Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-191-196
Y. Ivanov, N. Prokopenko, E. Petrikova, V. Shugurov, A. Teresov
High-entropy alloys (HEA) are multi-element materials and contain at least five elements of similar concentration. HEA are, as a rule, single- phase thermodynamically stable substitutional solid solutions, mainly based on a body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic crystal lattice. Solid solution stabilization during the crystallization of a high-entropy alloy is provided by the interaction of a number of factors, namely, a high mixing entropy and low diffusion rate of components, and a low growth rate of crystallites from the melt. The purpose of this work was to obtain new knowledge about the structure and properties of high-entropy films synthesized on a metal substrate during deposition of a multi-element metal plasma in argon atmosphere. The plasma was formed as a result of independent plasma-assisted electric arc cathodes of the following metals: Ti, Al, Cu, Nb, Zr sputtering. As a result of the performed studies, the deposition mode was revealed, which allows the formation of films of various thicknesses of close to equiatomic composition. Transmission electron microscopy methods have established that the films are multilayer formations and have nanoscale amorphous-crystalline structure. Microhardness of the films significantly depends on the ratio of number of the forming elements and varies from 12 to 14 GPa, Young’s modulus – from 230 to 310 GPa. Crystallization of the films was carried out by irradiation with a pulsed electron beam. As a result of processing, a two-phase state is formed. The main phase is α-NbZrTiAl with a volume-centered cubic crystal lattice with a parameter of 0.32344 nm; the second phase of CuZr composition has a simple cubic lattice.
{"title":"Multilayer amorphous-crystalline high-entropy metal films","authors":"Y. Ivanov, N. Prokopenko, E. Petrikova, V. Shugurov, A. Teresov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-191-196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-191-196","url":null,"abstract":"High-entropy alloys (HEA) are multi-element materials and contain at least five elements of similar concentration. HEA are, as a rule, single- phase thermodynamically stable substitutional solid solutions, mainly based on a body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic crystal lattice. Solid solution stabilization during the crystallization of a high-entropy alloy is provided by the interaction of a number of factors, namely, a high mixing entropy and low diffusion rate of components, and a low growth rate of crystallites from the melt. The purpose of this work was to obtain new knowledge about the structure and properties of high-entropy films synthesized on a metal substrate during deposition of a multi-element metal plasma in argon atmosphere. The plasma was formed as a result of independent plasma-assisted electric arc cathodes of the following metals: Ti, Al, Cu, Nb, Zr sputtering. As a result of the performed studies, the deposition mode was revealed, which allows the formation of films of various thicknesses of close to equiatomic composition. Transmission electron microscopy methods have established that the films are multilayer formations and have nanoscale amorphous-crystalline structure. Microhardness of the films significantly depends on the ratio of number of the forming elements and varies from 12 to 14 GPa, Young’s modulus – from 230 to 310 GPa. Crystallization of the films was carried out by irradiation with a pulsed electron beam. As a result of processing, a two-phase state is formed. The main phase is α-NbZrTiAl with a volume-centered cubic crystal lattice with a parameter of 0.32344 nm; the second phase of CuZr composition has a simple cubic lattice.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83969112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-162-167
S. Barannikova, M. V. Nadezhkin, P. V. Iskhakova
The paper is devoted to correlation dependences of ultrasound velocity with characteristics of strength and plasticity in uniaxial tension of Fe18Cr10Ni austenitic stainless steel with a unique set of physical and mechanical properties. Such a successful set of mechanical properties is provided by dislocation slip and twinning, the formation of stacking faults, and martensitic transformation. It should be noted that the assessment of changes in the mechanical characteristics of metals (especially at low temperatures) is a very laborious task and requires the use of non-destructive control methods. Experimental data was obtained using a bench designed to synchronize with recording of the “stress – strain” diagram for determining the values of ultrasound velocity propagation and the attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic wave as a function of deformation. Measurement of ultrasound velocity propagation was reduced to determining the time of passage of an ultrasonic Rayleigh pulse between transmitting and receiving transducers. Attenuation was determined from the change in pulse shape. The pulses were excited by a piezoelectric transducer at a frequency of 5 MHz. The authors experimentally studied static loading effect on acoustic characteristics and calculated the destruction parameters. The propagation ultrasound velocity in deformable material is an informative feature for analyzing the nature of the processes that control plasticity. The effect of test temperature in the range 180 K ≤ T ≤ 320 K on acoustic and mechanical characteristics of the steel was studied to ensure control of its structural state and mechanical properties by means of non-destructive testing. The temperature range was chosen taking into account the possibility of direct γ → α′ martensitic transformation.
{"title":"Mechanical and acoustic properties of deformable alloys","authors":"S. Barannikova, M. V. Nadezhkin, P. V. Iskhakova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-162-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-162-167","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to correlation dependences of ultrasound velocity with characteristics of strength and plasticity in uniaxial tension of Fe18Cr10Ni austenitic stainless steel with a unique set of physical and mechanical properties. Such a successful set of mechanical properties is provided by dislocation slip and twinning, the formation of stacking faults, and martensitic transformation. It should be noted that the assessment of changes in the mechanical characteristics of metals (especially at low temperatures) is a very laborious task and requires the use of non-destructive control methods. Experimental data was obtained using a bench designed to synchronize with recording of the “stress – strain” diagram for determining the values of ultrasound velocity propagation and the attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic wave as a function of deformation. Measurement of ultrasound velocity propagation was reduced to determining the time of passage of an ultrasonic Rayleigh pulse between transmitting and receiving transducers. Attenuation was determined from the change in pulse shape. The pulses were excited by a piezoelectric transducer at a frequency of 5 MHz. The authors experimentally studied static loading effect on acoustic characteristics and calculated the destruction parameters. The propagation ultrasound velocity in deformable material is an informative feature for analyzing the nature of the processes that control plasticity. The effect of test temperature in the range 180 K ≤ T ≤ 320 K on acoustic and mechanical characteristics of the steel was studied to ensure control of its structural state and mechanical properties by means of non-destructive testing. The temperature range was chosen taking into account the possibility of direct γ → α′ martensitic transformation.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90559049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-236-243
M. Lyakhovets, G. V. Makarov, A. S. Salamatin
The article deals with the formation of model implementations of time series of data (based on in-situ data) of controlled and uncontrolled impacts in simulator-training and digital modeling systems. Such simulators are becoming increasingly widespread due to the development of information and computer technologies, automated research systems, training systems, digital modeling technologies (APM modeling), as well as digital counterparts and advanced control systems. The formed implementations of impacts can characterize situations of normal process flow, emergency and pre-emergency states, or specific representative situations for training operators and technological personnel, software testing, research and tuning of algorithms and search for optimal control actions. Using examples from the metallurgical industry, the possibility of forming several interrelated impacts based on models of nonlinear dynamics and multivariate dynamic databases is shown. The Lorentz system describing the thermal convection of a fluid medium is considered as a model of the impacts formation. The model parameters for the low- and high-frequency components are determined separately, by processing in-situ data. Next, a training sample is formed using normalization and relay-exponential smoothing operations. The implementations of the actions are formed taking into account the mutual correlation of data based on models of chemical dynamics and are adjusted to the specified properties on a limited sample of a given volume with the required accuracy using a generator in the form of a closed dynamic system. The generator in form of a closed dynamic system is built on the basis of a multidimensional generating autoregressive model with adjustable coefficients. An example of the formation of data series on technological parameters of a blast furnace (the degree of wear of the furnace lining, temperature sensor readings and heat flux density) is shown.
{"title":"Data generation for digital simulators of metallurgical process operators","authors":"M. Lyakhovets, G. V. Makarov, A. S. Salamatin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-236-243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-236-243","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the formation of model implementations of time series of data (based on in-situ data) of controlled and uncontrolled impacts in simulator-training and digital modeling systems. Such simulators are becoming increasingly widespread due to the development of information and computer technologies, automated research systems, training systems, digital modeling technologies (APM modeling), as well as digital counterparts and advanced control systems. The formed implementations of impacts can characterize situations of normal process flow, emergency and pre-emergency states, or specific representative situations for training operators and technological personnel, software testing, research and tuning of algorithms and search for optimal control actions. Using examples from the metallurgical industry, the possibility of forming several interrelated impacts based on models of nonlinear dynamics and multivariate dynamic databases is shown. The Lorentz system describing the thermal convection of a fluid medium is considered as a model of the impacts formation. The model parameters for the low- and high-frequency components are determined separately, by processing in-situ data. Next, a training sample is formed using normalization and relay-exponential smoothing operations. The implementations of the actions are formed taking into account the mutual correlation of data based on models of chemical dynamics and are adjusted to the specified properties on a limited sample of a given volume with the required accuracy using a generator in the form of a closed dynamic system. The generator in form of a closed dynamic system is built on the basis of a multidimensional generating autoregressive model with adjustable coefficients. An example of the formation of data series on technological parameters of a blast furnace (the degree of wear of the furnace lining, temperature sensor readings and heat flux density) is shown.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87788556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-168-176
M. Belomyttsev
Ferritic-martensitic heat-resistant high-chromium steels (FMHS) with chromium content of 11 – 12 % are quenched to martensite from temperatures of 1050 – 1100 °С. Possible undesirable consequences of heating to such high temperatures are an increase in the size of austenite grains, increase in the amount of delta ferrite in the final structure, and a decrease in mechanical characteristics. In this work, the change of all these factors during heating of FHMS to quenching temperatures in the range of 950 – 1250 °С was studied. Ratios of the contents of martensite (its amount was identified with the proportion of austenite before quenching) and high-temperature delta ferrite on metallographic sections were analyzed. It was found that behavior of structure of the studied FHMS upon heating to temperatures of 1150 °С and above depends on the steels structural class. In steels whose structure at room temperature consists of martensite and delta ferrite, or in which delta ferrite begins to form at heating temperatures of 1200 °С and higher, size of austenite grain decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 1200 – 1250 °С, and the amount of delta ferrite – increases. Such structural transformations can be associated with features of the phase equilibrium diagrams of steels of this class. Such structural transformations can be associated with a change in the position and (or) inclination of boundaries of the high-temperature region of coexistence of austenite and delta-ferrite in the phase equilibrium diagrams of FHMS at a change in heating temperature in this range. Compression tests at 20 °С of 15Cr12Mn3SiMoW2VB steel samples after heat treatment with heating to temperatures for hardening 1000 – 1250 °С showed that formation of an additional amount of delta ferrite at temperatures above 1200 °С is a stronger factor than the refinement of austenite grains. This causes a decrease in yield strength of the samples quenched from these temperatures followed by high tempering.
{"title":"Features of formation of austenite grains in 12 % Cr heat-resistant ferritic-martensitic steels","authors":"M. Belomyttsev","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-168-176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-168-176","url":null,"abstract":"Ferritic-martensitic heat-resistant high-chromium steels (FMHS) with chromium content of 11 – 12 % are quenched to martensite from temperatures of 1050 – 1100 °С. Possible undesirable consequences of heating to such high temperatures are an increase in the size of austenite grains, increase in the amount of delta ferrite in the final structure, and a decrease in mechanical characteristics. In this work, the change of all these factors during heating of FHMS to quenching temperatures in the range of 950 – 1250 °С was studied. Ratios of the contents of martensite (its amount was identified with the proportion of austenite before quenching) and high-temperature delta ferrite on metallographic sections were analyzed. It was found that behavior of structure of the studied FHMS upon heating to temperatures of 1150 °С and above depends on the steels structural class. In steels whose structure at room temperature consists of martensite and delta ferrite, or in which delta ferrite begins to form at heating temperatures of 1200 °С and higher, size of austenite grain decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 1200 – 1250 °С, and the amount of delta ferrite – increases. Such structural transformations can be associated with features of the phase equilibrium diagrams of steels of this class. Such structural transformations can be associated with a change in the position and (or) inclination of boundaries of the high-temperature region of coexistence of austenite and delta-ferrite in the phase equilibrium diagrams of FHMS at a change in heating temperature in this range. Compression tests at 20 °С of 15Cr12Mn3SiMoW2VB steel samples after heat treatment with heating to temperatures for hardening 1000 – 1250 °С showed that formation of an additional amount of delta ferrite at temperatures above 1200 °С is a stronger factor than the refinement of austenite grains. This causes a decrease in yield strength of the samples quenched from these temperatures followed by high tempering.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86767633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-222-228
A. Umanskii, I. S. Morozov, E. Protopopov, A. Simachev, L. Dumova
On the basis of metallographic studies, the authors determined the characteristic defects of grinding balls rolled from the rejects of continuously cast billets of K76F rail steel. Relationship of the presence of internal defects of the balls with their impact resistance was established. Defects in the form of internal cracks with accumulations of non-metallic inclusions in the area of their localization and flocks have the greatest impact on the reduction of balls impact resistance. Such defects are the cause of balls destruction during impact resistance tests in 62 and 17 % of cases, respectively. The effect of internal cracks without significant accumulations of non-metallic inclusions and quenching microcracks located along the boundaries of the phase interface was estimated at 12 and 9 %. The regularities and mechanism of influence of the rejects chemical composition of K76F rail steel billets on the probability of destruction of the balls produced from them during impact resistance tests were established. An increase in sulfur content in the billets of the studied rail steel reduces impact resistance of the balls produced from them, as it contributes to formation of non-plastic sulfides that concentrate in the area of internal cracks. An increase in hydrogen content in rail steel naturally contributes to an increase in probability of formation of the flocks, which significantly reduce the balls stability to shock loads. An increase in carbon content in the initial billets affects the increase in probability of destruction of K76F steel balls during copra tests. It is explained by formation of cementite-type carbides when carbon content corresponding to the eutectoid steel is reached. In general, the relative degree of influence of the K76F rail steel chemical composition on impact resistance of grinding balls is 48 %.
{"title":"Occurrence of characteristic defects of grinding balls from rejects of continuously cast billets of rail steel","authors":"A. Umanskii, I. S. Morozov, E. Protopopov, A. Simachev, L. Dumova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-222-228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-222-228","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of metallographic studies, the authors determined the characteristic defects of grinding balls rolled from the rejects of continuously cast billets of K76F rail steel. Relationship of the presence of internal defects of the balls with their impact resistance was established. Defects in the form of internal cracks with accumulations of non-metallic inclusions in the area of their localization and flocks have the greatest impact on the reduction of balls impact resistance. Such defects are the cause of balls destruction during impact resistance tests in 62 and 17 % of cases, respectively. The effect of internal cracks without significant accumulations of non-metallic inclusions and quenching microcracks located along the boundaries of the phase interface was estimated at 12 and 9 %. The regularities and mechanism of influence of the rejects chemical composition of K76F rail steel billets on the probability of destruction of the balls produced from them during impact resistance tests were established. An increase in sulfur content in the billets of the studied rail steel reduces impact resistance of the balls produced from them, as it contributes to formation of non-plastic sulfides that concentrate in the area of internal cracks. An increase in hydrogen content in rail steel naturally contributes to an increase in probability of formation of the flocks, which significantly reduce the balls stability to shock loads. An increase in carbon content in the initial billets affects the increase in probability of destruction of K76F steel balls during copra tests. It is explained by formation of cementite-type carbides when carbon content corresponding to the eutectoid steel is reached. In general, the relative degree of influence of the K76F rail steel chemical composition on impact resistance of grinding balls is 48 %.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74876506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-184-190
Y. Kaplanskii, M. I. Ageev, M. Bychkova, A. Fadeev, E. Levashov
The CompoNiAl-M5-3 high-temperature alloy based on nickel monoaluminide was obtained by selective laser melting (SLM) of a spheroidized powder with particle size in the range of 20 – 45 μm. The powder was manufactured using an integral technology including self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), briquette grinding, sieve and air classification followed with spheroidization of powder particles in a thermal plasma flow and ultrasonic purification of spheroidized particles from nanofraction. Using parametric studies, the SLM modes were tested on SLM 280H and TruPrint 1000 machines. Mechanical tests of the samples were carried out using the uniaxial compression scheme with the strain rate dε/dt = 10–4 s–1 in the temperature range 1023 – 1273 K. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to study the influence of laser spot size on the evolution of microstructure and thermomechanical properties of the SLM-consolidated material in comparison with that obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The authors established the effect of HIP + HT (aging in vacuum) post-treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of the material. The yield strength at 1073 K of the alloy built on the additive machine with a laser spot diameter of 38 μm after SLM + HIP + HT was 500 MPa, which exceeded the yield strength of the HIP-samples by 220 MPa.
{"title":"Influence of laser spot size on structure and properties of high-temperature CompoNIAL-M5-3 alloy produced by selective laser melting","authors":"Y. Kaplanskii, M. I. Ageev, M. Bychkova, A. Fadeev, E. Levashov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-184-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-184-190","url":null,"abstract":"The CompoNiAl-M5-3 high-temperature alloy based on nickel monoaluminide was obtained by selective laser melting (SLM) of a spheroidized powder with particle size in the range of 20 – 45 μm. The powder was manufactured using an integral technology including self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), briquette grinding, sieve and air classification followed with spheroidization of powder particles in a thermal plasma flow and ultrasonic purification of spheroidized particles from nanofraction. Using parametric studies, the SLM modes were tested on SLM 280H and TruPrint 1000 machines. Mechanical tests of the samples were carried out using the uniaxial compression scheme with the strain rate dε/dt = 10–4 s–1 in the temperature range 1023 – 1273 K. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy methods were used to study the influence of laser spot size on the evolution of microstructure and thermomechanical properties of the SLM-consolidated material in comparison with that obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The authors established the effect of HIP + HT (aging in vacuum) post-treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of the material. The yield strength at 1073 K of the alloy built on the additive machine with a laser spot diameter of 38 μm after SLM + HIP + HT was 500 MPa, which exceeded the yield strength of the HIP-samples by 220 MPa.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89431307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-229-235
A. A. Kim, M. I. Podglazova, K. Shatokhin
In recent years, there is a trend of improving the performance and efficiency of all existing measuring instruments due to a leap in technology. Almost every industry uses a variety of technologies that apply temperature control. Temperature of a heated body can be estimated by measuring the parameters of its thermal radiation, which are electromagnetic waves of different lengths. Temperature measurement is necessary for comfortable automatic control and management of production processes. The use of non-contact means makes it possible to measure the temperature of, firstly, moving objects, secondly, objects in inaccessible places, thirdly, to avoid damage to the measuring instruments when controlling large temperatures. High speed, the possibility of measuring temperature without disconnecting the object from the technological process, ensuring personnel safety, temperature measurement up to 3000 °C – these are the advantages of non-contact temperature measurement method. To obtain reliable values when measuring thermophysical quantities it is necessary to know the processes occurring in interaction of the measuring device or sensor with the object of measurement. These processes affect the magnitude of the measurement error, that is, magnitude of the result deviation from the true value of the measured parameter. This paper describes the errors of non-contact temperature measurement of pyrometers, namely total radiation pyrometer, partial radiation pyrometer, spectral ratio pyrometer, as well as shows the results of comparative calculations between them. Expressions for the evaluation of methodical errors of total radiation, partial radiation and spectral ratio pyrometers are given, as well as the results of comparative calculations of errors are shown.
{"title":"Errors of non-contact temperature measurement","authors":"A. A. Kim, M. I. Podglazova, K. Shatokhin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-229-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-229-235","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there is a trend of improving the performance and efficiency of all existing measuring instruments due to a leap in technology. Almost every industry uses a variety of technologies that apply temperature control. Temperature of a heated body can be estimated by measuring the parameters of its thermal radiation, which are electromagnetic waves of different lengths. Temperature measurement is necessary for comfortable automatic control and management of production processes. The use of non-contact means makes it possible to measure the temperature of, firstly, moving objects, secondly, objects in inaccessible places, thirdly, to avoid damage to the measuring instruments when controlling large temperatures. High speed, the possibility of measuring temperature without disconnecting the object from the technological process, ensuring personnel safety, temperature measurement up to 3000 °C – these are the advantages of non-contact temperature measurement method. To obtain reliable values when measuring thermophysical quantities it is necessary to know the processes occurring in interaction of the measuring device or sensor with the object of measurement. These processes affect the magnitude of the measurement error, that is, magnitude of the result deviation from the true value of the measured parameter. This paper describes the errors of non-contact temperature measurement of pyrometers, namely total radiation pyrometer, partial radiation pyrometer, spectral ratio pyrometer, as well as shows the results of comparative calculations between them. Expressions for the evaluation of methodical errors of total radiation, partial radiation and spectral ratio pyrometers are given, as well as the results of comparative calculations of errors are shown.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76752361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-253-264
O. Glushakova, O. Chernikova
The idea of ESG (Environmental – Social – Governance) is based on the concept of sustainable development and represents a fundamentally new approach to making business, characterized by the involvement of companies in solving environmental, social and management problems. Despite the fact that at the international level, the formation of an institutional framework in the field of ESG was initiated 74 years ago, in our country this process was launched only in 1996 with the adoption of the Concept for the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development. Ratification by Russia of a number of international documents – the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Paris Agreement on Climate (2015) and the active promotion climate policy by most countries of the world aimed at preserving ozone in the atmosphere layer, necessitated the institutionalization of ESG principles at the national level. The activation of this process took place in 2020 and by mid-2021, the national framework in the field of ESG was created. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy. The discrepancy of ferrous metallurgy enterprises with the ESG criteria, as well as the high carbon and energy intensity of the products of this industry, in the future may cause the loss of sales markets and disruption of sustainable development. The stages of institutionalization of ESG principles at the international level and in the Russian Federation are considered. The necessity of reducing the carbon intensity and energy intensity of ferrous metallurgy products is substantiated in connection with the emerging global trend – the transition of most countries of the world to a low-carbon economy due to the gradual abandonment of coal energy and the gradual cessation of «inefficient» subsidizing of fossil fuels.
{"title":"Institutionalization of ESG-principles at the international level and in the Russian Federation, their impact on ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Part 1","authors":"O. Glushakova, O. Chernikova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-253-264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-253-264","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of ESG (Environmental – Social – Governance) is based on the concept of sustainable development and represents a fundamentally new approach to making business, characterized by the involvement of companies in solving environmental, social and management problems. Despite the fact that at the international level, the formation of an institutional framework in the field of ESG was initiated 74 years ago, in our country this process was launched only in 1996 with the adoption of the Concept for the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development. Ratification by Russia of a number of international documents – the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Paris Agreement on Climate (2015) and the active promotion climate policy by most countries of the world aimed at preserving ozone in the atmosphere layer, necessitated the institutionalization of ESG principles at the national level. The activation of this process took place in 2020 and by mid-2021, the national framework in the field of ESG was created. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy. The discrepancy of ferrous metallurgy enterprises with the ESG criteria, as well as the high carbon and energy intensity of the products of this industry, in the future may cause the loss of sales markets and disruption of sustainable development. The stages of institutionalization of ESG principles at the international level and in the Russian Federation are considered. The necessity of reducing the carbon intensity and energy intensity of ferrous metallurgy products is substantiated in connection with the emerging global trend – the transition of most countries of the world to a low-carbon economy due to the gradual abandonment of coal energy and the gradual cessation of «inefficient» subsidizing of fossil fuels.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83056737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-206-214
L. Makrovets, O. Samoilova, G. G. Mikhailov
Deoxidation (reduction of oxygen concentration dissolved in liquid metal) is an integral part of steel production technology. For obtaining deeply deoxidized metal, mainly aluminum is used at metallurgical enterprises. It should be taken into account that alloying elements of steels and alloys under certain conditions can act as deoxidizing elements, contributing to the complex nature of the deoxidation process. Almost all steels contain manganese in one concentration or another. The study of interaction processes in the Fe – Mn – Al – O – C system at steelmaking temperatures is of applied importance. In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of the deoxidation ability of aluminum in oxygen-containing iron-manganese melts was carried out. At the same time, influence of carbon on course of the deoxidation process was taken into account. In the study, it is effective to use a technique for constructing the solubility surface of components in metal (SSCM) – a diagram that connects the compositions of liquid metal with the compositions of conjugated non-metallic phases. In the course of this work, oxygen solubility isotherms in the Fe – Mn – O system were calculated for the temperature range of 1550 – 1650 °C. For the Fe – Mn – Al – O – C (1600 °C) system, composite sections of the SSCM were constructed at fixed carbon concentrations in steel [C] = 0; 0.1; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2 % (hereafter by weight). It is shown that with the simultaneous presence of manganese and aluminum in an oxygen–containing iron-based melt (at industrially significant concentrations [Al] = 0.001 – 0.010 % and [Mn] – less than 1.0 %), aluminum in the liquid metal will act as a deoxidizing agent, and corundum inclusions will be formed as interaction products. Complex deoxidation by aluminum and manganese with the formation of spinel is typical only for manganese-alloyed steels, where the concentration of manganese is more than 1.5 %.
脱氧(降低溶解在液态金属中的氧浓度)是钢铁生产技术的重要组成部分。为了获得深度脱氧金属，冶金企业主要采用铝。应该考虑到，钢和合金的合金元素在一定条件下可以作为脱氧元素，有助于脱氧过程的复杂性。几乎所有的钢都含有不同浓度的锰。研究炼钢温度下Fe - Mn - Al - O - C体系的相互作用过程具有重要的应用价值。本文对含氧铁锰熔体中铝的脱氧能力进行了热力学分析。同时考虑了碳对脱氧过程的影响。在本研究中，采用了一种构造金属中组分溶解度面(SSCM)的技术——将液态金属的组成与共轭非金属相的组成联系起来的图。在此工作过程中，计算了Fe - Mn - O体系在1550 - 1650 °C温度范围内的氧溶解度等温线。对于Fe - Mn - Al - O - C(1600 °C)体系，在固定碳浓度的钢中构建了SSCM的复合截面[C] = 0;0.1;0.4;0.8和1.2 %(以下按重量计)。结果表明，在含氧铁基熔体中同时存在锰和铝(工业显著浓度[Al] = 0.001 - 0.010 %，[Mn] -小于1.0 %)时，液态金属中的铝将作为脱氧剂，并形成刚玉包裹体作为相互作用产物。铝和锰的复合脱氧与尖晶石的形成是典型的锰合金钢，其中锰的浓度超过1.5%。
{"title":"Deoxidation capacity of aluminum in ferromanganese carbon-containing melts","authors":"L. Makrovets, O. Samoilova, G. G. Mikhailov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-206-214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-206-214","url":null,"abstract":"Deoxidation (reduction of oxygen concentration dissolved in liquid metal) is an integral part of steel production technology. For obtaining deeply deoxidized metal, mainly aluminum is used at metallurgical enterprises. It should be taken into account that alloying elements of steels and alloys under certain conditions can act as deoxidizing elements, contributing to the complex nature of the deoxidation process. Almost all steels contain manganese in one concentration or another. The study of interaction processes in the Fe – Mn – Al – O – C system at steelmaking temperatures is of applied importance. In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of the deoxidation ability of aluminum in oxygen-containing iron-manganese melts was carried out. At the same time, influence of carbon on course of the deoxidation process was taken into account. In the study, it is effective to use a technique for constructing the solubility surface of components in metal (SSCM) – a diagram that connects the compositions of liquid metal with the compositions of conjugated non-metallic phases. In the course of this work, oxygen solubility isotherms in the Fe – Mn – O system were calculated for the temperature range of 1550 – 1650 °C. For the Fe – Mn – Al – O – C (1600 °C) system, composite sections of the SSCM were constructed at fixed carbon concentrations in steel [C] = 0; 0.1; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2 % (hereafter by weight). It is shown that with the simultaneous presence of manganese and aluminum in an oxygen–containing iron-based melt (at industrially significant concentrations [Al] = 0.001 – 0.010 % and [Mn] – less than 1.0 %), aluminum in the liquid metal will act as a deoxidizing agent, and corundum inclusions will be formed as interaction products. Complex deoxidation by aluminum and manganese with the formation of spinel is typical only for manganese-alloyed steels, where the concentration of manganese is more than 1.5 %.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88136099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-148-153
B. B. Musurzaeva
This paper studies the kinetics of structure formation of an iron-bronze composite containing solid lubricants. Depending on the compacting pressure and sintering temperature, binary and complex phases are detected in the iron-bronze structure. The presence of solid lubricants in the composition of the composite material significantly reduces interaction of the liquid (bronze) and solid (iron) phases during sintering. Talc and graphite, which are heat–resistant at a sintering temperature of 850 – 1150 °C, were used as solid lubricants. The presence of talc, located on the surface of compressed particles of iron, copper, tin and graphite, significantly reduces the effect of their interaction. At the same time, the micro-talc particles envelop them, and its thermal stability retains this state up to high temperatures (approximately 900 °C). It was established that there is no perlite in the microstructure of iron-bronze sintered at a temperature of 850 °C. This can be explained by the talc adsorbing ability on the surface of iron particles which prevents diffusion of carbon into the iron crystal lattice. An increase in the sintering temperature up to 1000 °C leads to the formation of perlite in the iron-bronze structure, while the amount of perlite predominates over ferrite. This indicates the partial burnout of talc from the surface of iron particles and the opening of diffusion paths to carbon. At a sintering temperature of 1150 °C, perlite and a grid of light inclusions are formed in the microstructure of the iron-bronze samples. According to the results of electron microprobe analysis, the light inclusions are solid solutions of variable compositions such as Fe – Cu – Sn, Cu – Fe – Sn, Cu – Sn – Fe. In order to confirm these assumptions, a phase X-ray diffraction analysis was performed. Diffraction patterns of these samples are represented by reflections of iron and copper crystals. The absence of diffraction effects (characteristic of tin crystals) is conditioned by tin solubility in the copper lattice. This is due to the low melting point of tin (232 °C) and its ionic radius, which allows isomorphically replacing of copper and iron ions with tin ions (their difference is less than 15 %).
本文研究了含固体润滑剂的铁青铜复合材料的结构形成动力学。根据压实压力和烧结温度的不同，铁青铜结构中存在二元相和复相。复合材料组成中固体润滑剂的存在显著降低了烧结过程中液体(青铜)和固体(铁)相的相互作用。滑石和石墨在850 - 1150℃的烧结温度下耐热，被用作固体润滑剂。滑石的存在，位于铁、铜、锡和石墨的压缩颗粒表面，显著降低了它们相互作用的影响。同时，微滑石颗粒包裹着它们，其热稳定性在高温(约900°C)下保持这种状态。结果表明，850℃烧结铁青铜的显微组织中不存在珍珠岩。这可以用滑石在铁颗粒表面的吸附能力来解释，这种吸附能力可以防止碳扩散到铁晶格中。当烧结温度升高到1000℃时，铁青铜组织中会形成珍珠岩，但珍珠岩的数量多于铁素体。这表明滑石从铁颗粒表面部分烧坏，向碳扩散路径打开。在1150℃的烧结温度下，铁青铜样品的微观结构中形成了珍珠岩和轻夹杂物网格。电子探针分析结果表明，轻夹杂物为Fe - Cu - Sn、Cu - Fe - Sn、Cu - Sn - Fe等不同组分的固溶体。为了证实这些假设，进行了相x射线衍射分析。这些样品的衍射图样由铁和铜晶体的反射来表示。没有衍射效应(锡晶体的特征)是由锡在铜晶格中的溶解度决定的。这是由于锡的低熔点(232°C)和它的离子半径，这使得铜和铁离子可以同构地替换为锡离子(它们的差异小于15%)。
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