{"title":":World of Patterns: A Global History of Knowledge","authors":"A. Jarrick","doi":"10.1086/725930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725930","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89508906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay examines the physicist Ernst Mach’s popular work. Like many other scientists in late nineteenth-century Central Europe, he viewed the popular genre as a means not only of edifying the lay public but of communicating arguments to other specialists. In many cases, he used his popularizations to draw his colleagues’ attention to the biological and evolutionary features of scientific reasoning, although his own understanding of those features changed in the 1880s and early 1890s. Notably, he came to believe that human beings instinctively read substances into nature. Several years after adopting this new perspective on substance, he incorporated it into a series of popular works that were intended to outline his views on thermodynamics in general and to weigh in on the controversy over “energetics” that erupted at the 1895 Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärtze.
{"title":"Ernst Mach’s Popular Science","authors":"Zachary Barr","doi":"10.1086/726111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726111","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the physicist Ernst Mach’s popular work. Like many other scientists in late nineteenth-century Central Europe, he viewed the popular genre as a means not only of edifying the lay public but of communicating arguments to other specialists. In many cases, he used his popularizations to draw his colleagues’ attention to the biological and evolutionary features of scientific reasoning, although his own understanding of those features changed in the 1880s and early 1890s. Notably, he came to believe that human beings instinctively read substances into nature. Several years after adopting this new perspective on substance, he incorporated it into a series of popular works that were intended to outline his views on thermodynamics in general and to weigh in on the controversy over “energetics” that erupted at the 1895 Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärtze.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"125 1","pages":"559 - 577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86003131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Revealed Sciences: The Natural Sciences in Islam in Seventeenth-Century Morocco","authors":"E. Amster","doi":"10.1086/726116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73186805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Conchophilia: Shells, Art, and Curiosity in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Anna Echterhölter","doi":"10.1086/726110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87382619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1937 the British Parliament passed the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act, prohibiting the exhibition and distribution of films in which suffering might have been caused to animals. “Cruel animal films,” especially those depicting violent combat, captured the nationalistic anxieties of interwar British animal protectionists, social moralists, animal behavior experts, and legislators. The act symbolically resolved their worries, all of which centered on the morality of British audiences. Attempts to regulate cruel animal films also illuminated contemporary ambiguities about representation in film. Film separated what was being filmed in production from what was shown in the film product, so that the two no longer needed to correspond, while simultaneously maintaining an illusion of direct representation. Critics thus found it difficult to pinpoint whether their concern was with “real” cruelty to animals in production or with the effects of “representations” of cruelty on audiences. Animal behavior experts reframed this problem of ambiguous representation as one they could solve: they assessed the behavior of animals in cruel animal films, using science to evaluate film’s claim of realism. This essay argues that these experts used science to manage film’s simultaneous cleavage and coupling of reality and representation and, in doing so, regulated elites’ anxieties about the degradation of British audiences.
{"title":"Animals, Film, Audiences: Regulating Cruelty and Morality through Science and Law in Interwar Britain","authors":"Anin Luo","doi":"10.1086/726206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726206","url":null,"abstract":"In 1937 the British Parliament passed the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act, prohibiting the exhibition and distribution of films in which suffering might have been caused to animals. “Cruel animal films,” especially those depicting violent combat, captured the nationalistic anxieties of interwar British animal protectionists, social moralists, animal behavior experts, and legislators. The act symbolically resolved their worries, all of which centered on the morality of British audiences. Attempts to regulate cruel animal films also illuminated contemporary ambiguities about representation in film. Film separated what was being filmed in production from what was shown in the film product, so that the two no longer needed to correspond, while simultaneously maintaining an illusion of direct representation. Critics thus found it difficult to pinpoint whether their concern was with “real” cruelty to animals in production or with the effects of “representations” of cruelty on audiences. Animal behavior experts reframed this problem of ambiguous representation as one they could solve: they assessed the behavior of animals in cruel animal films, using science to evaluate film’s claim of realism. This essay argues that these experts used science to manage film’s simultaneous cleavage and coupling of reality and representation and, in doing so, regulated elites’ anxieties about the degradation of British audiences.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"129 1","pages":"490 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76752798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":German Science in the Age of Empire: Enterprise, Opportunity and the Schlagintweit Brothers","authors":"Hans Pols","doi":"10.1086/726151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84008696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The Globalization of Wheat: A Critical History of the Green Revolution","authors":"H. Curry","doi":"10.1086/725929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725929","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90863482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The Geographies of Enlightenment Edinburgh","authors":"Dean W. Bond","doi":"10.1086/726127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83164605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until the twentieth century, the interiors of churches and cathedrals constituted the largest enclosed spaces accessible to natural philosophers. Such immense volumes of air provided unique opportunities for the examination of sonorous phenomena and, from the seventeenth century, featured centrally in the production of acoustic knowledge. During the nineteenth century, however, these ecclesiastical buildings took on increasing scientific significance following the publication of Ernst Chladni’s acoustic research and amid intense Anglo-French church-building programs. Focusing on France and Britain, this essay unpacks nineteenth-century churches as experimental sites and argues that these locations were crucial to the formation of new philosophical understandings of sound. From the design of church organs and the use of acoustic pots to the observation of echoes and resonance, these were places where understanding sonorous phenomena was extremely urgent. As the essay demonstrates, elite scientists were keen to draw on practical and architectural experiences in their own scientific works.
{"title":"Science in the Church: The Sacred Spaces of Sonorous Experiment and the Formation of Modern Acoustics","authors":"E. Gillin, Fanny Gribenski","doi":"10.1086/726205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726205","url":null,"abstract":"Until the twentieth century, the interiors of churches and cathedrals constituted the largest enclosed spaces accessible to natural philosophers. Such immense volumes of air provided unique opportunities for the examination of sonorous phenomena and, from the seventeenth century, featured centrally in the production of acoustic knowledge. During the nineteenth century, however, these ecclesiastical buildings took on increasing scientific significance following the publication of Ernst Chladni’s acoustic research and amid intense Anglo-French church-building programs. Focusing on France and Britain, this essay unpacks nineteenth-century churches as experimental sites and argues that these locations were crucial to the formation of new philosophical understandings of sound. From the design of church organs and the use of acoustic pots to the observation of echoes and resonance, these were places where understanding sonorous phenomena was extremely urgent. As the essay demonstrates, elite scientists were keen to draw on practical and architectural experiences in their own scientific works.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"18 1","pages":"537 - 558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87021935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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