inner wall as long as the labium length, but are distinctly different structures from the labium. Dissociation occurs on the hypopharynx of fe- male autogenous mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites spp. have a free hypopharynx as in anautogeny mosquitoes, whereas it fuses with the labium wall in Malaya genurostris Leicester, as in male mosquitoes.
{"title":"The Hypopharynx of Male and Female Mosquitoes","authors":"I. Wahid, T. Sunahara, M. Mogi","doi":"10.2174/1874407900701010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900701010001","url":null,"abstract":"In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the structure that pierces into the host skin during blood feeding. As other parts, the hypopharynx is a free stylet. However, since male mosquitoes do not feed blood, their mouthparts are less developed. The hypopharynx fuses with the inner wall of the labium, while maxillae and mandibles are much shorter than the labium. Only the labrum and the labium are well developed and func- tion as food canal and its sheath, respectively. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to compare the hypopharynx of males of several mosquito genera and, in addition, females of autogenous mosqui- toes. The hypopharynxs of males of both autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes fuse with the labium inner wall as long as the labium length, but are distinctly different structures from the labium. Dissociation occurs on the hypopharynx of fe- male autogenous mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites spp. have a free hypopharynx as in anautogeny mosquitoes, whereas it fuses with the labium wall in Malaya genurostris Leicester, as in male mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122740743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.2174/1874407900903010018
W. Hunter, S. Dowd, C. Katsar, R. Shatters, C. McKenzie, D. Hall
Where it occurs the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is considered the primary vector of Huanglongbing, HLB, disease of citrus trees. The plant pathogenic bacterium associated with HLB causes economic losses to citrus industries worldwide. To better understand the general biology of D. citri, we undertook a sequencing project from adult psyllids. Few genes have been isolated from psyllids however several insect genomic datasets are available for comparisons. We compared the psyllid data to genomic datasets of nematode, C. elegans, fruit fly, D. melanogaster, honey bee, A. mellifera, mosquito, A. aegypti, and human, H. sapiens since these have completed more thorough levels of annotation. We describe the first data set of ESTs from D. citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. A total of 5,906 cDNA clones were sequenced, resulting in 4,595 high-quality ESTs. Electronic removal of 1,487 sequences which matched to bacteria and viruses left an assembly of cDNAs resulting in a total of 636 psyllid sequences (544 contigs plus 92 singlets). The sequences underwent BLAST analyses using (Swissprot-Tremble 03-2007) and NCBI, nr databases which returned 53% with 'No significant match' in either the non-redundant protein or nucleic acid databases, providing new information to the scientific community. The D. citri gene expression data set advances current research efforts in the identification of genes and physiological processes of psyllids. Knowledge of these genes and proteins are being used in the development of novel management strategies against psyllids, and other sap feeding insects within the Order: Hemip- tera.
{"title":"Psyllid Biology: Expressed Genes in Adult Asian Citrus Psyllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama","authors":"W. Hunter, S. Dowd, C. Katsar, R. Shatters, C. McKenzie, D. Hall","doi":"10.2174/1874407900903010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407900903010018","url":null,"abstract":"Where it occurs the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is considered the primary vector of Huanglongbing, HLB, disease of citrus trees. The plant pathogenic bacterium associated with HLB causes economic losses to citrus industries worldwide. To better understand the general biology of D. citri, we undertook a sequencing project from adult psyllids. Few genes have been isolated from psyllids however several insect genomic datasets are available for comparisons. We compared the psyllid data to genomic datasets of nematode, C. elegans, fruit fly, D. melanogaster, honey bee, A. mellifera, mosquito, A. aegypti, and human, H. sapiens since these have completed more thorough levels of annotation. We describe the first data set of ESTs from D. citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. A total of 5,906 cDNA clones were sequenced, resulting in 4,595 high-quality ESTs. Electronic removal of 1,487 sequences which matched to bacteria and viruses left an assembly of cDNAs resulting in a total of 636 psyllid sequences (544 contigs plus 92 singlets). The sequences underwent BLAST analyses using (Swissprot-Tremble 03-2007) and NCBI, nr databases which returned 53% with 'No significant match' in either the non-redundant protein or nucleic acid databases, providing new information to the scientific community. The D. citri gene expression data set advances current research efforts in the identification of genes and physiological processes of psyllids. Knowledge of these genes and proteins are being used in the development of novel management strategies against psyllids, and other sap feeding insects within the Order: Hemip- tera.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121043150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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