Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030060
Beata Anwajler
In just a few short years, the additive manufacturing (AM) technology known as 3D printing has experienced intense growth from a niche technology to a disruptive innovation that has captured the imagination of mainstream manufacturers and hobbyists alike. The purpose of this article is to introduce the use of 3D printing for specific applications, materials, and manufacturing processes that help to optimize heat transfer in heat exchangers, with an emphasis on sustainability. The ability to create complex geometries, customize designs, and use advanced materials provides opportunities for more efficient and stable heat transfer solutions. One of the key benefits of incremental technology is the potential reduction in material waste compared to traditional manufacturing methods. By optimizing the design and structure of heat transfer components, 3D printing enables lighter yet more efficient solutions and systems. The localized manufacturing of components, which reduces the need for intensive transportation and associated carbon emissions, can lead to reduced energy consumption and improved overall efficiency. The customization and flexibility of 3D printing enables the integration of heat transfer components into renewable energy systems. This article presents the key challenges to be addressed and the fundamental research needed to realize the full potential of incremental manufacturing technologies to optimize heat transfer in heat exchangers. It also presents a critical discussion and outlook for solving global energy challenges through innovative incremental manufacturing technologies in the heat exchanger sector.
在短短几年内，被称为 3D 打印的增材制造（AM）技术经历了从利基技术到颠覆性创新的飞速发展，吸引了主流制造商和业余爱好者的想象力。本文旨在介绍 3D 打印在特定应用、材料和制造工艺中的应用，这些应用、材料和制造工艺有助于优化热交换器中的热传递，同时强调可持续性。创建复杂几何形状、定制设计和使用先进材料的能力为提供更高效、更稳定的传热解决方案提供了机会。与传统制造方法相比，增量技术的主要优势之一是可能减少材料浪费。通过优化传热组件的设计和结构，3D 打印技术可实现更轻便、更高效的解决方案和系统。部件的本地化制造减少了密集运输的需要和相关的碳排放，从而降低了能耗，提高了整体效率。三维打印的定制化和灵活性可将传热组件集成到可再生能源系统中。本文介绍了需要应对的关键挑战，以及充分发挥增量制造技术潜力以优化热交换器传热所需的基础研究。文章还对通过热交换器领域的创新增量制造技术解决全球能源挑战进行了重要讨论和展望。
{"title":"Potential of 3D Printing for Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Optimization—Sustainability Perspective","authors":"Beata Anwajler","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030060","url":null,"abstract":"In just a few short years, the additive manufacturing (AM) technology known as 3D printing has experienced intense growth from a niche technology to a disruptive innovation that has captured the imagination of mainstream manufacturers and hobbyists alike. The purpose of this article is to introduce the use of 3D printing for specific applications, materials, and manufacturing processes that help to optimize heat transfer in heat exchangers, with an emphasis on sustainability. The ability to create complex geometries, customize designs, and use advanced materials provides opportunities for more efficient and stable heat transfer solutions. One of the key benefits of incremental technology is the potential reduction in material waste compared to traditional manufacturing methods. By optimizing the design and structure of heat transfer components, 3D printing enables lighter yet more efficient solutions and systems. The localized manufacturing of components, which reduces the need for intensive transportation and associated carbon emissions, can lead to reduced energy consumption and improved overall efficiency. The customization and flexibility of 3D printing enables the integration of heat transfer components into renewable energy systems. This article presents the key challenges to be addressed and the fundamental research needed to realize the full potential of incremental manufacturing technologies to optimize heat transfer in heat exchangers. It also presents a critical discussion and outlook for solving global energy challenges through innovative incremental manufacturing technologies in the heat exchanger sector.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030057
Vinicius Akyo Matsuda, Ivan Talão Martins, Debora Carneiro Moreira, L. Cabezas-Gómez, Ê. B. Bandarra Filho
In this study, we introduced modifications to a prior existing enthalpic lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) tailored for simulating the conjugate heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media with time-dependent thermal properties. Our approach is based upon the incorporation of the remaining terms of a conservative energy equation, excluding only the terms regarding flow compressibility and viscous dissipation, thereby accounting for the local and transient variations in the thermophysical properties. The solutions of verification tests, comprising assessments of both transient and steady-state solutions, validated the accuracy of the proposed model, further bolstering its reliability for analyzing heat transfer processes. The modified model was then used to perform an analysis on structured cavities under free convection, revealing compelling insights, particularly regarding transient regimes, demonstrating that the structured cavities exhibit a beneficial impact on enhancing the heat transfer processes, hence providing insights for potential design enhancements in heat exchangers. These results demonstrate the potential of our modified enthalpic LBM approach for simulating complex heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media and structured geometries, offering valuable results for heat exchanger engineering and optimization.
{"title":"A Modified Enthalpic Lattice Boltzmann Method for Simulating Conjugate Heat Transfer Problems in Non-Homogeneous Media","authors":"Vinicius Akyo Matsuda, Ivan Talão Martins, Debora Carneiro Moreira, L. Cabezas-Gómez, Ê. B. Bandarra Filho","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030057","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we introduced modifications to a prior existing enthalpic lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) tailored for simulating the conjugate heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media with time-dependent thermal properties. Our approach is based upon the incorporation of the remaining terms of a conservative energy equation, excluding only the terms regarding flow compressibility and viscous dissipation, thereby accounting for the local and transient variations in the thermophysical properties. The solutions of verification tests, comprising assessments of both transient and steady-state solutions, validated the accuracy of the proposed model, further bolstering its reliability for analyzing heat transfer processes. The modified model was then used to perform an analysis on structured cavities under free convection, revealing compelling insights, particularly regarding transient regimes, demonstrating that the structured cavities exhibit a beneficial impact on enhancing the heat transfer processes, hence providing insights for potential design enhancements in heat exchangers. These results demonstrate the potential of our modified enthalpic LBM approach for simulating complex heat transfer phenomena in non-homogeneous media and structured geometries, offering valuable results for heat exchanger engineering and optimization.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140984309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030056
Jian Tiong Lim, E. Ng, Hamid Saeedipour, Hiang Kwee Lee
This paper proposes a solution to address the challenges of high storage and transport costs associated with using hydrogen (H2) as an energy source. It suggests utilizing ammonia (NH3) as a hydrogen carrier to produce H2 onsite for hydrogen gas turbines. NH3 offers higher volumetric hydrogen density compared to liquid H2, potentially reducing shipping costs by 40%. The process involves NH3 pyrolysis, which utilizes the heat waste from exhaust gas generated by gas turbines to produce H2 and nitrogen (N2). Numerical simulations were conducted to design and understand the behaviour of the heat recapture NH3 decomposition system. The design considerations included the concept of the number of transfer units and heat exchanger efficiency, achieving a heat recapture system efficiency of up to 91%. The simulation of NH3 decomposition was performed using ANSYS, a commercial simulation software, considering wall surface reactions, turbulent flow, and chemical reaction. Parameters such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor were provided by a study utilizing a nickel wire for NH3 decomposition experiments. The conversion of NH3 reached up to 94% via a nickel-based catalyst within a temperature range of 823 K to 923 K which is the exhaust gas temperature range. Various factors were considered to compare the efficiency of the system, including the mass flow of NH3, operating gauge pressure, mass flow of exhaust gas, among others. Result showed that pressure would not affect the conversion of NH3 at temperatures above 800 K, thus a lower amount of energy is required for a compression purpose in this approach. The conversion is maintained at 94% to 97% when lower activation energy is applied via a ruthenium-based catalyst. Overall, this study showed the feasibility of utilizing convective heat transfer from exhaust gas in hydrogen production by NH3 pyrolysis, and this will further enhance the development of NH3 as the potential H2 carrier for onsite production in hydrogen power generation.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Effective Heat Recapture Ammonia Pyrolysis System for Hydrogen Energy","authors":"Jian Tiong Lim, E. Ng, Hamid Saeedipour, Hiang Kwee Lee","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030056","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a solution to address the challenges of high storage and transport costs associated with using hydrogen (H2) as an energy source. It suggests utilizing ammonia (NH3) as a hydrogen carrier to produce H2 onsite for hydrogen gas turbines. NH3 offers higher volumetric hydrogen density compared to liquid H2, potentially reducing shipping costs by 40%. The process involves NH3 pyrolysis, which utilizes the heat waste from exhaust gas generated by gas turbines to produce H2 and nitrogen (N2). Numerical simulations were conducted to design and understand the behaviour of the heat recapture NH3 decomposition system. The design considerations included the concept of the number of transfer units and heat exchanger efficiency, achieving a heat recapture system efficiency of up to 91%. The simulation of NH3 decomposition was performed using ANSYS, a commercial simulation software, considering wall surface reactions, turbulent flow, and chemical reaction. Parameters such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor were provided by a study utilizing a nickel wire for NH3 decomposition experiments. The conversion of NH3 reached up to 94% via a nickel-based catalyst within a temperature range of 823 K to 923 K which is the exhaust gas temperature range. Various factors were considered to compare the efficiency of the system, including the mass flow of NH3, operating gauge pressure, mass flow of exhaust gas, among others. Result showed that pressure would not affect the conversion of NH3 at temperatures above 800 K, thus a lower amount of energy is required for a compression purpose in this approach. The conversion is maintained at 94% to 97% when lower activation energy is applied via a ruthenium-based catalyst. Overall, this study showed the feasibility of utilizing convective heat transfer from exhaust gas in hydrogen production by NH3 pyrolysis, and this will further enhance the development of NH3 as the potential H2 carrier for onsite production in hydrogen power generation.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030055
K. Kurnia, Ferry Saputra, Cao Thang Luong, M. J. Roldan, Tai-Sheng Cheng, Chung-Der Hsiao
Bird monitoring is an important approach to studying the diversity and abundance of birds, especially during migration, as it can provide core data for bird conservation purposes. The previous methods for bird number estimation are largely based on manual counting, which suffers from low throughput and a high error rate. In this study, we aimed to provide an alternative bird-counting method from video datasets by using five available ImageJ methods: Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, Watershed segmentation, TrackMate, and trainable WEKA segmentation. The numbers of birds and their XY coordinates were extracted from videos to conduct a side-by-side comparison with the manual counting results, and the three important criteria of the sensitivity, precision, and F1 score were calculated for the performance evaluation. From the tests, which we conducted for four different cases with different bird numbers or flying patterns, TrackMate had the best overall performance for counting birds and pinpointing their locations, followed by Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, WEKA, and lastly, Watershed, which showed low precision in most of the cases. In summary, five ImageJ-based counting methods were compared in this study, and we validated that TrackMate obtains the best performance for bird counting and detection.
{"title":"Performance Comparison of Five Methods Available in ImageJ for Bird Counting and Detection from Video Datasets","authors":"K. Kurnia, Ferry Saputra, Cao Thang Luong, M. J. Roldan, Tai-Sheng Cheng, Chung-Der Hsiao","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030055","url":null,"abstract":"Bird monitoring is an important approach to studying the diversity and abundance of birds, especially during migration, as it can provide core data for bird conservation purposes. The previous methods for bird number estimation are largely based on manual counting, which suffers from low throughput and a high error rate. In this study, we aimed to provide an alternative bird-counting method from video datasets by using five available ImageJ methods: Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, Watershed segmentation, TrackMate, and trainable WEKA segmentation. The numbers of birds and their XY coordinates were extracted from videos to conduct a side-by-side comparison with the manual counting results, and the three important criteria of the sensitivity, precision, and F1 score were calculated for the performance evaluation. From the tests, which we conducted for four different cases with different bird numbers or flying patterns, TrackMate had the best overall performance for counting birds and pinpointing their locations, followed by Particle Analyzer, Find Maxima, WEKA, and lastly, Watershed, which showed low precision in most of the cases. In summary, five ImageJ-based counting methods were compared in this study, and we validated that TrackMate obtains the best performance for bird counting and detection.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030054
V. Drăgan, O. Dumitrescu, Cristian Dobromirescu, I. Popa
This study presents a numerical approach to the design and optimization of centrifugal impellers used in the pumps of active thermal control systems of spacecraft. Although launch costs have shrunk in the last decade, the performance requirements, such as efficiency and reliability, have increased, as such systems are required to work up to 15 years, depending on the mission. To that effect, our paper deals with the first step in this pump design, namely the hydraulic optimization of the impeller. Constructively, this type of impeller allows for certain balancing systems and labyrinth seals to be applied in a more effective way, as well as allowing for additive manufacturing methods to be used—however, details regarding these aspects are beyond the scope of the current paper. By combining empirical formulas, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and artificial neural networks (ANNs), the research focuses on achieving high efficiency and fast manufacturing. A series of geometries have been sized and validated using steady-state RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations, leading to the identification of the most efficient configuration. Subsequent optimization using an ANN resulted in a refined impeller design with notable improvements in hydraulic performance: a 3.55% increase in efficiency and a 7.9% increase in head. Key parameters influencing impeller performance, including blade number, incidence, and backsweep angles, are identified. This approach offers a comprehensive method to address the evolving requirements of space missions and contributes to the advancement of centrifugal pump technology in the space domain.
本研究提出了一种数值方法，用于设计和优化航天器主动热控制系统泵中使用的离心叶轮。虽然在过去十年中发射成本有所降低，但对效率和可靠性等性能的要求却有所提高，因为根据任务的不同，这些系统需要工作长达 15 年。为此，我们的论文讨论了这种泵设计的第一步，即叶轮的水力优化。从结构上讲，这种类型的叶轮可以更有效地应用某些平衡系统和迷宫式密封，还可以使用增材制造方法--不过，这些方面的细节不在本文讨论范围之内。通过将经验公式、计算流体动力学（CFD）分析和人工神经网络（ANN）相结合，研究重点是实现高效和快速制造。利用稳态 RANS（雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯）模拟对一系列几何形状进行了尺寸测量和验证，从而确定了最高效的配置。随后使用 ANN 进行了优化，改进了叶轮设计，显著提高了水力性能：效率提高了 3.55%，水头提高了 7.9%。确定了影响叶轮性能的关键参数，包括叶片数、入射角和后掠角。这种方法提供了一种全面的方法来满足太空任务不断变化的要求，并有助于推动太空领域离心泵技术的发展。
{"title":"Satellite Thermal Management Pump Impeller Design and Optimization","authors":"V. Drăgan, O. Dumitrescu, Cristian Dobromirescu, I. Popa","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030054","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a numerical approach to the design and optimization of centrifugal impellers used in the pumps of active thermal control systems of spacecraft. Although launch costs have shrunk in the last decade, the performance requirements, such as efficiency and reliability, have increased, as such systems are required to work up to 15 years, depending on the mission. To that effect, our paper deals with the first step in this pump design, namely the hydraulic optimization of the impeller. Constructively, this type of impeller allows for certain balancing systems and labyrinth seals to be applied in a more effective way, as well as allowing for additive manufacturing methods to be used—however, details regarding these aspects are beyond the scope of the current paper. By combining empirical formulas, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and artificial neural networks (ANNs), the research focuses on achieving high efficiency and fast manufacturing. A series of geometries have been sized and validated using steady-state RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations, leading to the identification of the most efficient configuration. Subsequent optimization using an ANN resulted in a refined impeller design with notable improvements in hydraulic performance: a 3.55% increase in efficiency and a 7.9% increase in head. Key parameters influencing impeller performance, including blade number, incidence, and backsweep angles, are identified. This approach offers a comprehensive method to address the evolving requirements of space missions and contributes to the advancement of centrifugal pump technology in the space domain.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141007094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.3390/inventions9030053
Mingkan Zhang, Vishaldeep Sharma, P. Cheekatamarla
Because of serious concerns about global warming, manufacturers have started phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants in commercial refrigeration equipment (e.g., R-134a). As a potential replacement, propane (R-290) is an environmentally friendly refrigerant for commercial refrigeration equipment because its GWP is only three. However, propane is flammable and is therefore classified as a Class A3 refrigerant per ASHRAE Standards, so safety is a very important consideration when propane-based equipment is designed and deployed in buildings. In the event of a refrigerant leak, flammability of the refrigerant depends on the refrigerant’s local concentration, which is highly affected by the indoor air environment, including temperature and air flow. In this study, a ventilation system attached to a commercial R-290 refrigeration device was designed to eliminate the flammability risk. Moreover, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to investigate the refrigerant leak, thereby evaluating effects of the ventilation system. The CFD model can visualize the flammable zones owing to the leak.
{"title":"A Modeling-Based Flammable Risk Treatment of Refrigerant Leakage from a Commercial R-290 Refrigeration Machine","authors":"Mingkan Zhang, Vishaldeep Sharma, P. Cheekatamarla","doi":"10.3390/inventions9030053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9030053","url":null,"abstract":"Because of serious concerns about global warming, manufacturers have started phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants in commercial refrigeration equipment (e.g., R-134a). As a potential replacement, propane (R-290) is an environmentally friendly refrigerant for commercial refrigeration equipment because its GWP is only three. However, propane is flammable and is therefore classified as a Class A3 refrigerant per ASHRAE Standards, so safety is a very important consideration when propane-based equipment is designed and deployed in buildings. In the event of a refrigerant leak, flammability of the refrigerant depends on the refrigerant’s local concentration, which is highly affected by the indoor air environment, including temperature and air flow. In this study, a ventilation system attached to a commercial R-290 refrigeration device was designed to eliminate the flammability risk. Moreover, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to investigate the refrigerant leak, thereby evaluating effects of the ventilation system. The CFD model can visualize the flammable zones owing to the leak.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141014164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.3390/inventions9020034
Yanqin Mao, R. Chertovskih, Liang Cai
Cyclone separators, which have a high separation performance, play a crucial role in mitigating the occurrence of dust explosion incidents. This study aims to improve the performance of an axial cyclone separator using the results of simulations employing the RNG k-ε model together with a user-defined function to simulate the wall collision process. The effectiveness of various structural modifications to the vortex tube has been addressed. Specifically, we found that increasing the number of blades, reducing the blade exit angle, and adopting L-shaped blades increase separation efficiency. Additionally, enlarging the guide vane and exhaust pipe diameters, as well as increasing the exhaust pipe inclination angle, contribute to an improved separation performance due to the developed tangential velocity and vortex cores. However, it also increases the pressure drop losses due to the increase in the turbulence pulsation entropy and the wall entropy, while the time-averaged entropy is found to be less significant. As a result, our study sheds light on the flow characteristics, the gas–solid separation process, and the energy loss mechanism in the cyclone separator.
旋风分离器具有很高的分离性能，在减少粉尘爆炸事故的发生方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在利用 RNG k-ε 模型和用户自定义函数模拟壁面碰撞过程，从而提高轴向旋风分离器的性能。我们研究了对涡流管进行各种结构改造的效果。具体来说，我们发现增加叶片数量、减小叶片出口角和采用 L 形叶片都能提高分离效率。此外，增大导叶和排气管直径以及增大排气管倾角也有助于提高切向速度和涡核的分离性能。然而，由于湍流脉动熵和壁面熵的增加，这也会增加压降损失，而时间平均熵的影响较小。因此，我们的研究揭示了旋风分离器中的流动特性、气固分离过程和能量损失机制。
{"title":"Numerical Study of the Gas–Solid Separation Performance of Axial Flow Cyclone Separators","authors":"Yanqin Mao, R. Chertovskih, Liang Cai","doi":"10.3390/inventions9020034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020034","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclone separators, which have a high separation performance, play a crucial role in mitigating the occurrence of dust explosion incidents. This study aims to improve the performance of an axial cyclone separator using the results of simulations employing the RNG k-ε model together with a user-defined function to simulate the wall collision process. The effectiveness of various structural modifications to the vortex tube has been addressed. Specifically, we found that increasing the number of blades, reducing the blade exit angle, and adopting L-shaped blades increase separation efficiency. Additionally, enlarging the guide vane and exhaust pipe diameters, as well as increasing the exhaust pipe inclination angle, contribute to an improved separation performance due to the developed tangential velocity and vortex cores. However, it also increases the pressure drop losses due to the increase in the turbulence pulsation entropy and the wall entropy, while the time-averaged entropy is found to be less significant. As a result, our study sheds light on the flow characteristics, the gas–solid separation process, and the energy loss mechanism in the cyclone separator.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140217996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen recirculation systems (HRSs) are vital components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and it is necessary to investigate different HRS schemes to meet the needs of high-power PEMFCs. PEMFCs are developing in the direction of low cost, high power, wide working conditions, low noise, compact structure, etc. Currently, it is difficult for hydrogen recirculation pumps (HRPs) to meet the flow requirements of high-power PEMFCs. HRPs inevitably have high parasitic energy consumption, loud noise output, high cost, easy leakage, and high failure rates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different HRS schemes to develop a better solution for high-power PEMFCs. In this study, the functional prototype of a piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) based on three HRSs of HRPs was designed, and a functional prototype was built. Working according to the analysis and comparison of PEMFC performance test data, we find that the net power trend of PEMFC systems using three different HRS technology schemes is consistent. The ejector scheme and the combination scheme do not reduce the performance of PEMFCs and have advantages in different power ranges, such as 24 A, 48 A, and other small current points. The PEFMC system net power order is as follows: ejector scheme > HRP scheme > combination scheme. At about 120 A, the net power outputs of the three HRS schemes in the PEMFC system coincide. From around 180 A onwards, the PEMFC system power of the combined HRS scheme gradually dominates. At 320 A, the PEFMC system net power order is as follows: combined HRS scheme > HRP scheme > ejector scheme.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation into the Performance of PEMFCs with Three Different Hydrogen Recirculation Schemes","authors":"Kejing Li, Chen Wang, Jingjing Li, Lei Wang, Zongji Li, Chuanlong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/inventions9020033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020033","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen recirculation systems (HRSs) are vital components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and it is necessary to investigate different HRS schemes to meet the needs of high-power PEMFCs. PEMFCs are developing in the direction of low cost, high power, wide working conditions, low noise, compact structure, etc. Currently, it is difficult for hydrogen recirculation pumps (HRPs) to meet the flow requirements of high-power PEMFCs. HRPs inevitably have high parasitic energy consumption, loud noise output, high cost, easy leakage, and high failure rates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different HRS schemes to develop a better solution for high-power PEMFCs. In this study, the functional prototype of a piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) based on three HRSs of HRPs was designed, and a functional prototype was built. Working according to the analysis and comparison of PEMFC performance test data, we find that the net power trend of PEMFC systems using three different HRS technology schemes is consistent. The ejector scheme and the combination scheme do not reduce the performance of PEMFCs and have advantages in different power ranges, such as 24 A, 48 A, and other small current points. The PEFMC system net power order is as follows: ejector scheme > HRP scheme > combination scheme. At about 120 A, the net power outputs of the three HRS schemes in the PEMFC system coincide. From around 180 A onwards, the PEMFC system power of the combined HRS scheme gradually dominates. At 320 A, the PEFMC system net power order is as follows: combined HRS scheme > HRP scheme > ejector scheme.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.3390/inventions9020032
Nittalin Phunapai, Parkpoom Sriromreun, P. Sriromreun, Jantana Panburana, Sudaruch Rearkyai, S. Tawkaew, Teerapath Limboonruang
This article introduces an inventive holder for endotracheal tubes designed specifically to support neonates with severe respiratory conditions during ventilation. Its primary goal is to minimize the risk of slippage of ventilator tubes in newborns, a critical concern that can lead to complications in their respiratory health. The innovation accommodates endotracheal tube equipment by offering adjustable sizing to match different dimensions. The development process employs computer-aided design (CAD) principles, while prototypes are crafted using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Comprising four main components—a support for the endotracheal tube header, a support for the tube unit itself, a flexible structure for tube positioning, and a stabilizing base—the innovation demonstrates structural strength and suitability within predefined parameters. It effectively supports the endotracheal tube apparatus while providing flexibility in positioning and distance adjustments. Importantly, its height can be tailored to suit the newborn’s head, offering adaptability for optimal usage. This research supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 9 relating to “Good health and well-being” and “Industry, innovation and infrastructure”.
{"title":"A Novel Safety Holder Device Designed for Securing the Endotracheal Tube in Neonates with Severe Respiratory Conditions","authors":"Nittalin Phunapai, Parkpoom Sriromreun, P. Sriromreun, Jantana Panburana, Sudaruch Rearkyai, S. Tawkaew, Teerapath Limboonruang","doi":"10.3390/inventions9020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020032","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an inventive holder for endotracheal tubes designed specifically to support neonates with severe respiratory conditions during ventilation. Its primary goal is to minimize the risk of slippage of ventilator tubes in newborns, a critical concern that can lead to complications in their respiratory health. The innovation accommodates endotracheal tube equipment by offering adjustable sizing to match different dimensions. The development process employs computer-aided design (CAD) principles, while prototypes are crafted using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Comprising four main components—a support for the endotracheal tube header, a support for the tube unit itself, a flexible structure for tube positioning, and a stabilizing base—the innovation demonstrates structural strength and suitability within predefined parameters. It effectively supports the endotracheal tube apparatus while providing flexibility in positioning and distance adjustments. Importantly, its height can be tailored to suit the newborn’s head, offering adaptability for optimal usage. This research supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 9 relating to “Good health and well-being” and “Industry, innovation and infrastructure”.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.3390/inventions9020029
Jinho Son, Yeongsu Kim, Seok-Soo Kang, Yushin Ha
Tractor overturning accidents are a prominent safety concern in the field of agriculture. Many studies have been conducted to prevent tractor overturning accidents. Rollover protective structures and seat belts currently installed on tractors cannot prevent them from overturning. The posture of a tractor was controlled by installing individual actuators. The overturning angles of the tractor equipped with an actuator were compared with those of a tractor with no actuator. For the overturning angles in all directions of the tractor, it rotated 15° from 0° to 345°, and the actuator height suitable for the tractor posture was controlled by establishing an equation according to the tractor posture. Consequently, posture control using actuators was noticeably improved. This study proposes that tractors operating on irregular and sloping terrain be equipped with individual actuators. These results prevent tractor rollover accidents and improve safety and driving stability.
{"title":"Enhancing Tractor Stability and Safety through Individual Actuators in Active Suspension","authors":"Jinho Son, Yeongsu Kim, Seok-Soo Kang, Yushin Ha","doi":"10.3390/inventions9020029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020029","url":null,"abstract":"Tractor overturning accidents are a prominent safety concern in the field of agriculture. Many studies have been conducted to prevent tractor overturning accidents. Rollover protective structures and seat belts currently installed on tractors cannot prevent them from overturning. The posture of a tractor was controlled by installing individual actuators. The overturning angles of the tractor equipped with an actuator were compared with those of a tractor with no actuator. For the overturning angles in all directions of the tractor, it rotated 15° from 0° to 345°, and the actuator height suitable for the tractor posture was controlled by establishing an equation according to the tractor posture. Consequently, posture control using actuators was noticeably improved. This study proposes that tractors operating on irregular and sloping terrain be equipped with individual actuators. These results prevent tractor rollover accidents and improve safety and driving stability.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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