Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-548-554
D. S. Renev, O. Zayakin, V. Zhuchkov
For development of new ferroalloys and their application, it is necessary to know their physical and chemical characteristics. The most important characteristics of the alloy, on which assimilation and distribution of the main elements of ferroalloys in the iron-carbon melt depend, are their time of melting and dissolution. Using a mathematical model for calculating the melting time, developed by the employees of the Ural Federal University and the Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the authors studied the duration of melting of complex nickel-containing ferroalloys in liquid steel. The program allows one to calculate the temperature of a piece of ferroalloy, thickness of the frozen steel crust, size of the alloy piece and duration of the melting periods depending on physicochemical and thermophysical characteristics of the ferroalloys. The melting mechanism of ferroalloys determines the time of their melting in liquid steel. This work contains mathematical modeling of melting of complex nickel ferroalloys containing %: ~10 Ni; 0.5 – 55.0 Cr; ~0.2 C; ~0.2 Si, in iron-carbon melt. It was found that all the alloys under consideration belong to the group of low-melting ferroalloys and process of their melting proceeds in three periods. With an increase in the initial diameter of ferroalloy piece from 3 to 100 mm, the melting time increases by 250 – 300 times. It is shown that an increase in Cr content up to 37 % in complex alloy leads to a decrease in the melting time, and with a further increase in the Cr content to 55 %, an increase in the melting time occurs. A decrease in temperature of liquid steel bath from 1700 to 1520 °С is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melting of complex ferroalloys by 7 – 8 times. In general, the considered complex nickel ferroalloys are characterized by a much faster melting process in liquid steel compared to standard ferrochrome and ferronickel.
{"title":"Melting time of complex nickel-containing alloys in liquid steel","authors":"D. S. Renev, O. Zayakin, V. Zhuchkov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-548-554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-548-554","url":null,"abstract":"For development of new ferroalloys and their application, it is necessary to know their physical and chemical characteristics. The most important characteristics of the alloy, on which assimilation and distribution of the main elements of ferroalloys in the iron-carbon melt depend, are their time of melting and dissolution. Using a mathematical model for calculating the melting time, developed by the employees of the Ural Federal University and the Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the authors studied the duration of melting of complex nickel-containing ferroalloys in liquid steel. The program allows one to calculate the temperature of a piece of ferroalloy, thickness of the frozen steel crust, size of the alloy piece and duration of the melting periods depending on physicochemical and thermophysical characteristics of the ferroalloys. The melting mechanism of ferroalloys determines the time of their melting in liquid steel. This work contains mathematical modeling of melting of complex nickel ferroalloys containing %: ~10 Ni; 0.5 – 55.0 Cr; ~0.2 C; ~0.2 Si, in iron-carbon melt. It was found that all the alloys under consideration belong to the group of low-melting ferroalloys and process of their melting proceeds in three periods. With an increase in the initial diameter of ferroalloy piece from 3 to 100 mm, the melting time increases by 250 – 300 times. It is shown that an increase in Cr content up to 37 % in complex alloy leads to a decrease in the melting time, and with a further increase in the Cr content to 55 %, an increase in the melting time occurs. A decrease in temperature of liquid steel bath from 1700 to 1520 °С is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melting of complex ferroalloys by 7 – 8 times. In general, the considered complex nickel ferroalloys are characterized by a much faster melting process in liquid steel compared to standard ferrochrome and ferronickel.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78487006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-590-595
A. R. Fastykovskii, A. V. Dobryanskii, V. Dorofeev
Development of rolling stock, increase in the speed of transportation, load-bearing capacity of highways and their length requires constant improvement of the production technology for railway rails. Modern rail-beam mills have in their composition a continuously reversible group of stands, which includes universal stands. Rolling of rail profiles in universal calibers is radically different from rolling in two-roll calibers, and at the moment is not well studied, both theoretically and practically. The article defines the conditions for feasibility of the rolling process in universal calibers with a pair of non-drive rolls, taking into account the values of active (reserve friction forces) acting from the drive rolls and reactive forces from the non-drive rolls and roller fittings. The energy balance method solves the problem of determining the back-up force required for deformation in non-drive rolls. When solving the equation of equilibrium of forces in the deformation center formed by the drive rolls, the reserve of friction forces is defined, the magnitude of which largely determines the possibility of the rolling process. Theoretical dependences are obtained for estimating the power balance during rolling in universal calibers of modern rail-beam mills, taking into account the reserve of friction forces provided by the drive rolls and the support required for deformation in non-drive rolls. Information about the force conditions in a universal caliber is necessary to analyze the feasibility of the rolling process in it under various deformation modes and to clarify the drawing coefficients for elements of the resulting profile. Dependencies are proposed that allow estimating the consumption of the reserve of friction forces for the operation of roller fittings serviced by universal caliber. The well-known formula of A.I. Tselikov and A. I. Grishkov on the definition of broadening was clarified in relation to rolling in universal calibers with two non-drive rolls. The support from the non-drive rolls side effects the change in size of sole and head of the rail profiles.
{"title":"Power conditions of rolling in universal calibers of modern rail-beam mills","authors":"A. R. Fastykovskii, A. V. Dobryanskii, V. Dorofeev","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-590-595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-590-595","url":null,"abstract":"Development of rolling stock, increase in the speed of transportation, load-bearing capacity of highways and their length requires constant improvement of the production technology for railway rails. Modern rail-beam mills have in their composition a continuously reversible group of stands, which includes universal stands. Rolling of rail profiles in universal calibers is radically different from rolling in two-roll calibers, and at the moment is not well studied, both theoretically and practically. The article defines the conditions for feasibility of the rolling process in universal calibers with a pair of non-drive rolls, taking into account the values of active (reserve friction forces) acting from the drive rolls and reactive forces from the non-drive rolls and roller fittings. The energy balance method solves the problem of determining the back-up force required for deformation in non-drive rolls. When solving the equation of equilibrium of forces in the deformation center formed by the drive rolls, the reserve of friction forces is defined, the magnitude of which largely determines the possibility of the rolling process. Theoretical dependences are obtained for estimating the power balance during rolling in universal calibers of modern rail-beam mills, taking into account the reserve of friction forces provided by the drive rolls and the support required for deformation in non-drive rolls. Information about the force conditions in a universal caliber is necessary to analyze the feasibility of the rolling process in it under various deformation modes and to clarify the drawing coefficients for elements of the resulting profile. Dependencies are proposed that allow estimating the consumption of the reserve of friction forces for the operation of roller fittings serviced by universal caliber. The well-known formula of A.I. Tselikov and A. I. Grishkov on the definition of broadening was clarified in relation to rolling in universal calibers with two non-drive rolls. The support from the non-drive rolls side effects the change in size of sole and head of the rail profiles.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90682716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-563-572
V. Gromov, S. Konovalov, Yu. A. Shlyarova, M. Efimov, I. Panchenko
A brief analysis of the work on changing the mechanical properties of the high-energy alloy (HEA) Cantor CoCrFeMnNi in various ways has been performed. The article describes the influence of alloying with aluminum, vanadium, manganese, titanium, silicon, carbon, copper on the hardening of wind turbines obtained by vacuum arc melting, laser melting, arc melting and drip casting, mechanical alloying with subsequent plasma sintering, gas sputtering followed by shock wave and static compaction. It is shown that additives of 2.5 % TiC and 5 % WC significantly improve the tensile strength, but reduce the elongation to failure. The effect of grain size in the range of 4.4 – 155 µm is to increase the tensile strength with a decrease in grain size. Lowering the temperature increases the strength and yield limits for grains of all sizes. Intensive plastic deformation forming nanoscale (~50 nm) grains significantly increases the tensile strength up to 1950 MPa and hardness up to 520 HV. Subsequent isochronous and isothermal annealing allows varying the strength and ductility of wind turbines. The formation of nanostructured-phase states during shock compounding, mechanical alloying and subsequent spark plasma formation significantly increase the tensile strength at room temperature, maintaining excellent plasticity (elongation of approximately 28 %). As one of the methods of modifying the mechanical properties of wind turbines, the authors propose electron-beam processing (EPO). The analysis of the deformation curves of the wind turbine, obtained by the technology of wire-arc additive production, after EPO with an electron beam energy density of 10 – 30 J/cm2, has been carried out; assumptions about the reasons for the decrease in strength and ductility characteristics have been found and substantiated. A comparative analysis of mechanical properties of the Cantor wind turbine obtained by various methods was carried out, and the reasons for discrepancy in the values of strength and plastic parameters were noted.
{"title":"Control of mechanical properties of a high-entropy alloy Cantor CoCrFeMnNi","authors":"V. Gromov, S. Konovalov, Yu. A. Shlyarova, M. Efimov, I. Panchenko","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-563-572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-563-572","url":null,"abstract":"A brief analysis of the work on changing the mechanical properties of the high-energy alloy (HEA) Cantor CoCrFeMnNi in various ways has been performed. The article describes the influence of alloying with aluminum, vanadium, manganese, titanium, silicon, carbon, copper on the hardening of wind turbines obtained by vacuum arc melting, laser melting, arc melting and drip casting, mechanical alloying with subsequent plasma sintering, gas sputtering followed by shock wave and static compaction. It is shown that additives of 2.5 % TiC and 5 % WC significantly improve the tensile strength, but reduce the elongation to failure. The effect of grain size in the range of 4.4 – 155 µm is to increase the tensile strength with a decrease in grain size. Lowering the temperature increases the strength and yield limits for grains of all sizes. Intensive plastic deformation forming nanoscale (~50 nm) grains significantly increases the tensile strength up to 1950 MPa and hardness up to 520 HV. Subsequent isochronous and isothermal annealing allows varying the strength and ductility of wind turbines. The formation of nanostructured-phase states during shock compounding, mechanical alloying and subsequent spark plasma formation significantly increase the tensile strength at room temperature, maintaining excellent plasticity (elongation of approximately 28 %). As one of the methods of modifying the mechanical properties of wind turbines, the authors propose electron-beam processing (EPO). The analysis of the deformation curves of the wind turbine, obtained by the technology of wire-arc additive production, after EPO with an electron beam energy density of 10 – 30 J/cm2, has been carried out; assumptions about the reasons for the decrease in strength and ductility characteristics have been found and substantiated. A comparative analysis of mechanical properties of the Cantor wind turbine obtained by various methods was carried out, and the reasons for discrepancy in the values of strength and plastic parameters were noted.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90975807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-573-580
N. Savchenko, I. N. Sevost’yanova, S. Tarasov
In this work, the authors studied the elastoplastic properties of the formed tribological layers of WC – (Fe – Mn – C) composites with matrices consisting of γ-iron (containing 4 % Mn (WC – 80G20)) and γ + α′ (containing 20 % Mn (WC – 80G4)) after friction on a high-speed steel disk at contact pressure of 5 MPa and sliding speeds in the range from 10 to 37 m/s. It was established that the main factor determining the morphology of the worn surface is sliding speed. At sliding speeds of 10 and 20 m/s, finely dispersed mechanically mixed tribolayers 3 – 4 µm thick are formed. As the sliding speed increases to 30–37 m/s, the thickness of the tribolayers reaches 10 – 15 µm, and the structure consists of oxidized fragments of WC – (Fe – Mn – C) composites and FeWO4 complex oxide and does not have a sharp boundary, like the tribolayers formed at lower sliding speeds. The highest values of nanohardness (~33 GPa) and effective Young’s modulus (~523 GPa) were achieved in the WC – 80G4 tribolayer after friction at 10 m/s when the nanoindenter was embedded into agglomerates of fragmented WC grains. This contrasted with the properties of the tribolayers formed at sliding speeds above 20 m/s. The results of nanoindentation showed an obvious effect of tribochemically induced softening in the emerging tribolayer after high-speed sliding at a speed of 37 m/s. Such a layer had a composite microstructure consisting of fragmented composite components cemented in-situ by tribochemically formed FeWO4 and, in addition to antifriction properties, had an increased indentation fracture resistance.
{"title":"Elastoplastic properties of tribological layers of WC – (Fe – Mn – C) composites formed after high-speed sliding on steel","authors":"N. Savchenko, I. N. Sevost’yanova, S. Tarasov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-573-580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-573-580","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the authors studied the elastoplastic properties of the formed tribological layers of WC – (Fe – Mn – C) composites with matrices consisting of γ-iron (containing 4 % Mn (WC – 80G20)) and γ + α′ (containing 20 % Mn (WC – 80G4)) after friction on a high-speed steel disk at contact pressure of 5 MPa and sliding speeds in the range from 10 to 37 m/s. It was established that the main factor determining the morphology of the worn surface is sliding speed. At sliding speeds of 10 and 20 m/s, finely dispersed mechanically mixed tribolayers 3 – 4 µm thick are formed. As the sliding speed increases to 30–37 m/s, the thickness of the tribolayers reaches 10 – 15 µm, and the structure consists of oxidized fragments of WC – (Fe – Mn – C) composites and FeWO4 complex oxide and does not have a sharp boundary, like the tribolayers formed at lower sliding speeds. The highest values of nanohardness (~33 GPa) and effective Young’s modulus (~523 GPa) were achieved in the WC – 80G4 tribolayer after friction at 10 m/s when the nanoindenter was embedded into agglomerates of fragmented WC grains. This contrasted with the properties of the tribolayers formed at sliding speeds above 20 m/s. The results of nanoindentation showed an obvious effect of tribochemically induced softening in the emerging tribolayer after high-speed sliding at a speed of 37 m/s. Such a layer had a composite microstructure consisting of fragmented composite components cemented in-situ by tribochemically formed FeWO4 and, in addition to antifriction properties, had an increased indentation fracture resistance.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87449238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-581-589
G. Adilov, A. D. Povolotskii, V. E. Roshchin
Over 110 million tons of slag were accumulated in the dumps of the Russian copper-smelting enterprises, and their number is increasing. Environmental taxes and dumps maintenance costs are burdensome, which makes it necessary to make the most complete disposal of these production wastes. At the same time, these slags contain valuable elements, in particular, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic and some others, the extraction of which can make recycling profitable. The paper presents the results of a thermodynamic calculation of the behavior of copper-smelting slag elements in the mixture with carbon during heating. Modeling was performed using the TERRA software package. The influence of the process temperature in the range of 600 – 1750 °C on reduction of iron, zinc and silicon was analyzed at the amount of carbon in the system corresponding to the stoichiometry of iron reduction reactions and exceeding the stoichiometric one. It was established that when heated above 650 °C, metallic iron appears in the system, and its full reduction is completed at 1250 °C. The appearance of metallic zinc is observed in two temperature ranges: in the first, appearance of zinc is observed with a simultaneous decrease in concentration of zinc oxide; in the second, an increase in concentration of metallic zinc with a simultaneous decrease in concentration of zinc sulfide. At temperatures above 1650 °C, silicon appears in the system. Under laboratory conditions, the processes of solid-phase reduction of iron with the capture of zinc oxide and separation of the reduction products were tested. It was established that as a result of pyrometallurgical separation by melting reduction products, iron-carbon alloys (steel and cast iron) and alloys with high silicon content can be obtained. The results of the work can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of copper smelting slags, which are not processed by existing technologies.
{"title":"Thermodynamic modeling of metal reduction in copper-smelting slags and experimental verification of its results","authors":"G. Adilov, A. D. Povolotskii, V. E. Roshchin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-581-589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-581-589","url":null,"abstract":"Over 110 million tons of slag were accumulated in the dumps of the Russian copper-smelting enterprises, and their number is increasing. Environmental taxes and dumps maintenance costs are burdensome, which makes it necessary to make the most complete disposal of these production wastes. At the same time, these slags contain valuable elements, in particular, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic and some others, the extraction of which can make recycling profitable. The paper presents the results of a thermodynamic calculation of the behavior of copper-smelting slag elements in the mixture with carbon during heating. Modeling was performed using the TERRA software package. The influence of the process temperature in the range of 600 – 1750 °C on reduction of iron, zinc and silicon was analyzed at the amount of carbon in the system corresponding to the stoichiometry of iron reduction reactions and exceeding the stoichiometric one. It was established that when heated above 650 °C, metallic iron appears in the system, and its full reduction is completed at 1250 °C. The appearance of metallic zinc is observed in two temperature ranges: in the first, appearance of zinc is observed with a simultaneous decrease in concentration of zinc oxide; in the second, an increase in concentration of metallic zinc with a simultaneous decrease in concentration of zinc sulfide. At temperatures above 1650 °C, silicon appears in the system. Under laboratory conditions, the processes of solid-phase reduction of iron with the capture of zinc oxide and separation of the reduction products were tested. It was established that as a result of pyrometallurgical separation by melting reduction products, iron-carbon alloys (steel and cast iron) and alloys with high silicon content can be obtained. The results of the work can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of copper smelting slags, which are not processed by existing technologies.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84504761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-531-538
I. Rybenko, F. Kongoli
The paper presents the results of development and research of a new resource-saving technology for processing poor oxide and carbonate manganese ores in a unit of jet-emulsion type. The basic principles of creating a jet unit and the technology of processing pulverized manganese ores are considered. For the preliminary reduction of manganese from higher oxides or carbonates decomposition, as well as the removal of moisture from the ore, it is proposed to use a reducing gas, which is a product of the implementation of manganese reduction technology in jet-emulsion unit. Thus, the authors propose to close the process, that is, to create a consistent flow of substance and energy passing through the main jet-emulsion unit and the preparatory unit of the fluidized bed. The main task of calculating the proposed technology is to determine the consumption of crude ore in the fluidized bed unit in order to obtain a given yield of the intermediate product and at the same time to ensure the possibility of complete conversion of high oxides or carbonates of crude ore into lower oxides by reducing gas produced in the main unit. To solve this problem, an optimization task was set and implemented. The first stage is selection of composition and consumption of the reducing gas and determination of consumption of the initial manganese ore, which provides the output of a given amount of the intermediate product. The second stage is solution of the optimization problem for output and composition of the gas, which should ensure the recovery process in the second unit. The paper presents the results of calculating the processing technology in the jet-emulsion unit for oxide ore of the Selezen’skoe and carbonate ore of the Usinskoe deposits. A comparative analysis of two options for processing manganese ores by the proposed technology and by the technology without preliminary recovery and roasting was carried out. The proposed technology of processing manganese ores in a closed-cycle jet-emulsion unit allows one to significantly reduce the specific costs of materials, increase productivity, and significantly reduce the energy intensity of the process compared to the technology of processing poor manganese ores without preliminary reduction or roasting.
{"title":"Determination of optimal technological modes for obtaining manganese alloys from poor carbonate and oxide ores in a jet-emulsion unit","authors":"I. Rybenko, F. Kongoli","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-531-538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-531-538","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of development and research of a new resource-saving technology for processing poor oxide and carbonate manganese ores in a unit of jet-emulsion type. The basic principles of creating a jet unit and the technology of processing pulverized manganese ores are considered. For the preliminary reduction of manganese from higher oxides or carbonates decomposition, as well as the removal of moisture from the ore, it is proposed to use a reducing gas, which is a product of the implementation of manganese reduction technology in jet-emulsion unit. Thus, the authors propose to close the process, that is, to create a consistent flow of substance and energy passing through the main jet-emulsion unit and the preparatory unit of the fluidized bed. The main task of calculating the proposed technology is to determine the consumption of crude ore in the fluidized bed unit in order to obtain a given yield of the intermediate product and at the same time to ensure the possibility of complete conversion of high oxides or carbonates of crude ore into lower oxides by reducing gas produced in the main unit. To solve this problem, an optimization task was set and implemented. The first stage is selection of composition and consumption of the reducing gas and determination of consumption of the initial manganese ore, which provides the output of a given amount of the intermediate product. The second stage is solution of the optimization problem for output and composition of the gas, which should ensure the recovery process in the second unit. The paper presents the results of calculating the processing technology in the jet-emulsion unit for oxide ore of the Selezen’skoe and carbonate ore of the Usinskoe deposits. A comparative analysis of two options for processing manganese ores by the proposed technology and by the technology without preliminary recovery and roasting was carried out. The proposed technology of processing manganese ores in a closed-cycle jet-emulsion unit allows one to significantly reduce the specific costs of materials, increase productivity, and significantly reduce the energy intensity of the process compared to the technology of processing poor manganese ores without preliminary reduction or roasting.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84557106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-555-562
N. F. Yakushevich, E. M. Zapol’skaya, M. Temlyantsev, E. Protopopov, E. N. Temlyantseva, M. S. Prikhod’ko
In this paper, the processes of decarburization of periclase-carbon and aluminum-periclase-carbon ladle refractories were investigated. Decarburization processes take place already at the stage of drying and heating the lining after repair, during its heat treatment on gas or electric stands. These processes cause irreparable damage to refractories even before the ladle is put into direct operation (before contact with molten steel). One of the ways to increase resistance of carbon-containing refractories against oxidation is the use of antioxidants (Al, SiC, Si, etc.), which are introduced into the composition of the raw mixture at the manufacturing stage. Their action is based on priority oxidation compared to carbon. Antioxidants act in a certain temperature range, which opens up wide opportunities for development of energy- and resource-saving temperature modes for lining heat-treatment. The authors made mogravimetric analysis of periclase-carbon and aluminum-periclase-carbon non-ignited resin-bonded refractories of AMC 78-8/7HG, RI-MC175LC (RI); MayCarb 284-AX (MAYERTON) grades used in the execution of working layers of steel ladle linings. Thermogravimetric analysis of refractory samples was carried out on a LABSYS evo TG DTA DSC 1600 derivatograph when heated to a temperature of 1100 °C at a speed of 15 °C/min. X-ray phase analysis was performed on an XRD-6000 X-ray diffractometer. The results of thermogravimetric analysis are presented in the form of derivatograms. It was established that the maximum rate of carbon oxidation in all cases is reached at a temperature of 700 – 750 °C. Therefore, in order to implement a low-carbonizing first heating of the ladle after repair, temperature modes are recommended for refractories of the studied brands, including low-temperature (up to 500 °C) lining exposure.
{"title":"Decarburization of periclase-carbon and aluminum-periclase-carbon ladle refractories","authors":"N. F. Yakushevich, E. M. Zapol’skaya, M. Temlyantsev, E. Protopopov, E. N. Temlyantseva, M. S. Prikhod’ko","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-555-562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-555-562","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the processes of decarburization of periclase-carbon and aluminum-periclase-carbon ladle refractories were investigated. Decarburization processes take place already at the stage of drying and heating the lining after repair, during its heat treatment on gas or electric stands. These processes cause irreparable damage to refractories even before the ladle is put into direct operation (before contact with molten steel). One of the ways to increase resistance of carbon-containing refractories against oxidation is the use of antioxidants (Al, SiC, Si, etc.), which are introduced into the composition of the raw mixture at the manufacturing stage. Their action is based on priority oxidation compared to carbon. Antioxidants act in a certain temperature range, which opens up wide opportunities for development of energy- and resource-saving temperature modes for lining heat-treatment. The authors made mogravimetric analysis of periclase-carbon and aluminum-periclase-carbon non-ignited resin-bonded refractories of AMC 78-8/7HG, RI-MC175LC (RI); MayCarb 284-AX (MAYERTON) grades used in the execution of working layers of steel ladle linings. Thermogravimetric analysis of refractory samples was carried out on a LABSYS evo TG DTA DSC 1600 derivatograph when heated to a temperature of 1100 °C at a speed of 15 °C/min. X-ray phase analysis was performed on an XRD-6000 X-ray diffractometer. The results of thermogravimetric analysis are presented in the form of derivatograms. It was established that the maximum rate of carbon oxidation in all cases is reached at a temperature of 700 – 750 °C. Therefore, in order to implement a low-carbonizing first heating of the ladle after repair, temperature modes are recommended for refractories of the studied brands, including low-temperature (up to 500 °C) lining exposure.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81289713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-519-525
L. A. Bolʼshov, S. K. Korneichuk, E. L. Bolʼshova
The simplest model of the structure and interatomic interaction is applied to hydrogen solutions in liquid alloys of Fe – Ni system, which earlier (2019 – 2021) was used by the authors for nitrogen solutions in alloys of Fe – Cr, Fe – Mn, Fe – Ni, Ni – Co and Ni – Cr systems. The theory is based on lattice model of the Fe – Ni solutions. The model assumes a FCC lattice. In the sites of this lattice are the atoms of Fe and Ni. Hydrogen atoms are located in octahedral interstices. The hydrogen atom interacts only with the metal atoms located in the lattice sites neighboring to it. This interaction is pairwise. It is assumed that the energy of this interaction depends neither on the alloy composition nor on the temperature. For simplicity it was assumed that liquid solutions in the Fe – Ni system are perfect. Within the framework of the proposed theory an expression is presented for the Wagner coefficient of interaction between hydrogen and nickel in liquid steel. The right-hand part of the appropriate formula is a function of the ratio of the Sieverts law constants for hydrogen solubility in liquid iron and in liquid nickel. The values of these constants for a temperature of 1873 K are taken equal to K′H(Fe) = 0,0025, K′H(Ni) = 0,0040 wt. %. At the same time, an estimate was obtained for the Wagner coefficient of interaction between hydrogen and nickel in liquid steel εHNi = –0,54. This corresponds to the value of the Langenberg interaction coefficient eHNi = –0,002, wich is very close to the experimental estimate eHNi = –0,0022.
{"title":"Wagner coefficient of interaction between hydrogen and nickel in liquid steel","authors":"L. A. Bolʼshov, S. K. Korneichuk, E. L. Bolʼshova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-519-525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-519-525","url":null,"abstract":"The simplest model of the structure and interatomic interaction is applied to hydrogen solutions in liquid alloys of Fe – Ni system, which earlier (2019 – 2021) was used by the authors for nitrogen solutions in alloys of Fe – Cr, Fe – Mn, Fe – Ni, Ni – Co and Ni – Cr systems. The theory is based on lattice model of the Fe – Ni solutions. The model assumes a FCC lattice. In the sites of this lattice are the atoms of Fe and Ni. Hydrogen atoms are located in octahedral interstices. The hydrogen atom interacts only with the metal atoms located in the lattice sites neighboring to it. This interaction is pairwise. It is assumed that the energy of this interaction depends neither on the alloy composition nor on the temperature. For simplicity it was assumed that liquid solutions in the Fe – Ni system are perfect. Within the framework of the proposed theory an expression is presented for the Wagner coefficient of interaction between hydrogen and nickel in liquid steel. The right-hand part of the appropriate formula is a function of the ratio of the Sieverts law constants for hydrogen solubility in liquid iron and in liquid nickel. The values of these constants for a temperature of 1873 K are taken equal to K′H(Fe) = 0,0025, K′H(Ni) = 0,0040 wt. %. At the same time, an estimate was obtained for the Wagner coefficient of interaction between hydrogen and nickel in liquid steel εHNi = –0,54. This corresponds to the value of the Langenberg interaction coefficient eHNi = –0,002, wich is very close to the experimental estimate eHNi = –0,0022.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90964169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-504-510
A. Vusikhis, L. I. Leont’ev, S. Agafonov
Metallurgical plants in the Urals are experiencing a shortage of iron ore raw materials, which is compensated by the use of materials imported from Central Russia, the Kola Peninsula and Kazakhstan. Replacing them with the local raw materials would increase the competitiveness of metal produced in the Urals, so the question of assessing the possibility of replacing imported raw materials with local ones is very relevant. Such raw materials could be siderite ores from the Bakal deposit. They are not in demand among metallurgists because of their low iron content and high magnesium content. Calculations of blast furnace smelting made by means of balance logical-statistical model showed that additions of annealed and metallized concentrates improve performance. However, with increasing siderites in the charge, content of magnesium oxide in the slag increases, which affects its viscosity and makes it difficult or impossible to smelt using more than 20 % of siderites. It was proposed to use boron oxide to liquefy the slag. Thermodynamic modeling was used to assess the effect of adding 1 – 3 % B2O3 to the charge on chemical composition of the slag and distribution of boron between the metal and oxide phases. It was shown that in the melting process, boron is recovered from the slag phase and partially transferred to the metal. This leads to a decrease in B2O3 content in the final slag. Comparative analysis of the calculated and experimental data shows a close content of boron in the metal, determined theoretically and experimentally. It should be taken into account when calculating the charge. According to the calculations, the main reducing agent of boron is silicon, and the experimental data shows that it is carbon.
{"title":"Assessment of efficiency of the use of Bakal siderites in blast furnace smelting","authors":"A. Vusikhis, L. I. Leont’ev, S. Agafonov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-504-510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-504-510","url":null,"abstract":"Metallurgical plants in the Urals are experiencing a shortage of iron ore raw materials, which is compensated by the use of materials imported from Central Russia, the Kola Peninsula and Kazakhstan. Replacing them with the local raw materials would increase the competitiveness of metal produced in the Urals, so the question of assessing the possibility of replacing imported raw materials with local ones is very relevant. Such raw materials could be siderite ores from the Bakal deposit. They are not in demand among metallurgists because of their low iron content and high magnesium content. Calculations of blast furnace smelting made by means of balance logical-statistical model showed that additions of annealed and metallized concentrates improve performance. However, with increasing siderites in the charge, content of magnesium oxide in the slag increases, which affects its viscosity and makes it difficult or impossible to smelt using more than 20 % of siderites. It was proposed to use boron oxide to liquefy the slag. Thermodynamic modeling was used to assess the effect of adding 1 – 3 % B2O3 to the charge on chemical composition of the slag and distribution of boron between the metal and oxide phases. It was shown that in the melting process, boron is recovered from the slag phase and partially transferred to the metal. This leads to a decrease in B2O3 content in the final slag. Comparative analysis of the calculated and experimental data shows a close content of boron in the metal, determined theoretically and experimentally. It should be taken into account when calculating the charge. According to the calculations, the main reducing agent of boron is silicon, and the experimental data shows that it is carbon.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80478926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-511-518
V. Golik, O. Gabaraev, Y. Razorenov, S. Maslennikov
The problem of depletion of available mineral resources is identified and the reasons for its actualization are characterized due to incomplete extraction of metals from mined ores. It is noted that the strategy of the mining industry may be the use of unconventional technologies of metal extraction within the framework of combining traditional technologies with innovative leaching ones. It is proved that utilization of enrichment tailings, formation of the processes algorithm and engineering forecast of the prospects of the new technology are the real directions of mining production development. The paper considers a method of experimental substantiation of the possibility of waste-free utilization of ferruginous quartzite dressing tailings from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. The planning matrices and the results of comparing the technologies of traditional leaching of dressing tailings in conditioners and leaching in a high-speed disintegrator mill are presented with regression analysis of experimental data and graphical interpretation. A reference is given on the processes of mechanical activation, as a real opportunity to improve the indicators of the processing metal-containing raw materials, including involving dressing tailings in production. The experimental results obtained can be used in hydrometallurgical processes, including leaching of metals from dressing tailings, increasing the extraction of metals with a higher content. The paper considers the data on the metals content in secondary tailings after leaching in a disintegrator with mechanochemical processes activation. The directions of improvement of preparation of metal-containing raw materials for leaching in conditioners – disintegrators are indicated. The economic efficiency of waste-free disposal of dressing tailings is composed of the cost of extracted metals, raw materials for related industries and reducing environmental damage from the storage of toxic tailings of primary processing.
{"title":"Metal leaching from ore dressing tailings","authors":"V. Golik, O. Gabaraev, Y. Razorenov, S. Maslennikov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-511-518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-7-511-518","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of depletion of available mineral resources is identified and the reasons for its actualization are characterized due to incomplete extraction of metals from mined ores. It is noted that the strategy of the mining industry may be the use of unconventional technologies of metal extraction within the framework of combining traditional technologies with innovative leaching ones. It is proved that utilization of enrichment tailings, formation of the processes algorithm and engineering forecast of the prospects of the new technology are the real directions of mining production development. The paper considers a method of experimental substantiation of the possibility of waste-free utilization of ferruginous quartzite dressing tailings from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. The planning matrices and the results of comparing the technologies of traditional leaching of dressing tailings in conditioners and leaching in a high-speed disintegrator mill are presented with regression analysis of experimental data and graphical interpretation. A reference is given on the processes of mechanical activation, as a real opportunity to improve the indicators of the processing metal-containing raw materials, including involving dressing tailings in production. The experimental results obtained can be used in hydrometallurgical processes, including leaching of metals from dressing tailings, increasing the extraction of metals with a higher content. The paper considers the data on the metals content in secondary tailings after leaching in a disintegrator with mechanochemical processes activation. The directions of improvement of preparation of metal-containing raw materials for leaching in conditioners – disintegrators are indicated. The economic efficiency of waste-free disposal of dressing tailings is composed of the cost of extracted metals, raw materials for related industries and reducing environmental damage from the storage of toxic tailings of primary processing.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78532332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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