JCO precision oncology最新文献

Purpose: The incidence of young-onset pancreatic cancer (YO-PC) has risen over the past two decades, yet its molecular characteristics and long-term outcomes remain poorly defined.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with PC treated at a tertiary referral center from 2016 to 2022 who had available molecular data. Patients were classified as YO-PC (≤50 years) or average-onset PC (AO-PC, >50 years). A subset analysis examined outcomes in those who underwent curative-intent pancreatectomy. Primary end points included overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS).

Results: Among 511 patients, 10.9% had YO-PC (n = 56; median age 44 years). Patients with YO-PC more commonly self-identified as non-White compared with patients with AO-PC (41.1% v 26.4%, P = .03). BMI, anatomic stage, and CA19-9 level at presentation were similar between groups. KRAS mutations were the most prevalent somatic alterations in both the YO-PC and AO-PC cohorts (87.0% v 88.0%, P = .83), followed by TP53 (73.5% v 74.1%, P = .93), CDKN2A (14.6% v. 23.6%, P = .20), and SMAD4 (18.2% v 12.9%, P = .34). KRAS-specific allele subtypes were also similar (P = .38). A subset analysis in the surgical cohort (n = 167) yielded similar results. OS was similar for YO-PC and AO-PC (18.7 v 21.7 months; P = .29). In the surgical cohort, OS and RFS for YO-PC and AO-PC were also similar (OS, 31.2 v 47.1 months, P = .34; RFS, 10.3 v 14.7 months, P = .10).

Conclusion: In this single-institution study, patients with YO-PC and AO-PC demonstrated similar clinicopathologic and molecular profiles; however, the study population to date may be underpowered. Routine molecular testing on all patients diagnosed with PC will be critical to better understand its clinical and molecular heterogeneity and to inform design of practice-changing clinical trials.

Purpose: Molecular profiles of sarcomas in Chinese children remain unknown. The Chinese Pediatric Precision Oncology Group (CPPOG) is a prospective precision medicine program aimed at defining tumor molecular profiles in pediatric oncology patients across China, which aids diagnosis and treatment decisions. Herein, we report, to our knowledge, the first data from the CPPOG trial.

Methods: Panel sequencing (830-gene DNA panel and 395-gene RNA panel) was performed on 214 tumors from 210 patients with sarcoma from 11 centers, between April 2021 and January 2022 in China. This study was prospectively analyzed to characterize subtype-specific somatic alterations and pathways. Molecular features among subgroups concerning response to treatment and pathologic characteristics were also identified.

Results: Genomic profiling revealed molecular aberrations in the patients: 88.3% harbored at least one somatic or germline alteration; 51.4% carried gene fusions (including 37 novel fusion variants); 46.3% possessed actionable therapeutic targets; 9.5% exhibited germline variants; and 14.3% had modified diagnoses based on molecular findings. In this study, the most common genetic alterations were TP53 mutation and EWSR1-FLI1 fusion. The most common activated pathways were TP53, PI3K, and RTK-RAS in pediatric sarcomas. Anaplastic embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas had special molecular characteristics, with high TP53, MYCN, and MYCL gene alteration frequencies. The mutation frequencies of TP53 and NRAS were notably higher in patients who had undergone disease progression, relapse, or metastasis. Moreover, MYC, MYCN, and MDM2 alterations were more frequent in tumors with mitotic figures >50/3 mm².

Conclusion: Our study reveals the preliminary molecular landscape of Chinese pediatric sarcomas, indicating that molecular changes may represent different therapeutic responses and pathologic characteristics may correlate with molecular characteristics, suggesting the need for panel sequencing for pediatric sarcoma.

Purpose: Limited validated prognostic biomarkers are available to guide treatment decisions for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC).

Methods: This study used a US-based renal cell cancer clinicogenomic database to analyze the predictive value of genomic alterations in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and antiangiogenic (AA) therapies. Three co-occurring gene clusters (C) were considered: (C1) VHL, SETD2, PBRM1, KDM5C, and NFE2L2; (C2) TP53, TSC1, TERT, and DNMT3A; and (C3) CDKN2A, CDKN2B, BAP1, NF2, and MTAP.

Results: In first line, among 493 patients who underwent systemic therapy, 201 (40.8%) and 172 (34.9%) received AA monotherapy (AAm) and ICI combinations (ICI-C), respectively. TERT, TSC1, and TET2 and C2 were identified as positive predictors of response to ICI-C versus AAm. Conversely, C1 was a predictive marker for enhanced AAm efficacy. Among ICI-C, ICI + AA was more effective than ICI + ICI in patients with SETD2 alterations, and less effective in mutant TSC1.

Conclusion: These findings require prospective validation to confirm their clinical utility.

Purpose: In both the early and advanced settings, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are approved for use in hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer (BC) in combination with endocrine therapy and increase the duration of invasive disease-free survival and progression-free survival (PFS). The duration of response to these treatments is variable between individual patients, supporting the use of biomarkers to inform treatment. Here, we investigated plasma thymidine kinase activity (TKa) as a continuous prognostic and predictive biomarker of response to CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapy in early and advanced hormone receptor-positive/HER2- BC.

Materials and methods: TKa levels were assessed longitudinally at baseline, on treatment, and post-treatment on plasma samples from 80 metastatic and 28 high-risk patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapy as the standard of care. Patients were enrolled in the prospective observational Roswell Park Ciclib Study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04526587).

Results: In the metastatic setting, TKa levels in baseline samples were inversely associated with the duration of PFS (hazard ratio, 1.91, P = .03). There was also a reduction in TKa levels from baseline to on-treatment in metastatic disease that displayed longer PFS (≥20 months; 120.7 DiviTum units of activity, DuA v 30.6 DuA, P = .028). Individuals with metastatic disease that displayed shorter PFS (≤8 months) presented with higher TKa values on treatment (220.2 DuA v 30.6 DuA, P = .008) compared with patients with longer PFS. In early-stage high-risk cases, TKa values were lower on treatment compared with baseline (41.4 DuA v 114.8 DuA, P = 3.55e-08).

Conclusion: These findings support further investigation of circulating TKa levels as a continuous prognostic and predictive biomarker of response to CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapy. Future studies are well-suited to assess definitive TKa cutoff values to inform treatment decisions.

Purpose: Subprotocol H of the NCI-MATCH trial demonstrated the efficacy of dabrafenib + trametinib in a cohort of patients with BRAF^V600-mutated treatment-refractory solid tumors and myeloma. To confirm the longer-term efficacy and safety of this combination in additional patients, an expansion cohort was added.

Methods: Patients with BRAF^V600-mutated malignancies were eligible; patients with cholangiocarcinoma and low-grade serous ovarian cancer were excluded from the expansion cohort. Patients received dabrafenib 150 mg PO twice daily and trametinib 2 mg PO once daily. The primary end point was to evaluate the objective response rate (ORR); secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), 6-month PFS, and overall survival (OS).

Results: The expansion cohort enrolled from October 2020 to January 2023. In total, 36 patients were included in the primary efficacy analysis for the combined cohort, including six patients from the expansion cohort and 30 patients from the original cohort, representing 17 different tumor histologies. Fifty-six percent of patients were female, with a median age of 60. The ORR was 36.1% (13 of 36 [90% CI, 22.9 to 51.2]). The median PFS was 11.4 months, and the median OS was 28.6 months. The 6-month PFS was 67.6% (90% CI, 54.5 to 80.8). In the six molecularly confirmed cases in the expansion cohort, there were two responses, including one complete response in a patient with a pilocytic astrocytoma; an additional two patients without molecular confirmation also had PRs. Three patients (two from the original cohort and one from the expansion cohort) remain on therapy. The safety profile was consistent with previous reports with dabrafenib and trametinib.

Conclusion: This study confirms the clinical benefit of dabrafenib + trametinib in BRAF^V600-mutated solid tumors, supporting the recent tumor-agnostic regulatory approval of this combination.

Purpose: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is considered the only curative treatment for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), with disease relapse (REL) as the major cause of post-HCT failure. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive genomic screening of prognostic biomarkers associated with post-HCT disease relapse.

Methods: In this retrospective, cohort study, we analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from 494 non-Hispanic White patients with MDS who received HCT in the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research network. Genomic prognostic biomarkers were determined by cause-specific Cox regression multivariable models, with additional sensitivity analyses on unrelated transplant subcohorts and different competing outcomes. Their clinical significance on post-HCT risk stratifications was further evaluated via random survival forest models with optimism-bias adjusted bootstrap procedure.

Results: Ten novel genomic biomarkers associated with relapse were identified, including somatic mutations in two genes (HNRNPA3 and TENM2), one locus (HSPC324) with a burden of rare germline single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), six loci harboring common SNVs, and one region harboring a structural variant (SV). For prognostic performance comparisons, the combined model that included these novel genomic biomarkers showed significant improvement of concordance indices (0.747 [95% CI, 0.705 to 0.786]) for predicting post-HCT disease relapse, compared with 0.547 (95% CI, 0.503 to 0.595) in the baseline model (Revised International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS-R] + hypomethylating agents + graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis). Especially, the combined model showed superior risk stratifications for low or intermediate IPSS-R MDS patients with divergent post-HCT outcomes.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that SNVs and SVs beyond recurrent somatic mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities may play important roles in determining post-HCT relapse risk stratification in patients with MDS.

Purpose: Frontline ovarian cancer treatment protocols involving bevacizumab, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have failed to improve overall survival (OS) in patients with homologous recombination-proficient (HRP) tumors. To determine mechanistic mutation signatures associated with OS advantage, we constructed a whole-exome sequencing bioinformatic pipeline assay to analyze all 91 patients enrolled in the double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase II VITAL trial.

Methods: We hypothesized that patients with stage IIIb-IV ovarian cancer who have HRP profile and high clonal tumor mutation burden (cTMB-H) will achieve greater response when undergoing maintenance therapy with gemogenovatucel-T. Our primary objective was assessment of OS using the Kaplan-Meier method among randomly assigned patients receiving either gemogenovatucel-T or placebo.

Results: The median OS in cTMB-H/HRP patients treated with gemogenovatucel-T was 68 months versus 19 months in those treated with placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.83; 1-sided P = .008). The cTMB-H patients in the non-HRP group did not demonstrate OS advantage (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.39 to 2.47; 1-sided P = .488). No grade 3 treatment-related toxicity was observed in the gemogenovatucel-T group with a follow-up of 8.4 years.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate OS advantage for maintenance treatment of adult females with newly diagnosed, advanced stage IIIb-IV ovarian cancer with HRP status and cTMB-H profile who are in complete response after debulking surgery and frontline platinum-based doublet chemotherapy.

Purpose: Young patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative tumors often exhibit poor outcomes. This study evaluated whether BRCA mutation contributes to prognosis by comparing oncologic outcomes according to BRCA status.

Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a prospective institutional cohort. Among 1,025 patients 40 years and younger with ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer who underwent BRCA1/2 testing, 967 patients were included (excluding low ER expression). Ninety-eight patients (10.1%) were BRCA mutation carriers. Propensity score matching (1:4) and multivariate Cox regression were performed using covariates differing between groups.

Results: BRCA mutation carriers showed more aggressive features. They had worse distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) compared with noncarriers (hazard ratio [HR], 2.40, P < .001), with a greater risk in late DMFS beyond 5 years (HR, 3.50, P < .001). These findings persisted after adjustment (DMFS HR, 1.76, P = .038, late DMFS HR, 2.84, P = .009). Overall survival was not significantly different. Bone was the most common first site of metastasis in BRCA carriers, whereas noncarriers more frequently showed metastasis to multiple sites. In exploratory subgroup analysis, luminal A-like BRCA carriers consistently showed the poorest survival among the four subgroups.

Conclusion: In luminal-type YBC excluding low ER expression, BRCA carriers demonstrated more aggressive features and significantly worse distant metastasis outcomes. These findings support the need for long-term surveillance and consideration of tailored treatment strategies, including PARP inhibitors, in this high-risk population.