Pub Date : 2015-02-20DOI: 10.2174/1874407901509010012
K. M. Ahadji-Dabla, J. Brunet, G. Ketoh, G. Apétogbo, I. Glitho, L. Belzunces
The larvicidal activity of Biostop Moustiques ® (BM), a botanical biocide, was studied on susceptible and resis- tant strains of Anopheles gambiae s.s. at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mL/L of water. In addition to mortality and total protein concentration, the effect of BM on the activity of the following metabolic enzymes was evaluated in fourth instar larvae: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehy- drogenase (LDH) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). BM caused more than 90% mortality at different larval stages and had median lethal concentration (LC50) of 8.13 mL/L in susceptible Kisumu strain and 8.08 mL/L in re- sistant Acerkis strain. Protein concentration increased significantly in both strains when BM concentration was higher than 1 mL/L. GST and ALP activities increased significantly in both strains. LDH activity increased in Kisumu strain at 5 mL/L and decreased in Acerkis strain at all concentrations. G6PDH activity significantly increased with a maximum ef- fect at 1 mL/L for Acerkis and 5 mL/L for Kisumu. BM completely suppressed SOD activity at 10 mL/L for Kisumu strain and 1 mL/L for Acerkis strain. This study showed that BM had a high larvicidal activity against both strains of Anopheles gambiae and it elicited a wide range of physiological changes.
{"title":"Larvicidal Activity of a Natural Botanical Biostop Moustiques® andPhysiological Changes Induced in Susceptible and Resistant Strains ofAnopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"K. M. Ahadji-Dabla, J. Brunet, G. Ketoh, G. Apétogbo, I. Glitho, L. Belzunces","doi":"10.2174/1874407901509010012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901509010012","url":null,"abstract":"The larvicidal activity of Biostop Moustiques ® (BM), a botanical biocide, was studied on susceptible and resis- tant strains of Anopheles gambiae s.s. at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mL/L of water. In addition to mortality and total protein concentration, the effect of BM on the activity of the following metabolic enzymes was evaluated in fourth instar larvae: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehy- drogenase (LDH) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). BM caused more than 90% mortality at different larval stages and had median lethal concentration (LC50) of 8.13 mL/L in susceptible Kisumu strain and 8.08 mL/L in re- sistant Acerkis strain. Protein concentration increased significantly in both strains when BM concentration was higher than 1 mL/L. GST and ALP activities increased significantly in both strains. LDH activity increased in Kisumu strain at 5 mL/L and decreased in Acerkis strain at all concentrations. G6PDH activity significantly increased with a maximum ef- fect at 1 mL/L for Acerkis and 5 mL/L for Kisumu. BM completely suppressed SOD activity at 10 mL/L for Kisumu strain and 1 mL/L for Acerkis strain. This study showed that BM had a high larvicidal activity against both strains of Anopheles gambiae and it elicited a wide range of physiological changes.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115010159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-17DOI: 10.2174/1874407901509010007
A. Mansaray, A. Sundufu, M. Moseray, S. Fomba
The effects of infestation by the sweet potato weevil, Cylas puncticollis Bohemen, on yield in 3 sweet potato cultivars, in relation to different mulching levels were compared. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete split plot design at three levels. It consisted of a main plot factor, the three sweet potato cultivars (slipot 2, 3 and 4) with mulching at three levels (0, 1, 3 and 5t/ha) as sub plot. The factors were replicated thrice. The results of the studies re- vealed that increase in mulching level resulted in significantly decreased infestation of sweet potato weevil and higher root yield. Mulching at the rate of 5t/ha recorded the least infestation (12.13% for the year 2012; 13.32% for the year 2013) followed by 3t/ha (17.86% for the year 2012; 21.24% for the year 2013), 1t/ha (25.18% for the year 2012; 29.49% for the year 2013) whilst the unmulched plot recorded the highest (35.75% for the year 2012; 41.30% for the year 2013). Root yield was the highest with mulching at the rate of 5t/ha (6242.42Kg/ha for the year 2012; 4828.45Kg/ha for the year 2013) followed by 3t/ha (5863.64Kg/ha for the year 2012; 4883.82Kg/ha for the year 2013), 1t/ha (4580.81Kg/ha for the year 2012; 3818.18Kg/ha for the year 2013) whilst the unmulched plot recorded the highest (4202.03Kg/ha for the year 2012; 3489.89Kg/ha for the year 2013). Significant negative correlation (r = -0.91, p = 0.0001) was observed between weevil root damage and root dry matter. Only two cultivars, Slipot 3 and Slipot 4 were observed to be less susceptible to the sweetpoto weevil. Thus, using mulch cover at the rate of 3- 5t/ha in a field planted with slipot 3 or slipot 4 will in- crease yield, while at same time reduce sweet potato weevil infestation.
{"title":"Sweet potato Weevil (Cylas puncticollis) Boheman Infestation: Cultivar Differences and the Effects of Mulching","authors":"A. Mansaray, A. Sundufu, M. Moseray, S. Fomba","doi":"10.2174/1874407901509010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901509010007","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of infestation by the sweet potato weevil, Cylas puncticollis Bohemen, on yield in 3 sweet potato cultivars, in relation to different mulching levels were compared. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete split plot design at three levels. It consisted of a main plot factor, the three sweet potato cultivars (slipot 2, 3 and 4) with mulching at three levels (0, 1, 3 and 5t/ha) as sub plot. The factors were replicated thrice. The results of the studies re- vealed that increase in mulching level resulted in significantly decreased infestation of sweet potato weevil and higher root yield. Mulching at the rate of 5t/ha recorded the least infestation (12.13% for the year 2012; 13.32% for the year 2013) followed by 3t/ha (17.86% for the year 2012; 21.24% for the year 2013), 1t/ha (25.18% for the year 2012; 29.49% for the year 2013) whilst the unmulched plot recorded the highest (35.75% for the year 2012; 41.30% for the year 2013). Root yield was the highest with mulching at the rate of 5t/ha (6242.42Kg/ha for the year 2012; 4828.45Kg/ha for the year 2013) followed by 3t/ha (5863.64Kg/ha for the year 2012; 4883.82Kg/ha for the year 2013), 1t/ha (4580.81Kg/ha for the year 2012; 3818.18Kg/ha for the year 2013) whilst the unmulched plot recorded the highest (4202.03Kg/ha for the year 2012; 3489.89Kg/ha for the year 2013). Significant negative correlation (r = -0.91, p = 0.0001) was observed between weevil root damage and root dry matter. Only two cultivars, Slipot 3 and Slipot 4 were observed to be less susceptible to the sweetpoto weevil. Thus, using mulch cover at the rate of 3- 5t/ha in a field planted with slipot 3 or slipot 4 will in- crease yield, while at same time reduce sweet potato weevil infestation.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133849169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-02DOI: 10.2174/1874407901509010001
A. Nagasawa, K. Matsuda
We investigated the relationship between host-plant use by two tortoise beetles, Cassida nebulosa and C. piperata, in a field and their performance under laboratory conditions. Sixteen plant species were grown in the experimen- tal field with C. nebulosa being observed to grow on three chenopodiaceous species (Chenopodium album, C. album var. centrorubrum, and C. ficifolium), while C. piperata grew on the same three chenopodiaceous species plus three amaran- thaceous species (Amaranthus blitum, A. hybridus, and A. retroflexus). Host-plant selection in the field was directly corre- lated to the larval growth under laboratory conditions. Thus, the two tortoise beetles selected plant species that were suit- able as larval food under natural conditions. In the laboratory experiments, the survival period of adults and the number of eggs produced showed that adults have wider food ranges than larvae. Therefore, food quality is less important as a limit- ing factor for adults compared to larvae. In addition, the field observation showed that C. nebulosa laid eggs only on suit- able host plant species, whereas C. piperata laid eggs on both suitable hosts and non-hosts.
{"title":"Factors Determining the Host Range of Two Tortoise Beetles, Cassidanebulosa L. and C. piperata Hope (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Japan","authors":"A. Nagasawa, K. Matsuda","doi":"10.2174/1874407901509010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901509010001","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the relationship between host-plant use by two tortoise beetles, Cassida nebulosa and C. piperata, in a field and their performance under laboratory conditions. Sixteen plant species were grown in the experimen- tal field with C. nebulosa being observed to grow on three chenopodiaceous species (Chenopodium album, C. album var. centrorubrum, and C. ficifolium), while C. piperata grew on the same three chenopodiaceous species plus three amaran- thaceous species (Amaranthus blitum, A. hybridus, and A. retroflexus). Host-plant selection in the field was directly corre- lated to the larval growth under laboratory conditions. Thus, the two tortoise beetles selected plant species that were suit- able as larval food under natural conditions. In the laboratory experiments, the survival period of adults and the number of eggs produced showed that adults have wider food ranges than larvae. Therefore, food quality is less important as a limit- ing factor for adults compared to larvae. In addition, the field observation showed that C. nebulosa laid eggs only on suit- able host plant species, whereas C. piperata laid eggs on both suitable hosts and non-hosts.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123907985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-14DOI: 10.2174/1874407901408010022
Azza A. Awad, A. Moustafa, M. F. A. Rahman, R. Sayed
The effect of different statuses of honeybee queens, Apis mellifera (one-year-old mated queen; supersedure queen; three-day old virgin queen; queen cell; without queen; and without queen/without bee bread) on many aspects of 3- day old workers were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study was carried out to describe the (types, distribution, numbers and measurements) of the different sensilla on the workers' flagellum. Electrone microscopic study of workers under different queen statuses showed the morphological structure of the antennae (Geniculate antennae). Each antenna composed of scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum of 10 segments. SEM revealed the presence of seven types and eleven subtypes of sensilla on the dorsal side of the different flagellomeres; they were Sensilla Ampullacea {Am}, Sen- silla Basiconica {Ba}, Sensilla Campaniformia {Cf}, Sensilla Chaetica I, II {Ch}, Sensilla Coelloconica I, II {Co}, Sen- silla Placodea I, II, III {PL}, Sensilla Trichodea I, II, III, IV {Tr}. This study revealed that, there is no significant differ- ence in the numbers of sensilla (Am), (Ba), (Co I) of the workers under all the queen statuses. The measurements of sen- silla Chaetica differ significantly according to the different queen statuses. The numbers and distributions of (Co II) were exhibited at extremely low percentages in the different statuses. There is significant difference in the percentages of each (PL I, II, III) between the different queen statuses. Also, the (Tr I, II, III, IV) are found in all statuses, There is significant difference in the percentages of each sensilla types between the different queen statuses.
蜂王不同状态的影响，1岁的蜜蜂(Apis mellifera;接替女王;三天老处女女王;女王细胞;没有皇后;用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对3日龄工蜂的各方面进行了研究。本文对工蜂鞭毛上不同感受器的种类、分布、数量和尺寸进行了研究。对不同蜂后状态下工蜂的电子显微镜观察显示了触角的形态结构(膝状触角)。每根天线由花苞、花梗和10节鞭毛组成。扫描电镜显示在不同鞭毛节背侧存在7种类型和11种亚型的感受器;分别为壶形感器{Am}、Basiconica Sen- silla {Ba}、Campaniformia senilla {Cf}、Chaetica senilla I、II {Ch}、Coelloconica I、II {Co}、Placodea Sen- silla I、II、III {PL}、Trichodea senilla I、II、III、IV {Tr}。本研究发现，不同蜂后状态下工蜂的感受器(Am)、(Ba)、(Co I)数量无显著差异。根据不同的皇后地位，森新罗Chaetica的尺寸有很大的不同。不同状态下(Co II)的数量和分布都表现为极低的百分比。在不同的女王状态之间，每个(PL I, II, III)的百分比有显著差异。此外，在所有状态中都发现了(Tr I, II, III, IV)，不同蜂后状态之间每种感受器类型的百分比存在显著差异。
{"title":"Influence of Different Statuses of Honey Bee Queens, Apis mellifera L. on the Ultrastructure of the Flagella on (3-Day Old) Workers","authors":"Azza A. Awad, A. Moustafa, M. F. A. Rahman, R. Sayed","doi":"10.2174/1874407901408010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901408010022","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of different statuses of honeybee queens, Apis mellifera (one-year-old mated queen; supersedure queen; three-day old virgin queen; queen cell; without queen; and without queen/without bee bread) on many aspects of 3- day old workers were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study was carried out to describe the (types, distribution, numbers and measurements) of the different sensilla on the workers' flagellum. Electrone microscopic study of workers under different queen statuses showed the morphological structure of the antennae (Geniculate antennae). Each antenna composed of scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum of 10 segments. SEM revealed the presence of seven types and eleven subtypes of sensilla on the dorsal side of the different flagellomeres; they were Sensilla Ampullacea {Am}, Sen- silla Basiconica {Ba}, Sensilla Campaniformia {Cf}, Sensilla Chaetica I, II {Ch}, Sensilla Coelloconica I, II {Co}, Sen- silla Placodea I, II, III {PL}, Sensilla Trichodea I, II, III, IV {Tr}. This study revealed that, there is no significant differ- ence in the numbers of sensilla (Am), (Ba), (Co I) of the workers under all the queen statuses. The measurements of sen- silla Chaetica differ significantly according to the different queen statuses. The numbers and distributions of (Co II) were exhibited at extremely low percentages in the different statuses. There is significant difference in the percentages of each (PL I, II, III) between the different queen statuses. Also, the (Tr I, II, III, IV) are found in all statuses, There is significant difference in the percentages of each sensilla types between the different queen statuses.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130500845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-29DOI: 10.2174/1874407901408010017
B. Luigi
Cultural entomology (CE) explores the interactions between the world of insects and mankind. Since the inter- net plays a major role in nowadays life, it would be of great interest to investigate the insects-related internet usage and activities. However, there are very few studies about this. For this reason, inspired by the seminal work carried out by the Japanese Takada, we decided to replicate his findings. We analyzed with Google Trends and with the wavelet power spec- trum analysis (WPSA) the hit-search volumes of the most common insects. We found that the five most commonly searched insects are bees, butterflies, mosquitoes, ants and spiders which are arachnids, but are commonly believed to be insects. We found a seasonality for some insects, as confirmed by the WPSA, and with peaks related to the seasonal pe- riod in which the insects are most visible, while we could not detect any regularity or trend for other insects, which are not clearly related to any particular season. In addition, we proved that, at least in some cases, hit-search volumes were influ- enced by the media and that the degree of seasonal regularity as measured by the WPSA was variable. Thus, we have proven the robustness of previous finding, extending their validity also in another culture and another context. Therefore, rather than being confined to a specific culture, googling insects could be a universal behavior and attitude, even though with some cross-cultural differences. Further systematic research is needed to shed light on this topic.
{"title":"Googling Insects as a New Trend in Cultural Entomology: An Italian Perspective","authors":"B. Luigi","doi":"10.2174/1874407901408010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901408010017","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural entomology (CE) explores the interactions between the world of insects and mankind. Since the inter- net plays a major role in nowadays life, it would be of great interest to investigate the insects-related internet usage and activities. However, there are very few studies about this. For this reason, inspired by the seminal work carried out by the Japanese Takada, we decided to replicate his findings. We analyzed with Google Trends and with the wavelet power spec- trum analysis (WPSA) the hit-search volumes of the most common insects. We found that the five most commonly searched insects are bees, butterflies, mosquitoes, ants and spiders which are arachnids, but are commonly believed to be insects. We found a seasonality for some insects, as confirmed by the WPSA, and with peaks related to the seasonal pe- riod in which the insects are most visible, while we could not detect any regularity or trend for other insects, which are not clearly related to any particular season. In addition, we proved that, at least in some cases, hit-search volumes were influ- enced by the media and that the degree of seasonal regularity as measured by the WPSA was variable. Thus, we have proven the robustness of previous finding, extending their validity also in another culture and another context. Therefore, rather than being confined to a specific culture, googling insects could be a universal behavior and attitude, even though with some cross-cultural differences. Further systematic research is needed to shed light on this topic.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115506589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-11DOI: 10.2174/1874407901408010010
A. I. Tawfik, E. Osir, A. Hassanali
The roles of anti-juvenile hormone (precocene II) on phase changes and pheromone production were examined in laboratory-bred gregarious desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Precocene II was applied to last instar nymphs and newly emerged adults in gregarious phase. Generally, the 5 th instar nymphs exhibited a higher sensitivity to topical appli- cation of precocen II than the adults. In contrast, the adults exhibited a higher sensitivity to injection of precocen II in comparison to 5 th instar nymphs. Topical application or injection of precocene II inhibited pheromone production (as measured by the amount of phenylacetonitrile released). Both topical application to 5 th instar nymphs and injection to adults affected the external body coloration, sexual behavior and mating of gregarious adult males, S. gregaria in com- parison to control insects.
{"title":"Effects of Anti-Juvenile Hormone (Precocene II) Treatment on Phase Changes and Pheromone Production in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)","authors":"A. I. Tawfik, E. Osir, A. Hassanali","doi":"10.2174/1874407901408010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901408010010","url":null,"abstract":"The roles of anti-juvenile hormone (precocene II) on phase changes and pheromone production were examined in laboratory-bred gregarious desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Precocene II was applied to last instar nymphs and newly emerged adults in gregarious phase. Generally, the 5 th instar nymphs exhibited a higher sensitivity to topical appli- cation of precocen II than the adults. In contrast, the adults exhibited a higher sensitivity to injection of precocen II in comparison to 5 th instar nymphs. Topical application or injection of precocene II inhibited pheromone production (as measured by the amount of phenylacetonitrile released). Both topical application to 5 th instar nymphs and injection to adults affected the external body coloration, sexual behavior and mating of gregarious adult males, S. gregaria in com- parison to control insects.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134625678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-13DOI: 10.2174/1874407901408010001
D. Munthali, A. B. Tshegofatso
Resistance of four brassica leafy vegetables: kale, Chinese cabbage, rape and Ethiopian mustard to cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) was studied in cage experiments at the Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana. A completely randomised design with cultivars as treatments and four replicates per treatment was used. One newly laid nymph was placed on each of the four potted plants of each cultivar and left to breed. Aphid abundance and damage on each cultivar were recorded weekly for six weeks. Direct counts of aphids were made to estimate abundance while the proportions of leaves with honeydew were used to measure intensity of damage. Chlorophyll, water and protein content and leaf thickness were estimated and their effects on aphid abundance and damage intensity were determined. Aphid populations on all cultivars peaked in the third week. Peak populations differed significantly (P < 0.05) between cultivars, with the greatest (828.2 per leaf) on Chinese cabbage and the least (307 per leaf) on Ethiopian mustard. Cabbage aphids caused significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction of marketable leaves on kale than on the other cultivars. Cultivars with high chlorophyll; high water content and the thickest leaves had lower abundance of cabbage aphid than those with significantly (P< 0.05) lower chlorophyll and water content and thinner leaves; those with thicker leaves, high protein and high water content suffered greatest honeydew damage. Therefore breeding for low protein and water content, high chlo- rophyll content and thin leaves is recommended because the cultivar produced would suffer low honeydew damage.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Abundance and Damage Caused by Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae on Four Brassica Leafy Vegetables: Brassica oleracea var. Acephala, B. chinense, B. napus and B. carinata","authors":"D. Munthali, A. B. Tshegofatso","doi":"10.2174/1874407901408010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901408010001","url":null,"abstract":"Resistance of four brassica leafy vegetables: kale, Chinese cabbage, rape and Ethiopian mustard to cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) was studied in cage experiments at the Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana. A completely randomised design with cultivars as treatments and four replicates per treatment was used. One newly laid nymph was placed on each of the four potted plants of each cultivar and left to breed. Aphid abundance and damage on each cultivar were recorded weekly for six weeks. Direct counts of aphids were made to estimate abundance while the proportions of leaves with honeydew were used to measure intensity of damage. Chlorophyll, water and protein content and leaf thickness were estimated and their effects on aphid abundance and damage intensity were determined. Aphid populations on all cultivars peaked in the third week. Peak populations differed significantly (P < 0.05) between cultivars, with the greatest (828.2 per leaf) on Chinese cabbage and the least (307 per leaf) on Ethiopian mustard. Cabbage aphids caused significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction of marketable leaves on kale than on the other cultivars. Cultivars with high chlorophyll; high water content and the thickest leaves had lower abundance of cabbage aphid than those with significantly (P< 0.05) lower chlorophyll and water content and thinner leaves; those with thicker leaves, high protein and high water content suffered greatest honeydew damage. Therefore breeding for low protein and water content, high chlo- rophyll content and thin leaves is recommended because the cultivar produced would suffer low honeydew damage.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130682731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-30DOI: 10.2174/1874407901307010009
A. Sawadogo, O. Gnankiné, A. Badolo, A. Ouédraogo, S. Ouédraogo, R. Dabiré, A. Sanon
Fruits of Ximenia americana provide oil that is used for food and cosmetics. However, oil production potentials are limited by damages caused by the fruit flies. This research focused on the identification of the harmful insects of the ripe fruits of X. americana, the measure of morphometric and demographic parameters. Damages were also determined. Samplings were carried out in two sites and consisted in fruits collection on 10 randomly selected mature trees per site. Fruits are sorted to separate healthy ones and portions of damaged ones were incubated in order to follow insects rearing. Two species of fruit flies were identified for the first time on X. americana. They were Ceratitis quinaria (BEZZI) and Ceratitis silvestrii (BEZZI).Their morphometric and demographic parameters varied according to the sites. Parasitoids from the genus Diachasmimorpha were also identified. The rate of damaged fruits varied from 85.5% at Yagma to 95.5 % at Gampela, that compromises the efficient exploitation of this fruit. This work provides relevant information which will help to set up a sustainable management of X. americana's pests in Burkina Faso.
{"title":"First Report of the Fruits Flies, Ceratitis quinaria and Ceratitis Silvestri, on Yellow Plum Ximenia americana in Burkina Faso, West Africa","authors":"A. Sawadogo, O. Gnankiné, A. Badolo, A. Ouédraogo, S. Ouédraogo, R. Dabiré, A. Sanon","doi":"10.2174/1874407901307010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901307010009","url":null,"abstract":"Fruits of Ximenia americana provide oil that is used for food and cosmetics. However, oil production potentials are limited by damages caused by the fruit flies. This research focused on the identification of the harmful insects of the ripe fruits of X. americana, the measure of morphometric and demographic parameters. Damages were also determined. Samplings were carried out in two sites and consisted in fruits collection on 10 randomly selected mature trees per site. Fruits are sorted to separate healthy ones and portions of damaged ones were incubated in order to follow insects rearing. Two species of fruit flies were identified for the first time on X. americana. They were Ceratitis quinaria (BEZZI) and Ceratitis silvestrii (BEZZI).Their morphometric and demographic parameters varied according to the sites. Parasitoids from the genus Diachasmimorpha were also identified. The rate of damaged fruits varied from 85.5% at Yagma to 95.5 % at Gampela, that compromises the efficient exploitation of this fruit. This work provides relevant information which will help to set up a sustainable management of X. americana's pests in Burkina Faso.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131337874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-06DOI: 10.2174/1874407920130527001
A. M. Ribeiro, F. A. Leal-Santos, Paulo Roberto Soares, A. Martins, A. M. Nachi, Anagela Maria Acel, Jorge Senatore Vargas-Rodrigues, Eucilene Alves Santana Porto, Cor J. Fernandes Fontes
In this study, we assessed the larvivorous activity of Oxydoras kneri against Culicinae larvae in laboratory ex- periments to evaluate their suitability as a biological control. First, analysis of stomach content was performed to verify the feeding habits of the fish in their natural habitat. The behavior was then verified in aquarium experiments by feeding 2700 larvae to each fish. The feeding preference of the fish was evaluated in further experiments in which larvae and commercial fish food were offered, either separately or simultaneously. For both methods, the evaluation was performed by counting the number of adult mosquitoes that emerged during a 60-h observation period. The laboratory was main- tained at relatively stable temperature and humidity. The stomach content of 9 specimens of O. kneri captured in the Cuiaba River contained 26.5% insect larvae, with 11.5% exclusively from Diptera insects. The emergence of adults from insect larvae was not influenced by the presence of O. kneri. However, emergence was statistically lower in aquaria when the larvae were placed as food for the fish. The consumption of larvae and granulated commercial fish food was similar during a 60-h observation period, even when these items were offered separately or simultaneously. Since O. kneri are ubiquitous in the Amazon region, this finding highlights their potential role in the biological control of Culicidae mos- quito larvae growing in fish farm tanks. However, further studies are required to evaluate their behavior in the field and the operational difficulties of their use as a biological control.
{"title":"Oxydoras kneri as a Potential Candidate for the Biological Control of Mosquito-Vector Tropical Diseases","authors":"A. M. Ribeiro, F. A. Leal-Santos, Paulo Roberto Soares, A. Martins, A. M. Nachi, Anagela Maria Acel, Jorge Senatore Vargas-Rodrigues, Eucilene Alves Santana Porto, Cor J. Fernandes Fontes","doi":"10.2174/1874407920130527001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407920130527001","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we assessed the larvivorous activity of Oxydoras kneri against Culicinae larvae in laboratory ex- periments to evaluate their suitability as a biological control. First, analysis of stomach content was performed to verify the feeding habits of the fish in their natural habitat. The behavior was then verified in aquarium experiments by feeding 2700 larvae to each fish. The feeding preference of the fish was evaluated in further experiments in which larvae and commercial fish food were offered, either separately or simultaneously. For both methods, the evaluation was performed by counting the number of adult mosquitoes that emerged during a 60-h observation period. The laboratory was main- tained at relatively stable temperature and humidity. The stomach content of 9 specimens of O. kneri captured in the Cuiaba River contained 26.5% insect larvae, with 11.5% exclusively from Diptera insects. The emergence of adults from insect larvae was not influenced by the presence of O. kneri. However, emergence was statistically lower in aquaria when the larvae were placed as food for the fish. The consumption of larvae and granulated commercial fish food was similar during a 60-h observation period, even when these items were offered separately or simultaneously. Since O. kneri are ubiquitous in the Amazon region, this finding highlights their potential role in the biological control of Culicidae mos- quito larvae growing in fish farm tanks. However, further studies are required to evaluate their behavior in the field and the operational difficulties of their use as a biological control.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129928307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-23DOI: 10.2174/1874407901307010016
J. Bigoga, Petola A. Saahkem, S. Ndindeng, J. Ngondi, M. Nyegue, J. Oben, R. Leke
Larvicidal and repellent effect of the essential oil from the seeds and leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn were evaluated against the larvae and adults of Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes at concentrations of 0, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Total mortality of larvae occurred at 200ppm and 300ppm for the essential oils from seeds and leaves respectively. Alpha-terpinene (73.55% for the seeds; 40.69% for the leaves) and para-cymene (20.05% for the seeds; 45.44% for the leaves) are the principal constituents. There was a 100% repellent effect on adult mosquitoes at 200ppm, with protection time of at least four hours for both seed and leaf essential oils. The findings indicated that C. ambrosioides Linn possess mosquito larvicidal and repellent potentials that might be further exploited in combating ma- laria through anti-vector intervention.
{"title":"Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn Essential Oil against Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"J. Bigoga, Petola A. Saahkem, S. Ndindeng, J. Ngondi, M. Nyegue, J. Oben, R. Leke","doi":"10.2174/1874407901307010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901307010016","url":null,"abstract":"Larvicidal and repellent effect of the essential oil from the seeds and leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn were evaluated against the larvae and adults of Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes at concentrations of 0, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Total mortality of larvae occurred at 200ppm and 300ppm for the essential oils from seeds and leaves respectively. Alpha-terpinene (73.55% for the seeds; 40.69% for the leaves) and para-cymene (20.05% for the seeds; 45.44% for the leaves) are the principal constituents. There was a 100% repellent effect on adult mosquitoes at 200ppm, with protection time of at least four hours for both seed and leaf essential oils. The findings indicated that C. ambrosioides Linn possess mosquito larvicidal and repellent potentials that might be further exploited in combating ma- laria through anti-vector intervention.","PeriodicalId":143634,"journal":{"name":"The Open Entomology Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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