Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2020.51707.1850
S. Banik, S. Pervin, M. Siraz, A. Rahman, M. S. Rahman, S. Yeasmin
Introduction: The evaluation of occupational exposure and related trends due to external ionizing radiation in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has become crucial to understand the implementation of regulatory acts and technological advancement. This study describes the status of occupational radiation exposure in radiotherapy (RADT) and diagnostic X-ray (DRA) sector and the comparison with related research.Materials and Methods: Overall, 12141 number of radiation workers were monitored using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) which read-out by Harshaw TLD Reader (Model 4500) on a quarterly basis. Several parameters such as annual collective effective dose, average annual effective dose, collective and individual dose distribution, and the probability of cancer risk were analyzed.Results: The number of monitored workers increased by around 35%, whereas the number of radiation workers received a measurable amount of doses decreased by around 37% during 2014-2018. The annual average effective doses in RADT and DRA were in the range of 0.017-0.1112 and 0.076-0.1702 mSv, respectively. The results indicate that more than 94% of the total collective dose was for the non-physician group. Among exposed radiation workers, almost 78% received doses below 1mSv and
{"title":"Status and Trend of Occupational Radiation Exposure in Radiotherapy and Diagnostic X-ray Practices in Bangladesh","authors":"S. Banik, S. Pervin, M. Siraz, A. Rahman, M. S. Rahman, S. Yeasmin","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2020.51707.1850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2020.51707.1850","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The evaluation of occupational exposure and related trends due to external ionizing radiation in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has become crucial to understand the implementation of regulatory acts and technological advancement. This study describes the status of occupational radiation exposure in radiotherapy (RADT) and diagnostic X-ray (DRA) sector and the comparison with related research.Materials and Methods: Overall, 12141 number of radiation workers were monitored using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) which read-out by Harshaw TLD Reader (Model 4500) on a quarterly basis. Several parameters such as annual collective effective dose, average annual effective dose, collective and individual dose distribution, and the probability of cancer risk were analyzed.Results: The number of monitored workers increased by around 35%, whereas the number of radiation workers received a measurable amount of doses decreased by around 37% during 2014-2018. The annual average effective doses in RADT and DRA were in the range of 0.017-0.1112 and 0.076-0.1702 mSv, respectively. The results indicate that more than 94% of the total collective dose was for the non-physician group. Among exposed radiation workers, almost 78% received doses below 1mSv and","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47865425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-24DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2020.49078.1789
Leila Mohammadian, Mohsen Bakhshandeh, E. Saeedzadeh, A. J. Arfaee, R. Abedi-Firouzjah
Introduction: Bolus type materials are needed in case of superficial lesions radiotherapy. This work determined the dosimetric accuracy of two commercial treatment planning systems (TPS) for the calculation of photon dose distribution in the presence of eXaSkin bolus.Material and methods: Dose calculations were performed on collapsed cone convolution/superposition (CCC) and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) using computed tomography (CT) images of heterogeneous CIRS phantom. EBT3 film was used for obtaining percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and gamma index was utilized for comparing the accuracy of the two algorithms. The passing rate of global gamma index with the passing criterion of 3mm/3% as the standard criterion was considered 95% in this study. Results: Surface dose in PDD curves increased in the presence of 0.5 cm thick eXaSkin bolus. The passing rates of gamma index with standard passing criterion between AAA algorithm and EBT3 film measurements without and with bolus were 95% and 95.5%, respectively, while they were equal to 96% and 97.5% for CCC algorithm. Conclusion: There was a good agreement in dose calculation between AAA and CCC algorithms. Furthermore, eXaSkin bolus increased the surface dose by a factor of 25%.
{"title":"Dosimetric comparison of collapsed cone convolution/superposition and anisotropic analytic algorithms in the presence of eXaSkin bolus in radiotherapy","authors":"Leila Mohammadian, Mohsen Bakhshandeh, E. Saeedzadeh, A. J. Arfaee, R. Abedi-Firouzjah","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2020.49078.1789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2020.49078.1789","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bolus type materials are needed in case of superficial lesions radiotherapy. This work determined the dosimetric accuracy of two commercial treatment planning systems (TPS) for the calculation of photon dose distribution in the presence of eXaSkin bolus.Material and methods: Dose calculations were performed on collapsed cone convolution/superposition (CCC) and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) using computed tomography (CT) images of heterogeneous CIRS phantom. EBT3 film was used for obtaining percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and gamma index was utilized for comparing the accuracy of the two algorithms. The passing rate of global gamma index with the passing criterion of 3mm/3% as the standard criterion was considered 95% in this study. Results: Surface dose in PDD curves increased in the presence of 0.5 cm thick eXaSkin bolus. The passing rates of gamma index with standard passing criterion between AAA algorithm and EBT3 film measurements without and with bolus were 95% and 95.5%, respectively, while they were equal to 96% and 97.5% for CCC algorithm. Conclusion: There was a good agreement in dose calculation between AAA and CCC algorithms. Furthermore, eXaSkin bolus increased the surface dose by a factor of 25%.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48461279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2020.47653.1764
Nidhi Marjara, A. Bansal, D. Tripathi
IntroductionThe study aimed at evaluating the effect on the target coverage and dosimetric parameters of organs-at-risks (OARs) in optimized plans as compared to non-optimized plans normalized at point A.Materials and MethodsIt is a retrospective study of 21 cervical cancer patients of stage II and stage III who underwent high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) following external beam radiotherapy. For the study, two treatment plans were created for each application using computed tomography (CT) images. The non-optimized plans were normalized at point A and the other plans were optimized in such a way that 90% volume of HR-CTV should receive the prescription dose. Dose volume histograms were used to compare D5cc, D2cc, D1cc, and D0.1cc (minimum doses received by 5cc, 2cc, 1cc and 0.1cc most irradiated volumes, respectively) for organs-at-risks (OARs) namely bladder, rectum, sigmoid and small bowel, and D90% ,D50% , D98%,D100% ,D95% coverage of HR-CTV between non-optimized and optimized plans. RESULTS HR-CTV coverage was improved for 80% of the patients and bladder and rectum dose was reduced by 9.85% and 8.75% respectively in optimized plans as compared to the non-optimized plans normalized at point A. Reduction of about 8.95% and 9.75% in sigmoid and bowel doses respectively in optimized plans was observed.CONCLUSION Optimized plans resulted in better OARs sparing and satisfactory target coverage as compared to non-optimized plan normalized at point A.KEYWORDS: ICRU 89, HR-CTV, Dosimetric comparison , Brachytherapy , Optimized plans, Non-optimized plans.
{"title":"Dosimetric Comparison of Optimized and Non-optimized Plans In Intracavitary Brachytherapy Using international Commission On Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) 89.","authors":"Nidhi Marjara, A. Bansal, D. Tripathi","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2020.47653.1764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2020.47653.1764","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe study aimed at evaluating the effect on the target coverage and dosimetric parameters of organs-at-risks (OARs) in optimized plans as compared to non-optimized plans normalized at point A.Materials and MethodsIt is a retrospective study of 21 cervical cancer patients of stage II and stage III who underwent high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) following external beam radiotherapy. For the study, two treatment plans were created for each application using computed tomography (CT) images. The non-optimized plans were normalized at point A and the other plans were optimized in such a way that 90% volume of HR-CTV should receive the prescription dose. Dose volume histograms were used to compare D5cc, D2cc, D1cc, and D0.1cc (minimum doses received by 5cc, 2cc, 1cc and 0.1cc most irradiated volumes, respectively) for organs-at-risks (OARs) namely bladder, rectum, sigmoid and small bowel, and D90% ,D50% , D98%,D100% ,D95% coverage of HR-CTV between non-optimized and optimized plans. RESULTS HR-CTV coverage was improved for 80% of the patients and bladder and rectum dose was reduced by 9.85% and 8.75% respectively in optimized plans as compared to the non-optimized plans normalized at point A. Reduction of about 8.95% and 9.75% in sigmoid and bowel doses respectively in optimized plans was observed.CONCLUSION Optimized plans resulted in better OARs sparing and satisfactory target coverage as compared to non-optimized plan normalized at point A.KEYWORDS: ICRU 89, HR-CTV, Dosimetric comparison , Brachytherapy , Optimized plans, Non-optimized plans.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46976667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.42734.1638
Eslam Maamoun, M. Aziz
Introduction: The image quality of computed tomography (CT) can be seriously lowered by metal implants of patients. These implants are known to exert a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy due to artifacts. The current study aimed to assess the usefulness of Metal Artifact Reduction (MAR) software in the reduction of metal artifacts, in comparison to iterative reconstruction algorithm (IDREAM). Material and Methods: Water phantom with raw chicken leg underwent CT scan (Sinovision, Insitum 16) before (reference group (GPref) and after metal implantation: ((GPA (IDREAM without MAR) and GPB(IDREAM with MAR)). A total number of 30 patients [GP1 (instrumented spine (n=15)), GP2 (Brain clips (n=15))] underwent CT scan (Sinovision ,Insitum 16). GP1 and GP2 were reconstructed using two procedures including IDREAM without MAR vs. 2: IDREAM with MAR. All images were evaluated using subjective and quantitative assessment. Results: In subjective image quality assessment, the scores of MAR images were higher than IDREAM images (P<0.05) as indicated by four radiologists. The absolute CT difference (ΔCT) and Artifact index (AI) demonstrated that MAR appeared to be superior for the reduction of metal artifacts (P<0.05). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, MAR software can be efficiently used for metal artifact reduction in computed tomography (instrumental spine and brain clips).
{"title":"Evaluation of Metal Artifact Reduction software in Computed Tomography","authors":"Eslam Maamoun, M. Aziz","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.42734.1638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.42734.1638","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The image quality of computed tomography (CT) can be seriously lowered by metal implants of patients. These implants are known to exert a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy due to artifacts. The current study aimed to assess the usefulness of Metal Artifact Reduction (MAR) software in the reduction of metal artifacts, in comparison to iterative reconstruction algorithm (IDREAM). Material and Methods: Water phantom with raw chicken leg underwent CT scan (Sinovision, Insitum 16) before (reference group (GPref) and after metal implantation: ((GPA (IDREAM without MAR) and GPB(IDREAM with MAR)). A total number of 30 patients [GP1 (instrumented spine (n=15)), GP2 (Brain clips (n=15))] underwent CT scan (Sinovision ,Insitum 16). GP1 and GP2 were reconstructed using two procedures including IDREAM without MAR vs. 2: IDREAM with MAR. All images were evaluated using subjective and quantitative assessment. Results: In subjective image quality assessment, the scores of MAR images were higher than IDREAM images (P<0.05) as indicated by four radiologists. The absolute CT difference (ΔCT) and Artifact index (AI) demonstrated that MAR appeared to be superior for the reduction of metal artifacts (P<0.05). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, MAR software can be efficiently used for metal artifact reduction in computed tomography (instrumental spine and brain clips).","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"298-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44215386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.35652.1448
T. Kasirajan, P. Ganesan, R. Kesavan, N. ArunaiNambiRaj, K. Senthilnathan, P. Rameshbabu
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of two different immobilization methods in patient positioning in cranial radiotherapy. The six-dimensional (6D) target localization accuracy of using a dedicated stereotactic mask was compared with that of a conventional head mask by the ExacTrac system. Material and Methods: A total of 56 patients with cranial lesions were included in this study (26 patients with a dedicated stereotactic mask and 30 subjects with a conventional head mask). The ExacTrac image-guided positioning system was utilized to obtain daily translational and rotational patient positioning displacement from the intended position. The 6D setup data was analyzed to obtain population mean, systematic and random errors, and three-dimensional (3D) vector shifts in all the patients. Results: The population mean values of setup errors were comparable with both immobilization systems; however, the spread as indicated by population systematic and population random errors was more in the use of a conventional head mask. The mean values of the 3D vector shifts were 2.09±1.00 and 4.51±3.38 mm with the use of a dedicated stereotactic mask and conventional head mask, respectively. The frequency distribution of maximum rotational deviation and statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in immobilization accuracy between stereotactic immobilization and 3-clamp immobilization (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results revealed that there was a significant reduction in target positioning errors with a dedicated stereotactic mask, compared to that with a conventional cranial mask. Furthermore, a dedicated stereotactic mask is required to keep rotational deviations within system correctable limits.
{"title":"Evaluation of Six-Dimensional Cranial Target Positioning Accuracy in Two Different Immobilization Methods Using Exactrac System","authors":"T. Kasirajan, P. Ganesan, R. Kesavan, N. ArunaiNambiRaj, K. Senthilnathan, P. Rameshbabu","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.35652.1448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.35652.1448","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of two different immobilization methods in patient positioning in cranial radiotherapy. The six-dimensional (6D) target localization accuracy of using a dedicated stereotactic mask was compared with that of a conventional head mask by the ExacTrac system. \u0000Material and Methods: A total of 56 patients with cranial lesions were included in this study (26 patients with a dedicated stereotactic mask and 30 subjects with a conventional head mask). The ExacTrac image-guided positioning system was utilized to obtain daily translational and rotational patient positioning displacement from the intended position. The 6D setup data was analyzed to obtain population mean, systematic and random errors, and three-dimensional (3D) vector shifts in all the patients. \u0000Results: The population mean values of setup errors were comparable with both immobilization systems; however, the spread as indicated by population systematic and population random errors was more in the use of a conventional head mask. The mean values of the 3D vector shifts were 2.09±1.00 and 4.51±3.38 mm with the use of a dedicated stereotactic mask and conventional head mask, respectively. The frequency distribution of maximum rotational deviation and statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in immobilization accuracy between stereotactic immobilization and 3-clamp immobilization (P<0.05). \u0000Conclusion: The results revealed that there was a significant reduction in target positioning errors with a dedicated stereotactic mask, compared to that with a conventional cranial mask. Furthermore, a dedicated stereotactic mask is required to keep rotational deviations within system correctable limits.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"308-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44831753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.39821.1532
Ehsan Khodamoradi, R. Azmoonfar, M. Mohammadi, A. Kiani, A. Haghparast, N. Sharafi, Loghman Diojan
Introduction: Adaptive response is one of the important concepts in radiobiology. The present report aimed to transfer the radio-adaptation via serum. Material and Methods: In total, 50 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including control, serum control, low-dose (100cGy), low-dose/lethal, serum/lethal, and lethal (8Gy). Exposure was carried out by a linear accelerator (Elekta Synergy® Platform) with a 40×40cm field size. The animals were monitored in terms of the endpoints of the survival rate, and at the first stage, the rats were exposed to the low doses of radiation. Subsequently, the serum was injected intraperitoneally under sterile conditions 6 h after low-dose exposure. The Kaplan Meier Survival Curve was used to evaluate the survival rate (P<0.05). Results: There was a significant difference among different groups regarding the survival rates. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed between low-dose/lethal and low-dose/serum, low-dose/lethal and lethal, and low-dose/serum and lethal (P=0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the survival rates (P=0.001). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this method can lead to immunological responses or unknown mechanisms that result in the increased survival adaptive response to subsequent high-dose radiation.
{"title":"Transfer of Radio-Adaptation via Serum: A Preliminary Report","authors":"Ehsan Khodamoradi, R. Azmoonfar, M. Mohammadi, A. Kiani, A. Haghparast, N. Sharafi, Loghman Diojan","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.39821.1532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.39821.1532","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Adaptive response is one of the important concepts in radiobiology. The present report aimed to transfer the radio-adaptation via serum. \u0000Material and Methods: In total, 50 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including control, serum control, low-dose (100cGy), low-dose/lethal, serum/lethal, and lethal (8Gy). Exposure was carried out by a linear accelerator (Elekta Synergy® Platform) with a 40×40cm field size. The animals were monitored in terms of the endpoints of the survival rate, and at the first stage, the rats were exposed to the low doses of radiation. Subsequently, the serum was injected intraperitoneally under sterile conditions 6 h after low-dose exposure. The Kaplan Meier Survival Curve was used to evaluate the survival rate (P<0.05). \u0000Results: There was a significant difference among different groups regarding the survival rates. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed between low-dose/lethal and low-dose/serum, low-dose/lethal and lethal, and low-dose/serum and lethal (P=0.001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the survival rates (P=0.001). \u0000Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this method can lead to immunological responses or unknown mechanisms that result in the increased survival adaptive response to subsequent high-dose radiation.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"316-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46572761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.42258.1621
S. Kashian, A. Fathivand, R. Pourimani
Introduction: Nowadays, many people use medicinal plants to manage diseases; therefore, detailed knowledge of the type and level of elements present in these plants is of prominent importance.The present study aimed to determine the weight fraction of 12 elements in the five most common medicinal plants in Iran. The names of these plants are caraway (Carum carvi), savory (Satureja hortensis), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) which were purchased from herbal pharmacies. Material and Methods: The neutron activation method was used to determine the elements. In the current study, neutrons from the research reactor core in Tehran, Iran were used and gamma spectra from radionuclides were recorded using a high purity germanium detector. The mass fractions of 12 elements were determined in the five abovementioned plants. Results: Caraway had the maximum amounts of elements of Fe (8,789 ppm), Cr (8 ppm), and Na (517 ppm) among the selected plants. The savory contained maximum levels of Mn (95 ppm), Cl (3,702 ppm), Ca (18,328 ppm), K (21,562 ppm), and V (2.7 ppm) and the lowest amount of Fe (195 ppm), Zn (13 ppm), Ca (2,243 ppm), Al (99ppm), Mn (26 ppm), and Mg (177ppm) were observed in fenugreek. Conclusion: The highest levels of Cr and Mg were obtained for caraway (8 ppm) and pursalne (3,915 ppm), respectively. These elements can help to decrease blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, the results showed that these herbs were rich in essential nutrients for metabolic functions.
{"title":"Concentration Measurement of 12 Elements in Five Herbal Plants Using Neutron Activation Analysis Approach","authors":"S. Kashian, A. Fathivand, R. Pourimani","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.42258.1621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.42258.1621","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nowadays, many people use medicinal plants to manage diseases; therefore, detailed knowledge of the type and level of elements present in these plants is of prominent importance.The present study aimed to determine the weight fraction of 12 elements in the five most common medicinal plants in Iran. The names of these plants are caraway (Carum carvi), savory (Satureja hortensis), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) which were purchased from herbal pharmacies. Material and Methods: The neutron activation method was used to determine the elements. In the current study, neutrons from the research reactor core in Tehran, Iran were used and gamma spectra from radionuclides were recorded using a high purity germanium detector. The mass fractions of 12 elements were determined in the five abovementioned plants. Results: Caraway had the maximum amounts of elements of Fe (8,789 ppm), Cr (8 ppm), and Na (517 ppm) among the selected plants. The savory contained maximum levels of Mn (95 ppm), Cl (3,702 ppm), Ca (18,328 ppm), K (21,562 ppm), and V (2.7 ppm) and the lowest amount of Fe (195 ppm), Zn (13 ppm), Ca (2,243 ppm), Al (99ppm), Mn (26 ppm), and Mg (177ppm) were observed in fenugreek. Conclusion: The highest levels of Cr and Mg were obtained for caraway (8 ppm) and pursalne (3,915 ppm), respectively. These elements can help to decrease blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, the results showed that these herbs were rich in essential nutrients for metabolic functions.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"303-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47295041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.43059.1649
Dwi Adhianto, C. Anam, H. Sutanto, Mohd Hanafi Ali
Introduction: This study aimed to establish the conversion factors to normalize the output dose of volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) to the patient dose (i.e. size-specific dose estimate (SSDE)) for various phantom diameters and tube voltages. Material and Methods: In-house cylindrical acrylic phantoms with physical diameters ranging from 8 to 40 cm were developed in this study. Each phantom had a hole in the center and four holes in the peripheral areas. The phantoms were scanned by a Siemens Somatom Definition AS CT Scanner using different tube voltages (i.e. 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVps) and with 200 mAs and 10 mm slice thickness. In addition, the doses in every hole and phantom were measured using a Raysafe X2 CT Sensor. The weighted SSDE (SSDEw) values were calculated using the five holes in every measurement. The size-conversion factors for the body and the head CTDI phantoms were established by dividing the SSDEw for various sizes with the SSDEw at the water-equivalent diameter of 33.90 cm and 16.95 cm, respectively. Results: The results revealed that the size-conversion factor exponentially decreased with an increase in the phantom size. It was also found that the size-conversion factor was affected by the tube voltages. Furthermore, the different size-conversion factor between 80 and 140 kVp was more than 15% in very thin and obese patients. Conclusion: Higher accuracy of the size-specific dose estimation can be achieved considering the impact of the tube voltages beside the size of the patient.
引言：本研究旨在建立转换因子，以将体积计算机断层扫描剂量指数（CTDIvol）的输出剂量标准化为不同体模直径和管电压的患者剂量（即尺寸特异性剂量估计（SSDE））。材料和方法：本研究开发了物理直径为8至40厘米的室内圆柱形丙烯酸模型。每个模型的中心有一个洞，外围区域有四个洞。通过Siemens Somatom Definition AS CT扫描仪使用不同的管电压（即80、100、120和140kVps）和200mAs和10mm的切片厚度扫描体模。此外，使用Raysafe X2 CT传感器测量每个孔和体模中的剂量。在每次测量中使用五个孔来计算加权的SSDE（SSDEw）值。通过将不同尺寸的SSDEw与水当量直径分别为33.90厘米和16.95厘米的SSDEw分开，建立了身体和头部CTDI模型的尺寸转换因子。结果：结果显示，随着体模尺寸的增加，尺寸转换因子呈指数下降。还发现尺寸转换因子受管电压的影响。此外，在非常瘦和肥胖的患者中，80和140kVp之间的不同尺寸转换因子超过15%。结论：考虑到管电压对患者体型的影响，可以获得更高的尺寸特异性剂量估计精度。
{"title":"Effect of Phantom Size and Tube Voltage on the Size-Conversion Factor for Patient Dose Estimation in Computed Tomography Examinations","authors":"Dwi Adhianto, C. Anam, H. Sutanto, Mohd Hanafi Ali","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.43059.1649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.43059.1649","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aimed to establish the conversion factors to normalize the output dose of volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) to the patient dose (i.e. size-specific dose estimate (SSDE)) for various phantom diameters and tube voltages. \u0000Material and Methods: In-house cylindrical acrylic phantoms with physical diameters ranging from 8 to 40 cm were developed in this study. Each phantom had a hole in the center and four holes in the peripheral areas. The phantoms were scanned by a Siemens Somatom Definition AS CT Scanner using different tube voltages (i.e. 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVps) and with 200 mAs and 10 mm slice thickness. In addition, the doses in every hole and phantom were measured using a Raysafe X2 CT Sensor. The weighted SSDE (SSDEw) values were calculated using the five holes in every measurement. The size-conversion factors for the body and the head CTDI phantoms were established by dividing the SSDEw for various sizes with the SSDEw at the water-equivalent diameter of 33.90 cm and 16.95 cm, respectively. \u0000Results: The results revealed that the size-conversion factor exponentially decreased with an increase in the phantom size. It was also found that the size-conversion factor was affected by the tube voltages. Furthermore, the different size-conversion factor between 80 and 140 kVp was more than 15% in very thin and obese patients. \u0000Conclusion: Higher accuracy of the size-specific dose estimation can be achieved considering the impact of the tube voltages beside the size of the patient.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"282-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48870198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.42643.1633
S. K. Alausa
Introduction: Human activities, such as mining, result in the elevation of natural ionizing radiation in the environment. Jos-Plateau, Nigeria, including Kuru-Jos has experienced commercial tin mining in the past, and local mining is still being practiced in this area. Therefore, it is important to assess the radiation exposure due to grown crops and the farm soils in Kuru-Jos, Nigeria. Material and Methods: In total, four crops and soil samples were randomly collected from farmlands in Kuru-Jos. The radioactivity levels in the soil and food samples were measured using a thallium-activated sodium-iodide detector coupled to a Canberra series 10 plus Multi-Channel Analyzer. The effective dose rates in soils and food crops along with the cancer risks in the crops were determined. Results: According to the results, the highest mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the food crops were 456±126.0Bq/Kg (yam), 46.9±9.6Bq/kg (yam), and 31.6±23.9Bq/Kg (maize), respectively. Moreover, the mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in farm soil were determined at 1105.6±357.7Bq/Kg (cassava), 167.5±37.6Bq/Kg (yam), and 205.4±124.4Bq/Kg (Guinea corn), respectively. Additionally, yam crop had the highest mean ingestion effective dose of 1231.9µSv/y, and maize crop indicated the minimum mean value of 304.1±179.1µSv/y. The cancer risks of and for yam and cassava, respectively, were higher than the world average value (i.e., 1.0x10-3). Conclusion: The results indicated a high radioactivity level which is in line with the results obtained from other areas in Jos-Plateau, Nigeria; however, there have been no radiological health plague reports from the areas so far.
{"title":"Radiometric Assessment of Farm Soils and Food Crops Grown in Kuru-Jos, Nigeria","authors":"S. K. Alausa","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.42643.1633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.42643.1633","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human activities, such as mining, result in the elevation of natural ionizing radiation in the environment. Jos-Plateau, Nigeria, including Kuru-Jos has experienced commercial tin mining in the past, and local mining is still being practiced in this area. Therefore, it is important to assess the radiation exposure due to grown crops and the farm soils in Kuru-Jos, Nigeria. Material and Methods: In total, four crops and soil samples were randomly collected from farmlands in Kuru-Jos. The radioactivity levels in the soil and food samples were measured using a thallium-activated sodium-iodide detector coupled to a Canberra series 10 plus Multi-Channel Analyzer. The effective dose rates in soils and food crops along with the cancer risks in the crops were determined. Results: According to the results, the highest mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in the food crops were 456±126.0Bq/Kg (yam), 46.9±9.6Bq/kg (yam), and 31.6±23.9Bq/Kg (maize), respectively. Moreover, the mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in farm soil were determined at 1105.6±357.7Bq/Kg (cassava), 167.5±37.6Bq/Kg (yam), and 205.4±124.4Bq/Kg (Guinea corn), respectively. Additionally, yam crop had the highest mean ingestion effective dose of 1231.9µSv/y, and maize crop indicated the minimum mean value of 304.1±179.1µSv/y. The cancer risks of and for yam and cassava, respectively, were higher than the world average value (i.e., 1.0x10-3). Conclusion: The results indicated a high radioactivity level which is in line with the results obtained from other areas in Jos-Plateau, Nigeria; however, there have been no radiological health plague reports from the areas so far.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"289-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42013289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2019.40477.1565
N. Okoro, V. Changizi, E. Jazayeri, F. Pak
Introduction: The rapid use of computed tomography (CT) scan is of great concern, due to increase in patients’ dose. Optimization of CT protocol is a vital issue in dose reduction. This study aimed to optimize radiation dose in cranial CT and assess modifications in image quality under radiation dose reduction. Material and Methods: A poly(methyl methacrylate) phantom was used for quality control test on CT scanners. Data of 214 scan parameters, dose indicators; volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) of patients who underwent cranial CT scans were collected. The data were grouped into three, with respect to the slice numbers of 24, 28, and 32. Tube voltage (kVp) and slice thickness were constant; (110 kVp and 4.8 mm, respectively), at variable tube currents (mAs). A one-sample t-test was used to compare the dose indicator values of the hospital protocol with a recommended protocol. Scan parameters were optimized for radiation dose against image quality. Results: Increased mAs resulted in increased CTDIvol and DLP at constant kVp and slice thickness. Moreover, dose indicators recorded the lowest and highest values at the slice numbers of 24 and 32, respectively. An increase in slice numbers affected dose indicators. Dose indicators recorded significant reduction (P<0.001) in comparison to the recommended protocol. Conclusion: Optimization of CT protocol considers radiation dose and image quality. Radiologists adopted protocols acquired with lower scan parameters and dose indicators lower than the recommended achievable dose limit of 58 mGy.
{"title":"Optimization of Radiation Dose in Cranial Computed Tomography among Adults: Assessment of Radiation Dose against Image Quality","authors":"N. Okoro, V. Changizi, E. Jazayeri, F. Pak","doi":"10.22038/IJMP.2019.40477.1565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/IJMP.2019.40477.1565","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The rapid use of computed tomography (CT) scan is of great concern, due to increase in patients’ dose. Optimization of CT protocol is a vital issue in dose reduction. This study aimed to optimize radiation dose in cranial CT and assess modifications in image quality under radiation dose reduction. \u0000Material and Methods: A poly(methyl methacrylate) phantom was used for quality control test on CT scanners. Data of 214 scan parameters, dose indicators; volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) of patients who underwent cranial CT scans were collected. The data were grouped into three, with respect to the slice numbers of 24, 28, and 32. Tube voltage (kVp) and slice thickness were constant; (110 kVp and 4.8 mm, respectively), at variable tube currents (mAs). A one-sample t-test was used to compare the dose indicator values of the hospital protocol with a recommended protocol. Scan parameters were optimized for radiation dose against image quality. \u0000Results: Increased mAs resulted in increased CTDIvol and DLP at constant kVp and slice thickness. Moreover, dose indicators recorded the lowest and highest values at the slice numbers of 24 and 32, respectively. An increase in slice numbers affected dose indicators. Dose indicators recorded significant reduction (P<0.001) in comparison to the recommended protocol. \u0000Conclusion: Optimization of CT protocol considers radiation dose and image quality. Radiologists adopted protocols acquired with lower scan parameters and dose indicators lower than the recommended achievable dose limit of 58 mGy.","PeriodicalId":14613,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"322-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45220491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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