JAMA Psychiatry最新文献

Importance: Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is an established treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Sessions conducted more than once daily (ie, accelerated TBS [aTBS]) may enhance antidepressant effects. However, evidence is limited to small trials, and protocols are time-consuming and can require neuroimaging-based targeting.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a pragmatic aTBS protocol for TRD.

Design, setting, and participants: This triple-blinded, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted at a single center in São Paulo, Brazil, from July 2022 to June 2024, with a subsequent open-label phase. Patients aged 18 to 65 years with major depression, experiencing a TRD episode, and with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17-item (HDRS-17) score of 17 or higher were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were other psychiatric disorders (except anxiety), neurological conditions, and TBS contraindications.

Interventions: Participants received 45 active or sham stimulation sessions over 15 weekdays, with 3 iTBS sessions (1200 pulses each) per day, spaced 30 minutes apart and targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a craniometric approach. In the open-label phase, additional aTBS sessions were offered to achieve a response (≥50% HDRS-17 score improvement) if needed.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was change in HDRS-17 score at week 5.

Results: Of 431 volunteers screened, 100 participants were enrolled and randomized to either sham or active aTBS. Mean (SD) participant age was 41.7 (8.8) years, and 84 participants (84%) were female. A total of 89 patients completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the mean change in HDRS-17 scores from baseline to the study end point was 5.57 (95% CI, 3.99-7.16) in the sham group and 9.68 (95% CI, 8.11-11.25) in the active group, corresponding to 31.87% and 54.7% score reductions, respectively, and a medium-to-large effect size (Cohen d, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.29-1.00; P < .001). Response and remission rates were also higher in the active group. Both interventions were well tolerated, but scalp pain was more frequent in the active group than the sham group (17.4% vs 4.4%). During the open-label phase, approximately 75% of patients received additional sessions.

Conclusions and relevance: In this triple-blinded, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial, a pragmatic aTBS protocol using only 3 iTBS sessions per day and a nonexpensive, non-neuronavigated approach was found to be safe and effective for TRD.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05388539.

Importance: Sports gambling has become one of the most accessible forms of gambling in the United States, and recent research suggests that sports gambling coupled with frequent alcohol use may have deleterious health consequences.

Objective: To examine the trajectories of sports gambling frequency and alcohol-related problems over time and the associations between these trajectories.

Design, setting, and participants: This survey study was a 2-year longitudinal study conducted in the United States. Participants were recruited from a nonprobability internet panel from 2 sources: a large cross-section of adults matched and weighted to US Census norms and a specific oversample of sports-gambling adults. Recruitment began in spring 2022, and the last surveys concluded in spring 2024. To identify trajectories within sports gambling frequency and alcohol use problems, latent growth curve modeling was used.

Main outcomes: At each time point, the National Institute on Drug Abuse-modified Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test 2 was used to assess alcohol-related problems and sports gambling frequency was assessed by a single item.

Results: The cross-section of US adults (n = 2806) and oversample of sports-gambling adults (n = 1557) resulted in a total baseline sample of 4363 (mean [SD] age, 49.6 [16.2] years; 2243 men [51.4%] and 2120 women or nonbinary gender reported [48.6%]). Latent growth curve modeling revealed that alcohol problems decreased over time (slope = -0.059; 95% CI, -0.090 to -0.028). Sports gambling frequency did not show a significant trend over time (slope = -0.003; 95% CI, -0.053 to 0.047), though there was significant variance in this slope (variance = 0.024; 95% CI, 0.013 to 0.034). The trajectories of alcohol-related problems and sports gambling did not move independently, instead being highly positively correlated, suggesting that increases in one would correspond to increases in the other.

Conclusions and relevance: This study found that over time, the trajectory of sports gambling frequency was associated with the trajectory of alcohol-related problems. Screening and treatment interventions are recommended for sport gamblers who also drink concurrently, especially because this group appears to be at an elevated risk for developing greater alcohol-related problems over time.