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Colorimetric detection of Hg²⁺ ions is one of the most promising and highly needed areas of environmental research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) provide an efficient platform for visual detection of Hg²⁺ ions because these particles are easy to synthesize. However, the application of AgNPs suffers from certain shortcomings such as AgNPs aggregation, low detection limit, and poor selectivity. In the present study, AgNPs have been synthesized using a conventional method. After synthesis, AgNPs were treated with Congo red forming complex (Ag–CR). The synthesis procedure adopted was to prevent AgNPs from aggregation and to achieve higher sensitivity and selectivity. Ag–CR exhibited its function as a colorimetric sensor and facilitated clear visual detection of Hg²⁺ ions in aqueous media. After treatment, the solutions turned from yellow to colorless in just 30 s. The sensor can sense Hg ion up to the minimum concentration of 11 nM limit of detection (LOD). Similarly, limit of quantification was found to be 35 nM. Ag–CR efficiently sensed Hg²⁺ in real samples also. In comparison to AgNPs in the bare form, that is, without CR, Ag–CR imparts stability by blocking AgNPs from aggregation, removing toxicity of CR, exhibiting higher selectivity, and detecting only Hg²⁺ ions in water.

Polymeric membranes play a critical role in biomedical engineering due to their adjustable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and fabrication flexibility. This review evaluates how fabrication techniques such as phase inversion, electrospinning, nano-imprinting, self-assembly, and 3D printing govern membrane structure and performance. Polymeric membranes engineered with controlled porosity, tailored surface chemistry, and regulated release behavior exhibit improved performance and demonstrate strong potential for future biomedical uses, including drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and wound care applications. The relationship between material selection and biomedical applications, including hemodialysis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and artificial organs, is highlighted, alongside challenges in scalability and future trends in sustainable and intelligent membrane design.

The present study involves the synthesis, computational, In silico and In vitro biological evaluation of O and N donor quinoxaline schiff base ligands (L1 and L2) and their metal (Co (II), Cu (II), Zn (II)) complexes. The structural confirmation of ligands and metal complexes was done by FTIR, UV, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR and elemental analysis. Further, density functional theory (DFT) was performed to find out UV/Visible, FTIR, FMO, and NBO analysis of ligands and metal complexes. The computational results validated the experimental results. The anticancer potential of ligands and metal complexes was checked by SSDNA and BSA binding. High value of DNA binding constant (k_b = 2.19 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (CoL1), 1.15 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (CuL1), 1.25 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (ZnL1), 1.929 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (CoL2), 0.157 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (CuL2), 0.854 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (ZnL2) of complexes showed greater interaction with DNA than ligands (k_b = 1.3 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ (L1), (3.50 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ (L2). An anti-diabetic (In vitro) study of ligands and metal complexes was done by using α-amylase and HI (human insulin) bindings. The α-amylase inhibition (%) (94.2 ± 0.20 (CoL1), 91.2 ± 0.34 (CuL1), 92.5 ± 0.26 (ZnL1), 92.92 ± 0.40 (CoL2), 88.06 ± 1.80 (CuL2), 91.40 ± 0.35 (ZnL2)) showed that complexes have greater efficiency to control diabetes than L1, L2 and control (metformin). Pharmacokinetics/ADMET analysis was performed. Molecular docking against (DNA, BSA, and α-amylase) was performed; the obtained results were similar to experimental calculations.

A nanostructured Ni(II) coordination complex, [NiC₂₆H₂₈N₆O₈S₂] was synthesized via a microwave-assisted route using 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone and thiocyanate ligands. The complex was characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, UV–vis, ESI-MS, FT-IR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spectroscopic and magnetic data confirmed an octahedral geometry, while PXRD and SEM analyses revealed spherical nanocrystallinity with an average particle size of ∼41 nm, consistent with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The Ni(II) complex exhibited significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the free ligand, with IC₅₀ values of 40 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, 46 µg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, and 38 µg/mL against Aspergillus flavus. Molecular docking studies demonstrated strong binding affinity toward S. aureus (–10.02 kcal/mol), supporting the experimental findings. The complex also showed improved antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 168.24 µg/mL) and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects comparable to aceclofenac. In silico ADMET profiling was performed to assess the pharmacological potential. Overall, these findings highlight the multifunctional therapeutic potential of the synthesized Ni(II) complex.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using the medicinal plant Aporosa cardiosperma. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed the λ_max for the surface plasmon resonance peak at 240 and 410 nm with a bandgap of 2.3 eV. Dynamic light scattering showed SeNPs had an average size of 160.4 nm. The zeta potential was −39.2 mV, indicating excellent stability. Images obtained with the FE-SEM and HR-TEM microscopes revealed that SeNPs were spherical and rod-shaped. SeNPs showed strong in vitro antibacterial activity, notably higher zone of inhibition (22.67 ± 0.33 mm) against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Under UV and sunlight irradiation, the SeNPs showed efficient photocatalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes. SeNPs reduced plant growth in a dose and time-dependent manner. At 1000 mg/L, growth decreased. At 100 mg/L, no significant change was observed in Vigna radiata. Using the animal model of Artemia salina for toxicity evaluation, SeNPs demonstrated LC₅₀ values of 1174.9 mg/L and morphological and cellular damage at higher concentrations. Consequently, SeNPs beneficial multifunctional properties could be employed to fight infectious diseases. The results highlight the remarkable range and effectiveness of SeNPs for environmental applications. SeNPs toxicity assessment ensures that nanoparticles are safe for the environment and human health.

Lithium-doped copper oxide nanoparticles (Li-CuO NPs) were synthesized via an ionic-liquid-assisted hydrothermal method to examine the role of ionic liquids in tailoring structural and functional properties. PXRD analysis confirmed phase-pure monoclinic CuO (JCPDS/PDF No. 45-0937), with a reduction in crystallite size from 46 nm (CuO) to 39 nm upon Li incorporation. BET analysis revealed mesoporous characteristics with a specific surface area of 85 m² g⁻¹ and an average pore diameter of 10 nm. Optical studies showed a red shift in absorption and a band gap narrowing from 2.61 eV (CuO) to 2.35 eV (Li-CuO), indicating enhanced visible-light absorption. The photocatalytic performance of Li-CuO NPs was evaluated using Evans Blue dye under visible-light irradiation, achieving 96.67% degradation within 2 h, along with good stability over repeated fourth cycles. The effects of various parameters, including pH, catalyst loading, dye concentration, illumination intensity, and the recyclability and reusability of the catalyst, were also investigated. Electrochemical studies demonstrated enhanced redox activity and improved charge-transfer behavior for dye sensing. In addition, Li-CuO NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity, attributed to lithium-induced defects, and increased surface reactivity. These findings highlight ionic-liquid-assisted lithium doping as an effective approach for improving the multifunctional performance of CuO-based nanomaterials.

Azoles represent a significant group of compounds used as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and have additionally demonstrated their potential in combating cancer. In this work, eight synthetic derivatives of 1H Benzo(c)isoxazole-3-one have been tested for their anticancer effects to develop them as candidate drugs for cancer. 1H Benzo(c)isoxazole-3-one was previously isolated from a marine bacterium, planococcus maritimus, which exhibited antiproliferative activity against proliferating PBMCs and a few cancerous cell lines. Eight derivatives were synthesized from the parent compound and the results represent the initial attempt to assess the antiproliferative effects of synthetic compounds on a cancerous cell line (HeLa) through the SRB assay and on mitogen-induced using the MTT assay. All the compounds showed anticancer and anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, the results of in vitro DNA cleavage demonstrated that these compounds can be effective nucleases, as they completely degrade template DNA. In conclusion, the synthetic derivatives can be used as candidate drugs against cancer and inflammation.

Water contamination by persistent pharmaceuticals and herbicides poses a serious environmental challenge for the development of efficient and sustainable photocatalysts. In this regard, ZIF-8 (Z8) was thermally transformed into calcined ZIF-8 (CZ8), a porous ZnO-based photocatalyst exhibiting a reduced band gap, enhanced charge separation, and improved reusability. The photocatalytic activity of CZ8 was evaluated for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and atrazine (ATZ) under natural sunlight irradiation covering the UV visible range. Compared to pristine Z8, CZ8 demonstrated significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance due to improved light harvesting and suppressed charge recombination. CZ8 achieved ∼94% CIP removal within 120 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with an apparent rate constant of 0.019 min⁻¹, which is more than twice that of Z8 (0.0086 min⁻¹). Similarly, CZ8 exhibited superior ATZ degradation efficiency within 180 min. Optimal performance was observed at neutral pH, while sustained activity under acidic and basic conditions highlights the robustness of CZ8 for practical wastewater treatment. These results demonstrate that thermal transformation of ZIF-8 into CZ8 is an effective strategy for developing sunlight-driven photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

The cross-coupling reaction of α-hydroxy aryl ketones with aryl bromides to give biaryls via cleavage of C─C σ-bonds was achieved utilizing a Rh catalyst under photoirradiation conditions. The reaction is initiated by the photoinduced Norrish type I reaction of aryl ketones to generate aroyl radicals, which are captured by the Rh catalyst to be decarbonylated and coupled with aryl radicals generated from aryl bromides. The reaction was further applied to an arylative ring-opening reaction of 1,4-epoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene derivatives. This work demonstrates new synthetic utility of aryl ketones as aryl sources in cross coupling reactions.