Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0005
J. Katz
This chapter considers the etymological material that remains in the Lexicon and why it is there. It suggests that because pronouns, prepositions, temporal adverbs like ‘now’ and ‘yesterday’, and basic verbs like ‘want’ and ‘come’ are part of everyday vocabulary, they are likely to be inherited. And because they are likely to be inherited, they are likely to be inherited into other languages as well, thereby giving evidence of cognates and allowing for the reconstruction of preforms from the distant past. Because of all this, it is easy enough for the compilers of a dictionary to provide at least minimal—and typically semantically unexciting—etymological information about them.
{"title":"Etymology and Etymologies in the Lexicon","authors":"J. Katz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the etymological material that remains in the Lexicon and why it is there. It suggests that because pronouns, prepositions, temporal adverbs like ‘now’ and ‘yesterday’, and basic verbs like ‘want’ and ‘come’ are part of everyday vocabulary, they are likely to be inherited. And because they are likely to be inherited, they are likely to be inherited into other languages as well, thereby giving evidence of cognates and allowing for the reconstruction of preforms from the distant past. Because of all this, it is easy enough for the compilers of a dictionary to provide at least minimal—and typically semantically unexciting—etymological information about them.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130036629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0007
T. Mackenzie
This chapter presents a case study of the Lexicon’s treatment of a single author, Hesiod. Early Greek poetry in general, and that of Hesiod in particular, presents certain difficulties for the historical approach which do not arise for texts of later periods. The main body of the chapter is divided into three sections, treating different respects in which Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the historical principle it adopts, may seem problematic for the modern reader of Hesiod. The first section considers the ways in which LSJ conflicts with current beliefs concerning the text and dating of Hesiod. The second outlines some respects in which the historical principle may be inadequate for dealing with early Greek hexameter in general, given more recent scholarship on the nature and semantics of formulaic verse. The third treats more idiosyncratic features of Hesiod’s poetry that are particularly noteworthy for the lexicographer. Throughout, the main focus is on the Theogony and the Works and Days.
{"title":"A Canonical Author","authors":"T. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a case study of the Lexicon’s treatment of a single author, Hesiod. Early Greek poetry in general, and that of Hesiod in particular, presents certain difficulties for the historical approach which do not arise for texts of later periods. The main body of the chapter is divided into three sections, treating different respects in which Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the historical principle it adopts, may seem problematic for the modern reader of Hesiod. The first section considers the ways in which LSJ conflicts with current beliefs concerning the text and dating of Hesiod. The second outlines some respects in which the historical principle may be inadequate for dealing with early Greek hexameter in general, given more recent scholarship on the nature and semantics of formulaic verse. The third treats more idiosyncratic features of Hesiod’s poetry that are particularly noteworthy for the lexicographer. Throughout, the main focus is on the Theogony and the Works and Days.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130608069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0009
E. Craik
This chapter considers the emergence of Hippocratic lexicography. The study of medical texts, and to a limited extent the study of medical vocabulary, has attracted much interest recently, and can be viewed as an academic growth area. The proliferation of new subject areas—women’s studies, sociology, environmental issues, ethnography—which impinge on issues of human health and well-being has caused scholars to look anew at the rich source material to be found in medical writings. The situation has changed greatly since the first edition of the Lexicon in 1843 and even since the ninth in 1925–40: ancient medicine, once viewed as the esoteric pursuit of eccentrics or the province of retired physicians, has become a mainstream area of academic specialization. There is now a large and growing constituency of young, and not so young, scholars who need a lexicon to consult for aid in reading these unfamiliar and frequently difficult texts.
{"title":"Medical Vocabulary, with Especial Reference to the Hippocratic Corpus","authors":"E. Craik","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the emergence of Hippocratic lexicography. The study of medical texts, and to a limited extent the study of medical vocabulary, has attracted much interest recently, and can be viewed as an academic growth area. The proliferation of new subject areas—women’s studies, sociology, environmental issues, ethnography—which impinge on issues of human health and well-being has caused scholars to look anew at the rich source material to be found in medical writings. The situation has changed greatly since the first edition of the Lexicon in 1843 and even since the ninth in 1925–40: ancient medicine, once viewed as the esoteric pursuit of eccentrics or the province of retired physicians, has become a mainstream area of academic specialization. There is now a large and growing constituency of young, and not so young, scholars who need a lexicon to consult for aid in reading these unfamiliar and frequently difficult texts.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125267185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0012
P. Probert
This chapter considers the treatment of dialect forms in Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the origins of LSJ’s practice. It shows that although Aeolic and Doric forms of words sometimes get their own LSJ entries, the main or most informative entry is for a non-Aeolic or non-Doric form wherever the observed data made this possible. At first sight, the obvious conclusion is that some non-Aeolic and non-Doric dialect, such as Attic, functions as the basic dialect for LSJ. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that the Lexicon is not built on a principle of treating any one variety of Greek as ‘basic’. Instead LSJ operates with the notion of a normal or default form: a form judged to be available for use in the widest range of Greek texts. By designating a form as the ‘common form’ or choosing it as the basic dictionary entry, LSJ make a judgement about the wide availability of the form in principle, not about its actual attestation.
{"title":"Greek Dialects in the Lexicon","authors":"P. Probert","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the treatment of dialect forms in Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the origins of LSJ’s practice. It shows that although Aeolic and Doric forms of words sometimes get their own LSJ entries, the main or most informative entry is for a non-Aeolic or non-Doric form wherever the observed data made this possible. At first sight, the obvious conclusion is that some non-Aeolic and non-Doric dialect, such as Attic, functions as the basic dialect for LSJ. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that the Lexicon is not built on a principle of treating any one variety of Greek as ‘basic’. Instead LSJ operates with the notion of a normal or default form: a form judged to be available for use in the widest range of Greek texts. By designating a form as the ‘common form’ or choosing it as the basic dictionary entry, LSJ make a judgement about the wide availability of the form in principle, not about its actual attestation.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131875347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0015
D. Goldstein
This chapter contrasts the Liddell and Scott (LSJ) account of the particle γε with an approach that takes advantage of some of the conceptual tools of twenty-first century semantics and pragmatics. It begins by discussing the question of why describing the meaning of discourse particles is so challenging. From here, it homes in on the particle γε, ‘one of the subtlest and most elusive particles’, according to Denniston (1954). After critically reviewing its article in LSJ, it presents the results of a fresh examination of the particle in two Platonic dialogues, Meno and Cratylus, focusing on the most salient aspects of its meaning, especially phenomena that LSJ does not mention. It argues that γε is characterized by two semantic properties: scalar interpretation and non-at issue semantics.
{"title":"Discourse Particles in LSJ","authors":"D. Goldstein","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contrasts the Liddell and Scott (LSJ) account of the particle γε with an approach that takes advantage of some of the conceptual tools of twenty-first century semantics and pragmatics. It begins by discussing the question of why describing the meaning of discourse particles is so challenging. From here, it homes in on the particle γε, ‘one of the subtlest and most elusive particles’, according to Denniston (1954). After critically reviewing its article in LSJ, it presents the results of a fresh examination of the particle in two Platonic dialogues, Meno and Cratylus, focusing on the most salient aspects of its meaning, especially phenomena that LSJ does not mention. It argues that γε is characterized by two semantic properties: scalar interpretation and non-at issue semantics.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127079835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0021
J. Considine
This chapter focuses on the making of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). It considers the claim of language sciences historian Hans Aarsleff that the lexicography of the OED depends entirely on Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. The story of the relationship between Liddell and Scott and the OED, which was to be published as A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) and then came to be known from the 1890s onwards as the OED falls into three parts. The first concerns the place of Liddell and Scott in the thought of the founders of the NED/OED project in the late 1850s and early 1860s. The second concerns the Lexicon’s place in the thought and practice of the founding editor of the printed dictionary, James Murray, from the late 1870s onwards. The third concerns the relationship between editions of Liddell and Scott and of the OED in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
{"title":"Liddell and Scott and the Oxford English Dictionary","authors":"J. Considine","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the making of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). It considers the claim of language sciences historian Hans Aarsleff that the lexicography of the OED depends entirely on Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. The story of the relationship between Liddell and Scott and the OED, which was to be published as A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) and then came to be known from the 1890s onwards as the OED falls into three parts. The first concerns the place of Liddell and Scott in the thought of the founders of the NED/OED project in the late 1850s and early 1860s. The second concerns the Lexicon’s place in the thought and practice of the founding editor of the printed dictionary, James Murray, from the late 1870s onwards. The third concerns the relationship between editions of Liddell and Scott and of the OED in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130546502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0002
M. Williamson
Any reading of a Greek text is an act of translation. However, it is heavily mediated by those previous dialogues represented by the tools of scholarship, which may be regarded as a kind of secondary speech community for a language no longer spoken. Foremost among these tools for an Anglophone scholar has been Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. The conversation in which one engages in consulting its glosses is at the very least three-way, involving not only ancient Greek and one’s own ‘mother tongue’, but also the English of Liddell and Scott. This chapter seeks to bring into sharper focus the vocabulary of the first edition’s glosses—a task rendered urgent not only by the passage of time but also by the fact that the editors had an axe to grind in selecting it.
{"title":"Dictionaries as Translations","authors":"M. Williamson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Any reading of a Greek text is an act of translation. However, it is heavily mediated by those previous dialogues represented by the tools of scholarship, which may be regarded as a kind of secondary speech community for a language no longer spoken. Foremost among these tools for an Anglophone scholar has been Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. The conversation in which one engages in consulting its glosses is at the very least three-way, involving not only ancient Greek and one’s own ‘mother tongue’, but also the English of Liddell and Scott. This chapter seeks to bring into sharper focus the vocabulary of the first edition’s glosses—a task rendered urgent not only by the passage of time but also by the fact that the editors had an axe to grind in selecting it.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116872146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0019
M. West
This chapter considers the creation of a few works of intermediate character that combine the full and exact detail typical of the special lexica with coverage of a wider band of literature. An example is the vision of a Poetic Lexicon of Classical Greek, embracing epic, elegy, iambus, lyric, philosophical poetry, drama, and verse inscriptions of the pre-Alexandrian centuries. The chapter presents a few specimen entries: an interjection, an adjective, a verb, and a noun. The layout of the entries will remind the reader of Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the model of LSJ has been followed in many respects. One difference is that where there is anything to say about etymologies it is put at the beginning.
本章考虑了一些中间字符作品的创作，这些作品结合了特殊词典的完整和精确的细节，涵盖了更广泛的文学作品。一个例子是古典希腊诗歌词典的愿景，包括史诗，挽歌，抑扬格，抒情诗，哲学诗，戏剧和前亚历山大世纪的诗句铭文。本章提供了几个样本条目:一个感叹词，一个形容词，一个动词和一个名词。条目的布局会让读者想起Liddell and Scott (LSJ)， LSJ的模式在很多方面都被遵循。一个不同之处在于，关于词源学的内容被放在开头。
{"title":"Diminishing Returns and New Challenges","authors":"M. West","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the creation of a few works of intermediate character that combine the full and exact detail typical of the special lexica with coverage of a wider band of literature. An example is the vision of a Poetic Lexicon of Classical Greek, embracing epic, elegy, iambus, lyric, philosophical poetry, drama, and verse inscriptions of the pre-Alexandrian centuries. The chapter presents a few specimen entries: an interjection, an adjective, a verb, and a noun. The layout of the entries will remind the reader of Liddell and Scott (LSJ), and the model of LSJ has been followed in many respects. One difference is that where there is anything to say about etymologies it is put at the beginning.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128516366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0014
Michael Clarke
The lexicographer’s engagement with a word is fundamentally a search for unity: a search for the essential idea that holds together a group of things (referents, concepts, senses, etc) that may not be straightforwardly united in the modern mother tongue that provides our metalanguage and our default assumptions. This chapter approaches the problem with the help of perspectives from prototype theory, one of the richest areas in the relatively young discipline of cognitive linguistics. Typically, work in this field is presented as a contribution to the understanding of meaning as such, of the workings of the mental lexicon as an aspect of the human language faculty. The use of prototype theory here will be more limited, avoiding any claims to truth-value and treating it as a sounding-board for new possibilities in modelling and describing the behaviour of words.
{"title":"Looking for Unity in a Dictionary Entry","authors":"Michael Clarke","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The lexicographer’s engagement with a word is fundamentally a search for unity: a search for the essential idea that holds together a group of things (referents, concepts, senses, etc) that may not be straightforwardly united in the modern mother tongue that provides our metalanguage and our default assumptions. This chapter approaches the problem with the help of perspectives from prototype theory, one of the richest areas in the relatively young discipline of cognitive linguistics. Typically, work in this field is presented as a contribution to the understanding of meaning as such, of the workings of the mental lexicon as an aspect of the human language faculty. The use of prototype theory here will be more limited, avoiding any claims to truth-value and treating it as a sounding-board for new possibilities in modelling and describing the behaviour of words.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122787655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0016
J. Clackson
This chapter presents a survey of Greek terms for living beings. The Greek vocabulary is recorded for over a three thousand year time-span, and through reconstruction of the immediate ancestor of Greek, Proto-Indo-European, it is possible to go back further still. Examination of the different classificatory terms in Greek, with their ancestry, thus allows us to test some of the hypotheses proposed by linguistic ethnobotanists. One such hypothesis concerns the effect on the terms for animals made by the development from a hunter-gatherer to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle: Brown (2000) claims that taxonomies ‘of hunter gatherers tend to only have only one level, consisting entirely of generic classes’, and that over time ‘folk taxonomies have tended to expand up and down, adding more inclusive life-form and less inclusive specific classes to pre-existing generic categories’. The chapter sketches out the sort of contribution Greek can make to such debates.
{"title":"LSJ and the Diachronic Taxonomy of the Greek Vocabulary","authors":"J. Clackson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a survey of Greek terms for living beings. The Greek vocabulary is recorded for over a three thousand year time-span, and through reconstruction of the immediate ancestor of Greek, Proto-Indo-European, it is possible to go back further still. Examination of the different classificatory terms in Greek, with their ancestry, thus allows us to test some of the hypotheses proposed by linguistic ethnobotanists. One such hypothesis concerns the effect on the terms for animals made by the development from a hunter-gatherer to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle: Brown (2000) claims that taxonomies ‘of hunter gatherers tend to only have only one level, consisting entirely of generic classes’, and that over time ‘folk taxonomies have tended to expand up and down, adding more inclusive life-form and less inclusive specific classes to pre-existing generic categories’. The chapter sketches out the sort of contribution Greek can make to such debates.","PeriodicalId":145473,"journal":{"name":"Liddell and Scott","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129053261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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