Multivariate statistical analysis including cluster analysis, factor analysis and correlation coefficient was applied to the groundwater samples to understand the groundwater condition in Wadi Bani Malik area. Water samples collected from the study area were analysed for physical parameters, major cations and major anions. The groundwater quality is not good in this area and the physicochemical parameters go beyond the acceptable limits of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and WHO drinking water standards. The water type in the study area was primarily NaCl. Correlation coefficients were determined among different parameters and then regression analysis was performed to realize the linear relationship between the best correlated parameters. Results of factor analysis specify that factor 1 is dominant and is responsible for 45.5% of the total variance and is dominated by Cl-, Na+, Mg++ and K+. Ground water samples can be divided into four clusters.
{"title":"Use of Multivariate Statistical Analysis for the Assessment of Groundwater Chemical Variations in Wadi Bani Malik Area, Saudi Arabia","authors":"","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002237","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariate statistical analysis including cluster analysis, factor analysis and correlation coefficient was applied to the groundwater samples to understand the groundwater condition in Wadi Bani Malik area. Water samples collected from the study area were analysed for physical parameters, major cations and major anions. The groundwater quality is not good in this area and the physicochemical parameters go beyond the acceptable limits of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and WHO drinking water standards. The water type in the study area was primarily NaCl. Correlation coefficients were determined among different parameters and then regression analysis was performed to realize the linear relationship between the best correlated parameters. Results of factor analysis specify that factor 1 is dominant and is responsible for 45.5% of the total variance and is dominated by Cl-, Na+, Mg++ and K+. Ground water samples can be divided into four clusters.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87361638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Presence of metals even at trace levels in natural waters pose sever health risks. Heavy metals are introduced to coastal and marine environments through a variety of sources and activities including sewage and industrial effluents where Black Sea is not different. However, metals behave differently in Black Sea as it an enclosed body. Coastal areas of Turkey face great challenges due to heavy metal contamination caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of total mercury (Hg) in seawater at the mid-Black Sea coast of Samsun, Turkey. The samples were collected from 13 monitoring stations, from the three distances in four seasons during the year 2013. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters along with contamination and enrichment factors. The distribution of Hg is nearly random along the studied coast but obtained values ranges from 0.57 to 12.6 μg/L with an average of 5.24 μg/L were above permissible limits. It was observed that number of samples collected during wet seasons (winter and autumn) with Hg were higher. High enrichment factor 0.331 and contamination factor 25.2 was recorded. Hg present at sampling station M27 was due to point source, a possible ship activity indicated by enrichment factor. The sources responsible for water pollution with Hg are mainly municipal and industrial effluents, leaching, agricultural and pasturage runoff and oil spills. Furthermore, due to unique hydrography of Black Sea, risk of Hg accumulation is high. Interestingly, a direct relation between basicity and Hg concentration was observed. i.e. highest concentration was found on pH 8.33.
{"title":"Temporal variation of mercury in Turkish Black Sea waters and associated risk assessment","authors":"Ustun Odabaşı","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002526","url":null,"abstract":"Presence of metals even at trace levels in natural waters pose sever health risks. Heavy metals are introduced to coastal and marine environments through a variety of sources and activities including sewage and industrial effluents where Black Sea is not different. However, metals behave differently in Black Sea as it an enclosed body. Coastal areas of Turkey face great challenges due to heavy metal contamination caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of total mercury (Hg) in seawater at the mid-Black Sea coast of Samsun, Turkey. The samples were collected from 13 monitoring stations, from the three distances in four seasons during the year 2013. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters along with contamination and enrichment factors. The distribution of Hg is nearly random along the studied coast but obtained values ranges from 0.57 to 12.6 μg/L with an average of 5.24 μg/L were above permissible limits. It was observed that number of samples collected during wet seasons (winter and autumn) with Hg were higher. High enrichment factor 0.331 and contamination factor 25.2 was recorded. Hg present at sampling station M27 was due to point source, a possible ship activity indicated by enrichment factor. The sources responsible for water pollution with Hg are mainly municipal and industrial effluents, leaching, agricultural and pasturage runoff and oil spills. Furthermore, due to unique hydrography of Black Sea, risk of Hg accumulation is high. Interestingly, a direct relation between basicity and Hg concentration was observed. i.e. highest concentration was found on pH 8.33.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76790883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the impact of the disposal of Tirunelveli city municipal waste in the quality of groundwater in Ramayanpatti village where the waste is disposed; the study also assesses the quality of the groundwater suitability in irrigation in the disposed region. Tirunelveli city generates municipal waste of nearly 15 MLD of domestic wastewater and 100 tons of solid waste in a day. The domestic wastewater is treated by waste stabilization pond. The solid waste is dumped in the open yard. These two disposal sites are located in the Ramayanpatti area and their boundaries are at a distance of 500m from each other. Ground water resources are extracted in use for agriculture in the area of Ramayanpatti. Around thirty, locations have been identified in the Ramayanpatti area for sampling, based on the contour and flow direction. The dominant chemical cation species in the majority of the groundwater samples are in the order of Na>Ca>Mg>K and anion species are in the order of HCO3>Cl>SO4>NO3. Gibbs plot shows that the region is dominated by evaporation and dilution phenomenon. Rhode’s plot shows that there is no reduction in the rate of infiltration of soil in the Ramayanpatti region. Dendrogram shows that the leachates infiltration is predominant in the winter season. The study shows that the groundwater quality, nearer and to the southeastern side of the disposal sites are most affected and contaminated by solid waste leachates. The inference with various irrigation plots show that the quality of groundwater in the southeastern region is doubtful for use in irrigation and the groundwater needs to be assessed in order to use in irrigation for agriculture.
{"title":"Influence of city municipal waste disposal on groundwater quality and assessment of groundwater suitability in agriculture","authors":"Jeykumar R.K.C","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002561","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the impact of the disposal of Tirunelveli city municipal waste in the quality of groundwater in Ramayanpatti village where the waste is disposed; the study also assesses the quality of the groundwater suitability in irrigation in the disposed region. Tirunelveli city generates municipal waste of nearly 15 MLD of domestic wastewater and 100 tons of solid waste in a day. The domestic wastewater is treated by waste stabilization pond. The solid waste is dumped in the open yard. These two disposal sites are located in the Ramayanpatti area and their boundaries are at a distance of 500m from each other. Ground water resources are extracted in use for agriculture in the area of Ramayanpatti. Around thirty, locations have been identified in the Ramayanpatti area for sampling, based on the contour and flow direction. The dominant chemical cation species in the majority of the groundwater samples are in the order of Na>Ca>Mg>K and anion species are in the order of HCO3>Cl>SO4>NO3. Gibbs plot shows that the region is dominated by evaporation and dilution phenomenon. Rhode’s plot shows that there is no reduction in the rate of infiltration of soil in the Ramayanpatti region. Dendrogram shows that the leachates infiltration is predominant in the winter season. The study shows that the groundwater quality, nearer and to the southeastern side of the disposal sites are most affected and contaminated by solid waste leachates. The inference with various irrigation plots show that the quality of groundwater in the southeastern region is doubtful for use in irrigation and the groundwater needs to be assessed in order to use in irrigation for agriculture.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86393254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Municipal solid waste generation in Malaysia has increase significantly. Organic materials continue to be the major portion of solid waste generated in Kampar, Malaysia. As a result of increasing rate of waste generation and population growth, land area will become more demanding causing the increment of the cost in solid waste management. As a result, solid waste management will become more expensive in the future. Waste separation and organic composting can provide good solution in reducing waste disposal. Nevertheless, public awareness is an important key to improve solid waste management issue. During this study, questionnaire was designed to test out public general knowledge regarding waste management, and their willingness to do composting. 270 questionnaires were distributed to the public. Data analysis of the questionnaire shows that only a few of the respondents (24 numbers) have good awareness. Likert scale was applied to prioritize the factors that discourage waste separation and organic composting practices in Kampar District. This paper concluded that public education and awareness toward solid waste minimization using composting is crucial.
{"title":"Public concerns and behaviors towards solid waste minimization using composting in Kampar district, Malaysia","authors":"K. BashirM.J.","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002592","url":null,"abstract":"Municipal solid waste generation in Malaysia has increase significantly. Organic materials continue to be the major portion of solid waste generated in Kampar, Malaysia. As a result of increasing rate of waste generation and population growth, land area will become more demanding causing the increment of the cost in solid waste management. As a result, solid waste management will become more expensive in the future. Waste separation and organic composting can provide good solution in reducing waste disposal. Nevertheless, public awareness is an important key to improve solid waste management issue. During this study, questionnaire was designed to test out public general knowledge regarding waste management, and their willingness to do composting. 270 questionnaires were distributed to the public. Data analysis of the questionnaire shows that only a few of the respondents (24 numbers) have good awareness. Likert scale was applied to prioritize the factors that discourage waste separation and organic composting practices in Kampar District. This paper concluded that public education and awareness toward solid waste minimization using composting is crucial.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87668211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 μm (PM1) damage human health more severely than do coarse particles. In this study, PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, temperature and relative humidity in both a residential underground garage and at the entrance/exit, wind velocity at the entrance/exit were measured between May and June 2012 in Harbin, China. Pearson and partial correlations were employed to quantify the relationship between PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, and the thermal environment. The results show that mean PM1 number concentration in the garage during the measurement was 21,905 particles cm−3, which was approximately 1.54 times higher than the outdoor environment. Mean traffic flow, with a value of 0.2 vehicles min−1, may be the most important factor impacting PM1 pollution levels in the garage. The effects of air temperature inside the garage and wind velocity at the entrance/exit on PM1 pollution may be stronger compared with other environmental parameters. An inverse relationship between air temperature and PM1 number concentration was observed and decrease in wind velocity at the entrance/exit resulted in increased PM1 number concentration. This study provides fundamental reference data for PM1 number concentration levels in a residential underground garage.
{"title":"Assessment of PM1 number concentration with respect to traffic flow and thermal environment in a residential underground garage","authors":"Yu Zhao, Xiaocheng Song, Jianing Zhao","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002372","url":null,"abstract":"Particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 μm (PM1) damage human health more severely than do coarse particles. In this study, PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, temperature and relative humidity in both a residential underground garage and at the entrance/exit, wind velocity at the entrance/exit were measured between May and June 2012 in Harbin, China. Pearson and partial correlations were employed to quantify the relationship between PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, and the thermal environment. The results show that mean PM1 number concentration in the garage during the measurement was 21,905 particles cm−3, which was approximately 1.54 times higher than the outdoor environment. Mean traffic flow, with a value of 0.2 vehicles min−1, may be the most important factor impacting PM1 pollution levels in the garage. The effects of air temperature inside the garage and wind velocity at the entrance/exit on PM1 pollution may be stronger compared with other environmental parameters. An inverse relationship between air temperature and PM1 number concentration was observed and decrease in wind velocity at the entrance/exit resulted in increased PM1 number concentration. This study provides fundamental reference data for PM1 number concentration levels in a residential underground garage.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89526040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth in Sudan. The study utilizes annual time series data from 1972 to 2019. The study adopts the unit root test. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model has been used as an estimation technique. The results indicate that trade openness has a positive significant impact on the economic growth in short run. However, the impact is negative in the long run. When the long-run and short-run elasticity were compared the trade-led growth hypothesis was not found. It can be argued that the country is specialized in production of low-quality products and exporting primary products therefore the economic growth is negatively affected by trade openness. Moreover, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis results provide evidence against the existence of the hypothesis indicating that the country is still below the desired level of income. The study suggests that a country should promote the industrial sector which will help to export manufactured products and therefore will increase the productivity.
{"title":"DOES TRADE OPENNESS PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH? THE CASE OF SUDAN","authors":"","doi":"10.51527/v2i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51527/v2i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth in Sudan. The study utilizes annual time series data from 1972 to 2019. The study adopts the unit root test. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model has been used as an estimation technique. The results indicate that trade openness has a positive significant impact on the economic growth in short run. However, the impact is negative in the long run. When the long-run and short-run elasticity were compared the trade-led growth hypothesis was not found. It can be argued that the country is specialized in production of low-quality products and exporting primary products therefore the economic growth is negatively affected by trade openness. Moreover, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis results provide evidence against the existence of the hypothesis indicating that the country is still below the desired level of income. The study suggests that a country should promote the industrial sector which will help to export manufactured products and therefore will increase the productivity.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90193466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The paper displays an exploratory research on marketing of spiritual tourism in Australia and Pakistan. The main objective of this research is to explain spiritual tourism and present elements of marketing mix for attracting spiritual tourists with inclusive attitude. The paper describes spiritual travellers with inclusivity going on journeys for spiritual enhancement and veneration for divine places of other faiths considered as holy sites. Methodology: A qualitative study constructed on face-to-face interviews with tourists qualified as spiritual travellers was managed in selected Australian and Pakistani locations. The discussion notes were screened through theme-based assessment searching for ideas and themes surfacing from interviews aligned with elements of the marketing strategy. Results: This study resulted in acknowledging people, pricing and products as vital elements of tourism marketing complementing the spiritual tourism marketing strategy design and implementation. Conclusions: This study concludes with an inclusive spiritual tourism model indicating people, pricing and products to be embraced by tourism providers to enhance their marketing outcomes. This paper accomplishes by offering the recommendation for Pakistan’s tourism administration to market holy and blessed places linked with different faiths following the branding theme of “spiritual tourism”. Future Direction: Tourism marketing mix based on people, pricing and products, could be analysed by a quantitative research testing inclusivity based behaviour of spiritual travellers. Originality: The unique and primary study handled the threat of disinclination of tourists expressing their personal religious opinions through private meetings and face-to-face discussions.
{"title":"Tourism Marketing Mix Applied for Inclusive Spiritual Tourists in Pakistan and Australia","authors":"","doi":"10.37435/nbr21010901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37435/nbr21010901","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The paper displays an exploratory research on marketing of spiritual tourism in Australia and Pakistan. The main objective of this research is to explain spiritual tourism and present elements of marketing mix for attracting spiritual tourists with inclusive attitude. The paper describes spiritual travellers with inclusivity going on journeys for spiritual enhancement and veneration for divine places of other faiths considered as holy sites. Methodology: A qualitative study constructed on face-to-face interviews with tourists qualified as spiritual travellers was managed in selected Australian and Pakistani locations. The discussion notes were screened through theme-based assessment searching for ideas and themes surfacing from interviews aligned with elements of the marketing strategy. Results: This study resulted in acknowledging people, pricing and products as vital elements of tourism marketing complementing the spiritual tourism marketing strategy design and implementation. Conclusions: This study concludes with an inclusive spiritual tourism model indicating people, pricing and products to be embraced by tourism providers to enhance their marketing outcomes. This paper accomplishes by offering the recommendation for Pakistan’s tourism administration to market holy and blessed places linked with different faiths following the branding theme of “spiritual tourism”. Future Direction: Tourism marketing mix based on people, pricing and products, could be analysed by a quantitative research testing inclusivity based behaviour of spiritual travellers. Originality: The unique and primary study handled the threat of disinclination of tourists expressing their personal religious opinions through private meetings and face-to-face discussions.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"108 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89709603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject Area of the Teaching Case. Managing Organizational Change, A Multiple Perspective Approach 3rd Edition Student level (e.g., BA level) and proposed courses the teaching case can be used on. This case could be helpful to discover, build, design and sustain the change and innovation in organizations for both undergraduates and graduates' students of BBA and MBA. Brief overview of the teaching case. This case-based on change managing organizational change course, i.e. appreciative inquiry 4D-cycle. This case could be helpful to discover, Dream (build), design and Destiney to sustain the change and innovation in organizations for both undergraduate and graduate students in their elective course. This case can be used as a motivational story in a short seminar to bring and sustain the change effectively and efficiently. Expected learning outcomes. To highlight the major issues which need to be discovered or appreciation for the best of what is current practice in technical and vocational institute in developing country; such as Pakistan. Based on the available knowledge students need to envision (or dream) about what the future could be. To explore the influence of leader in designing or co-constructing (through collective dialogue) and overcome the specified issues in ZABTech (iTVE). Students should identify the actions taken by leader to sustaining the organization's destiny or future.
{"title":"Transformation At ZABTech; An Institute Of Technical And Vocational Education (ITVE)","authors":"","doi":"10.37435/nbr20102201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37435/nbr20102201","url":null,"abstract":"Subject Area of the Teaching Case. Managing Organizational Change, A Multiple Perspective Approach 3rd Edition Student level (e.g., BA level) and proposed courses the teaching case can be used on. This case could be helpful to discover, build, design and sustain the change and innovation in organizations for both undergraduates and graduates' students of BBA and MBA. Brief overview of the teaching case. This case-based on change managing organizational change course, i.e. appreciative inquiry 4D-cycle. This case could be helpful to discover, Dream (build), design and Destiney to sustain the change and innovation in organizations for both undergraduate and graduate students in their elective course. This case can be used as a motivational story in a short seminar to bring and sustain the change effectively and efficiently. Expected learning outcomes. To highlight the major issues which need to be discovered or appreciation for the best of what is current practice in technical and vocational institute in developing country; such as Pakistan. Based on the available knowledge students need to envision (or dream) about what the future could be. To explore the influence of leader in designing or co-constructing (through collective dialogue) and overcome the specified issues in ZABTech (iTVE). Students should identify the actions taken by leader to sustaining the organization's destiny or future.","PeriodicalId":14606,"journal":{"name":"issue 2","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91519028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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