Purpose of this background note is to present some relevant research issues about India’s GVC, such as degree of India’s GVC linkages, by sector, by industry (preliminary analysis by GVC measures as well as in-depth econometric analysis), consequences of GVCs for economic prosperity i.e. industrial or economic upgrading (including trade-oriented upgrading and adaptation), the impact of GVCs on social upgrading, such as reflection on labour market dynamics (because social upgrading is not immediately associated with industrial or economics upgrading).
{"title":"A Research Background of Global Value Chains","authors":"S. Dutta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3784153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3784153","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of this background note is to present some relevant research issues about India’s GVC, such as degree of India’s GVC linkages, by sector, by industry (preliminary analysis by GVC measures as well as in-depth econometric analysis), consequences of GVCs for economic prosperity i.e. industrial or economic upgrading (including trade-oriented upgrading and adaptation), the impact of GVCs on social upgrading, such as reflection on labour market dynamics (because social upgrading is not immediately associated with industrial or economics upgrading).","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78240862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-31DOI: 10.19044/ESJ.2021.V17N1P68
Anthony Okafor
The impact of the U.S - China trade conflict extends beyond both nations' economies to the economies of trade allies and non-trading partners caught in the web of the trade impasse. This paper conducts a sectorial analysis of the trade conflict on the U.S economy using the manufacturing, agriculture, and technology sectors as metrics. We explore data from the databases of the U.S Census Bureau and the U.S Bureau of Economic Analysis from 2001 to 2019. The trade conflict has led to a significant reduction in trades between both nations. The 25% counter tariff imposed by China reduced U.S exports by $30 billion between 2018 and 2019. Primary income receipts declined 10%, and secondary income receipts declined further in the negative territory. China's counter-tariffs increased component costs for the U.S automobile industry, leading to a reduction in the number of new and used vehicles sold during the period. We identify an incentive-driven trade policy framework against the current punitive stance, the resumption of trade negotiations, and leveraging the WTO's instrumentality as measures to resolve the current trade conflict.
{"title":"Sectorial Analysis of the U.S and China Trade Conflict","authors":"Anthony Okafor","doi":"10.19044/ESJ.2021.V17N1P68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/ESJ.2021.V17N1P68","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the U.S - China trade conflict extends beyond both nations' economies to the economies of trade allies and non-trading partners caught in the web of the trade impasse. This paper conducts a sectorial analysis of the trade conflict on the U.S economy using the manufacturing, agriculture, and technology sectors as metrics. We explore data from the databases of the U.S Census Bureau and the U.S Bureau of Economic Analysis from 2001 to 2019. The trade conflict has led to a significant reduction in trades between both nations. The 25% counter tariff imposed by China reduced U.S exports by $30 billion between 2018 and 2019. Primary income receipts declined 10%, and secondary income receipts declined further in the negative territory. China's counter-tariffs increased component costs for the U.S automobile industry, leading to a reduction in the number of new and used vehicles sold during the period. We identify an incentive-driven trade policy framework against the current punitive stance, the resumption of trade negotiations, and leveraging the WTO's instrumentality as measures to resolve the current trade conflict.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90453540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper employs a large BVAR model with common stochastic volatility to examine the effects of oil supply shocks, global oil demand shocks and precautionary oil shocks on 17 U.S. macroeconomic and financial market variables from 1986Q1 to 2019Q2. Generalized impulse response functions calculated using stochastic volatility provide a time-varying account of the impacts of the shocks occurring in each quarter. We also compute standard impulse response functions for shocks of the sizes evident in 2019Q2 and 2008Q4. The magnitudes of the generalized impulse response functions vary over time, but the fluctuations are not particularly different except during the global financial crisis. All oil shocks have permanent inflationary effects; there is evidence of long-run adverse effects on several macroeconomic variables because of global oil demand shocks despite rising GDP, and all oil shocks negatively affect the U.S. stock and currency markets in the long term, but the effects on the bond market differ.
{"title":"How do Oil Shocks Transmit Through the US Economy? Evidence from a Large BVAR Model with Stochastic Volatility","authors":"Renée Fry-McKibbin, Beili Zhu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3773914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3773914","url":null,"abstract":"This paper employs a large BVAR model with common stochastic volatility to examine the effects of oil supply shocks, global oil demand shocks and precautionary oil shocks on 17 U.S. macroeconomic and financial market variables from 1986Q1 to 2019Q2. Generalized impulse response functions calculated using stochastic volatility provide a time-varying account of the impacts of the shocks occurring in each quarter. We also compute standard impulse response functions for shocks of the sizes evident in 2019Q2 and 2008Q4. The magnitudes of the generalized impulse response functions vary over time, but the fluctuations are not particularly different except during the global financial crisis. All oil shocks have permanent inflationary effects; there is evidence of long-run adverse effects on several macroeconomic variables because of global oil demand shocks despite rising GDP, and all oil shocks negatively affect the U.S. stock and currency markets in the long term, but the effects on the bond market differ.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77544148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenya’s current account for quite over a long time has experienced deterioration and hence reflecting a deficit. This worsening in the current account balance is as a result of high growth in import merchandise bill relative to export merchandise hence the import-export gap has continued to worsen, the high continuous rise of inflation rate and overall slow economic growth in Kenya. It is however despite the deterioration Kenya marked some significant surpluses the current accounts within the period for some years that is 1977 and 2003. In 1977 the surplus was attributed to the coffee boom and in 2003 it was attributed to decline in imports as receipts from exports increased. The performance of BOP is influenced by a number of factors which among others include; trade balance, terms of trade, competitiveness, domestic money supply, exchange rate, fiscal deficit, economic growth rate, domestic capital formation, inflation rate, net foreign direct investment, capital market, remittances and loans.
{"title":"A Descriptive Analysis of Trade and Balance of Payment in Kenya","authors":"Dorcas Musili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3771675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3771675","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya’s current account for quite over a long time has experienced deterioration and hence reflecting a deficit. This worsening in the current account balance is as a result of high growth in import merchandise bill relative to export merchandise hence the import-export gap has continued to worsen, the high continuous rise of inflation rate and overall slow economic growth in Kenya. It is however despite the deterioration Kenya marked some significant surpluses the current accounts within the period for some years that is 1977 and 2003. In 1977 the surplus was attributed to the coffee boom and in 2003 it was attributed to decline in imports as receipts from exports increased. The performance of BOP is influenced by a number of factors which among others include; trade balance, terms of trade, competitiveness, domestic money supply, exchange rate, fiscal deficit, economic growth rate, domestic capital formation, inflation rate, net foreign direct investment, capital market, remittances and loans.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75524719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the current Trump´s stated trade policy it is interesting how the EU has established silently in the past trade barriers. The banana regime (BR) has been one of the most politically sensitive, technically complicated and economically complex legal disputes. The BR has started after WWII as a protection measure for former European colonies. With the single European market, a European-wide import regime was established. BR was introduced, even though the EC had to know that it conflicted with international trade rules. The paper shows the various effects caused by the banana import regime. The banana price increase reduced the banana consumption, which led to a dead-weight loss in the EU and welfare losses of the exporting countries. On the other side, the demand for substitutes (e.g., apple, pears) increased. The efficiency of the supply chain was impaired leading to additional environmental pollution. The regulation created incentives for customs fraud. The organized crime (Mafia) received an enormous cash inflow. The BR is a deliberate violation of international law; it reduces consumer welfare, it harms environment and sustainability and leads to an inequality of income distribution. Against this background, the paper examines why neither consumers nor European politicians perceived the BR as a problem, why was there no public pressure, why there was no ecological resistance, and why the WTO-negotiations could be delayed so long.
{"title":"Hidden European Union Trade Regulations: The Case of the Banana Import Regime and the Lack of Perception","authors":"W. Schulz, Christina Edye, Oliver Franck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3765483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765483","url":null,"abstract":"Given the current Trump´s stated trade policy it is interesting how the EU has established silently in the past trade barriers. The banana regime (BR) has been one of the most politically sensitive, technically complicated and economically complex legal disputes. The BR has started after WWII as a protection measure for former European colonies. With the single European market, a European-wide import regime was established. BR was introduced, even though the EC had to know that it conflicted with international trade rules. The paper shows the various effects caused by the banana import regime. The banana price increase reduced the banana consumption, which led to a dead-weight loss in the EU and welfare losses of the exporting countries. On the other side, the demand for substitutes (e.g., apple, pears) increased. The efficiency of the supply chain was impaired leading to additional environmental pollution. The regulation created incentives for customs fraud. The organized crime (Mafia) received an enormous cash inflow. The BR is a deliberate violation of international law; it reduces consumer welfare, it harms environment and sustainability and leads to an inequality of income distribution. Against this background, the paper examines why neither consumers nor European politicians perceived the BR as a problem, why was there no public pressure, why there was no ecological resistance, and why the WTO-negotiations could be delayed so long.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75024365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The economic consequences of French conquest and rule in Italy remain unclear. Recent GDP estimates suggest that the early 1800s were characterized by a short-lived rebound, interrupting a long-run decline from the 1720s to the 1870s. We evaluate the extent to which French rule can help explain this rebound. Similarly, we study to what extent the economic policy of the post-1815 "Restoration" era can explain the return to a downward economic trajectory. Finally, we analyze the legacy of institutional reforms initiated during the Napoleonic era for modern economic growth in the late nineteenth century. Overall, our analysis draws a distinction between the short run and the long run. The evidence suggests that the short-run economic and social costs of French rule in Italy outweighed any economic gains. By improving the underlying institutional environment, however, Napoleon's economic legacy may have been beneficial to long-run development, but only after several decades and the establishment of further institutional reforms, pioneered by Piedmont from 1848 onward, and adopted throughout Italy after the political unification of the peninsula in 1861.
{"title":"Napoleon in Italy: A Legacy of Institutional Reform?","authors":"G. Federico, M. Dincecco","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3187337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3187337","url":null,"abstract":"The economic consequences of French conquest and rule in Italy remain unclear. Recent GDP estimates suggest that the early 1800s were characterized by a short-lived rebound, interrupting a long-run decline from the 1720s to the 1870s. We evaluate the extent to which French rule can help explain this rebound. Similarly, we study to what extent the economic policy of the post-1815 \"Restoration\" era can explain the return to a downward economic trajectory. Finally, we analyze the legacy of institutional reforms initiated during the Napoleonic era for modern economic growth in the late nineteenth century. Overall, our analysis draws a distinction between the short run and the long run. The evidence suggests that the short-run economic and social costs of French rule in Italy outweighed any economic gains. By improving the underlying institutional environment, however, Napoleon's economic legacy may have been beneficial to long-run development, but only after several decades and the establishment of further institutional reforms, pioneered by Piedmont from 1848 onward, and adopted throughout Italy after the political unification of the peninsula in 1861.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86783366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since its inception, money has been on the lookout for a credible intrinsic value. In the quest for Intrinsic value, money has been pegged to cattle, gold, other precious metals and so on. But the pegs haven’t held for long. Presently we are in that phase of economic evolution, where money is imposed by fiat i.e Fiat Money. But Fiat Money has its own pitfalls. Among others, Fiat Money has been unable to solve problems like economic inequality, risk of Hyperinflation, recession cycles etc. Fiat Money also does not have a solution for mankind’s aspiration for the stars. What kind of Money will be used in Extraterrestrial Settlements? In what manner will intra-planetary or inter-stellar trade be conducted?
It is therefore evident that mankind’s rapid technological and cultural evolution cannot be fulfilled by existing money systems. To eliminate the downsides of Fiat Money or gold standard money, and also in the quest for money with ‘Future-enabling’ properties, we shall look into Kardashev Tokens. Firstly we will discuss the reasons why present money regimes lack the wherewithal to support rapid human advancements in technology, and culture. Secondly, the concept of a Kardashev Civilization is examined keeping in mind its economic ramifications. Based on this principle, the notion of Kardashev Tokens is derived. Next, we discuss the various aspects of Kardashev Tokens. Finally we shall conclude by summarizing the salient features of Kardashev Tokens.
{"title":"Kardashev Tokens: Energy Anchored, Rights Based, Entropic Transaction Units","authors":"Kartik Hegadekatti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3762415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762415","url":null,"abstract":"Since its inception, money has been on the lookout for a credible intrinsic value. In the quest for Intrinsic value, money has been pegged to cattle, gold, other precious metals and so on. But the pegs haven’t held for long. Presently we are in that phase of economic evolution, where money is imposed by fiat i.e Fiat Money. But Fiat Money has its own pitfalls. Among others, Fiat Money has been unable to solve problems like economic inequality, risk of Hyperinflation, recession cycles etc. Fiat Money also does not have a solution for mankind’s aspiration for the stars. What kind of Money will be used in Extraterrestrial Settlements? In what manner will intra-planetary or inter-stellar trade be conducted?<br><br>It is therefore evident that mankind’s rapid technological and cultural evolution cannot be fulfilled by existing money systems. To eliminate the downsides of Fiat Money or gold standard money, and also in the quest for money with ‘Future-enabling’ properties, we shall look into Kardashev Tokens. Firstly we will discuss the reasons why present money regimes lack the wherewithal to support rapid human advancements in technology, and culture. Secondly, the concept of a Kardashev Civilization is examined keeping in mind its economic ramifications. Based on this principle, the notion of Kardashev Tokens is derived. Next, we discuss the various aspects of Kardashev Tokens. Finally we shall conclude by summarizing the salient features of Kardashev Tokens.<br>","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85210137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В данной работе проанализированы имеющиеся методики оценок незаконного импорта и уровня собираемости таможенных пошлин и налогов, описан международный опыт измерения т.н. «налоговых разрывов», оценок незаконного импорта. Представлены различные оценки незаконного импорта в Российской Федерации.
English Abstract: This research analyzes the applicable methods for estimating illegal imports and the level of collection of customs duties and taxes, describes the foreign experience in measuring the so-called "tax gaps" and the share of illegal imports.
{"title":"Методологические подходы к оценкам незаконного импорта и уровня собираемости таможенных платежей Methodological Approaches to Assessing Illegal Imports and the Level of Collection of Customs Payments)","authors":"G. Balandina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3860730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3860730","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В данной работе проанализированы имеющиеся методики оценок незаконного импорта и уровня собираемости таможенных пошлин и налогов, описан международный опыт измерения т.н. «налоговых разрывов», оценок незаконного импорта. Представлены различные оценки незаконного импорта в Российской Федерации. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This research analyzes the applicable methods for estimating illegal imports and the level of collection of customs duties and taxes, describes the foreign experience in measuring the so-called \"tax gaps\" and the share of illegal imports.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88450342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: Данное исследование посвящено оценке влияния защитных торговых мер на российских экспортеров. В период роста протекционизма, наблюдающегося в последние годы, важным фактором остается использование мер защиты внутреннего рынка. Изучение влияния таких мер на российских экспортеров видится актуальным в особенности в свете поставленных целей достижения экспорта несырьевых неэнергетических товаров в размере 250 млрд долл. к 2024 году в соответствии с Национальным проектом Международная кооперация и экспорт. В настоящий момент против российских экспортеров действует около 49 антидемпинговых мер. Российский экспорт товаров, попадающий под эти меры, составляет примерно половину экспорта России соответствующих товаров и около 3% экспорта России всех товаров. Против России действует порядка 24 специальных защитных мер. Экспорт России, который попадает под специальные защитные меры, составляет около 25% российского экспорта соответствующих товаров и 2% всего российского экспорта. Недобросовестное применение защитных мер продолжает приводить к большому числу торговых споров в рамках ВТО. Основой целью исследования стала оценка на микро и макро-данных влияние мер защиты внутренних рынков торговых партнеров на российских экспортеров, выявить возможности в данном контексте для увеличения российского несырьевого экспорта. Были получены эмпирические оценки влияния мер защиты внутреннего рынка торговых партнеров на российских экспортеров, как на макро уровне, так и на уровне фирм, сравнение различий во влиянии для разных защитных мер, торговых партнеров, вводящих меры против российских экспортеров и т.д. Защитные меры отрицательно и в значительной степени влияют на российский экспорт. В дальнейшем, по-видимому, защитные меры будут использоваться странами все более активно, в том числе против российских экспортеров. Будут выработаны рекомендации по участию России в разрешении споров ВТО по защитным мерам, в деятельности по реформированию ВТО с целью сохранения ВТО, как основы многосторонней торговой системы, в интеграционных соглашениях в контексте мер защиты внутреннего рынка. Активное участие в разрешении споров ВТО по защитным мерам, активная позиция России по сохранению ВТО, как основы многосторонней торговой системы в деятельности по реформированию ВТО, может привести к снижению недобросовестного использования мер защиты внутреннего рынка, в том числе против российских экспортеров. Это может способствовать росту российского несырьевого экспорта. Участие в региональных интеграционных соглашениях не спасает от использования защитных мер против страны, но может снизить их влияние на экспортеров, что также может способствовать росту российского несырьевого экспорта.
English Abstract: This study assesses the impact of trade safeguards on Russian exporters. In the period of growth of protectionism observed in recent years, the use of measures to protect the domestic market remains an important factor. Studying the im
俄罗斯Abstract:这项研究旨在评估保护贸易措施对俄罗斯出口商的影响。在近年来保护主义日益增长的时期，重要的因素仍然是采取保护国内市场的措施。研究这些措施对俄罗斯出口商的影响尤其重要，因为到2024年，根据国家项目国际合作和出口，实现实现2500亿美元非能源出口的目标。目前，大约49项反倾销措施针对俄罗斯出口商。俄罗斯对这些措施的出口约占俄罗斯出口的一半，占所有商品出口的3%。大约有24项针对俄罗斯的特别保护措施。受到特别保护的俄罗斯出口约占俄罗斯出口的25%，占俄罗斯出口的2%。恶意的保护措施继续导致世贸组织内部的大量贸易纠纷。这项研究的主要目的是评估保护国内贸易伙伴市场对俄罗斯出口商的影响，以确定在这种情况下增加俄罗斯非原材料出口的可能性。成绩经验影响措施保护国内市场贸易伙伴俄罗斯出口商,在宏观层面和企业层面,比较不同防护措施的影响,贸易伙伴分歧、误导性的措施针对俄罗斯出口商等防护措施负在很大程度上影响俄罗斯出口。今后，各国似乎将更加积极地使用保护措施，包括针对俄罗斯出口商。建议俄罗斯参与解决世贸组织的保护措施争端，改革世贸组织，以维护世贸组织作为多边贸易体系基础的世贸组织，并在国内市场保护措施的框架内纳入协议。积极参与世贸组织保护措施争端，俄罗斯作为世贸组织改革行动多边贸易体系基础的积极立场，可能会减少对国内市场保护措施(包括对俄罗斯出口商)的恶意利用。这可能会增加俄罗斯的非原材料出口。参与区域一体化协议并不能阻止对国家采取保护措施，但可能会削弱它们对出口国的影响，也可能增加俄罗斯的非原材料出口。英语Abstract:这是俄罗斯出口贸易保护器的冲击。在保护森林的早期观察中，利用家庭市场的影响因素。在俄罗斯远征期间，以225亿美元比2024美元在国家国际合作项目和出口项目中花费了大约250亿美元。Currently, 49反dumping measures在俄罗斯出口力量。俄罗斯人的出口是俄罗斯人的出口，而俄罗斯人的出口是俄罗斯人的3%。有24种特殊的保护措施。俄罗斯出口，为什么俄罗斯特别安全，25%的俄罗斯出口，2%的俄罗斯出口。在WTO的帮助下，大陆变得更大了。这门课的主要内容是对俄罗斯微型和macro数据项目上的商业合作伙伴的恶意攻击，以及俄罗斯不受欢迎的非原始出口的identify opportunities。实证assessments were obtained of the impact of措施to保护内科学market of trading partners on俄罗斯exporters both at the macro level and at the level of firms comparison of differences in impact for different保护措施,trading partners,介绍etc.The措施against俄罗斯exporters,保护措施have a阴性and impact on一张重要出口俄罗斯。在未来，apparently, protective measures将会被更多的国家和更多的活动所接受。重新组合将是在俄罗斯的分裂中发现的部分，在最初的交易系统中恢复WTO，在internal market的赞助下。 积极参与解决世贸组织有关保护措施的争端，俄罗斯在世贸组织改革活动中保持世贸组织作为多边贸易体制基础的积极立场，可能导致不公平使用措施保护内部市场的情况减少，包括针对俄罗斯出口商的措施。这有助于俄罗斯非资源出口的增长。参加区域一体化协定并不能防止对俄罗斯采取保护措施，但可以减少这些措施对出口商的影响，这也有助于俄罗斯非资源出口的增长。 积极参与解决世贸组织有关保护措施的争端，俄罗斯在世贸组织改革活动中保持世贸组织作为多边贸易体制基础的积极立场，可能导致不公平使用措施保护内部市场的情况减少，包括针对俄罗斯出口商的措施。这有助于俄罗斯非资源出口的增长。参加区域一体化协定并不能防止对俄罗斯采取保护措施，但可以减少这些措施对出口商的影响，这也有助于俄罗斯非资源出口的增长。
{"title":"ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЗАЩИТНЫХ ТОРГОВЫХ МЕР НА РОССИЙСКИХ ЭКСПОРТЕРОВ (Approaches to Assessment of the Impact of Protective Trade Measures on Russian Exporters)","authors":"Y. Zaytsev, Marina Baeva, Alexander Knobel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3779517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3779517","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Данное исследование посвящено оценке влияния защитных торговых мер на российских экспортеров. В период роста протекционизма, наблюдающегося в последние годы, важным фактором остается использование мер защиты внутреннего рынка. Изучение влияния таких мер на российских экспортеров видится актуальным в особенности в свете поставленных целей достижения экспорта несырьевых неэнергетических товаров в размере 250 млрд долл. к 2024 году в соответствии с Национальным проектом Международная кооперация и экспорт. В настоящий момент против российских экспортеров действует около 49 антидемпинговых мер. Российский экспорт товаров, попадающий под эти меры, составляет примерно половину экспорта России соответствующих товаров и около 3% экспорта России всех товаров. Против России действует порядка 24 специальных защитных мер. Экспорт России, который попадает под специальные защитные меры, составляет около 25% российского экспорта соответствующих товаров и 2% всего российского экспорта. Недобросовестное применение защитных мер продолжает приводить к большому числу торговых споров в рамках ВТО.<br>Основой целью исследования стала оценка на микро и макро-данных влияние мер защиты внутренних рынков торговых партнеров на российских экспортеров, выявить возможности в данном контексте для увеличения российского несырьевого экспорта. Были получены эмпирические оценки влияния мер защиты внутреннего рынка торговых партнеров на российских экспортеров, как на макро уровне, так и на уровне фирм, сравнение различий во влиянии для разных защитных мер, торговых партнеров, вводящих меры против российских экспортеров и т.д. <br>Защитные меры отрицательно и в значительной степени влияют на российский экспорт. В дальнейшем, по-видимому, защитные меры будут использоваться странами все более активно, в том числе против российских экспортеров. Будут выработаны рекомендации по участию России в разрешении споров ВТО по защитным мерам, в деятельности по реформированию ВТО с целью сохранения ВТО, как основы многосторонней торговой системы, в интеграционных соглашениях в контексте мер защиты внутреннего рынка. <br>Активное участие в разрешении споров ВТО по защитным мерам, активная позиция России по сохранению ВТО, как основы многосторонней торговой системы в деятельности по реформированию ВТО, может привести к снижению недобросовестного использования мер защиты внутреннего рынка, в том числе против российских экспортеров. Это может способствовать росту российского несырьевого экспорта. Участие в региональных интеграционных соглашениях не спасает от использования защитных мер против страны, но может снизить их влияние на экспортеров, что также может способствовать росту российского несырьевого экспорта.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This study assesses the impact of trade safeguards on Russian exporters. In the period of growth of protectionism observed in recent years, the use of measures to protect the domestic market remains an important factor. Studying the im","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84262971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract : This paper aims to investigate the economic and institutional determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the world post-2000. To this end, I analyze the inwards stocks of FDIs using unilateral and bilateral data. Based on the UNCTAD database, I also study the impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on the inflow of FDIs. Main results provide evidence supporting the idea that treaties increase the inflows of FDIs in the years following their signature. However, regulations aimed at increasing the protection of property rights have a larger effect on the attractiveness for investors. This paper does not find robust evidence demonstrating that political stability and corruption level have significant effects. More, I demonstrate that an increase of tariffs in the host country results in an increase of FDIs, supposedly due to relocation processes.
{"title":"The Economic and Institutional Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments","authors":"Maxime Delabarre","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3917585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917585","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : This paper aims to investigate the economic and institutional determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the world post-2000. To this end, I analyze the inwards stocks of FDIs using unilateral and bilateral data. Based on the UNCTAD database, I also study the impact of Bilateral Investment Treaties on the inflow of FDIs. Main results provide evidence supporting the idea that treaties increase the inflows of FDIs in the years following their signature. However, regulations aimed at increasing the protection of property rights have a larger effect on the attractiveness for investors. This paper does not find robust evidence demonstrating that political stability and corruption level have significant effects. More, I demonstrate that an increase of tariffs in the host country results in an increase of FDIs, supposedly due to relocation processes.","PeriodicalId":14394,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Trade Policy eJournal","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80204513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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