Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p35
BACKGROUND: The patient experienced idiopathic increased intracranial pressure (pseudotumor cerebri syndrome) leading to an acquired, constant left exotropia at age 12 years. She had diplopia for about 2 months which resolved due to apparent suppression of the left eye. The patient has maintained the suppression without developing amblyopia through her current age of 17 years despite a stable large left exotropia, optic atrophy, and visual field defect. SIGNIFICANCE: The case is unusual because suppression has been assumed to develop only prior to age 10 years. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ocular suppression is an active neuroplastic process and is presumably limited to a sensitive period in childhood. It occurs when there is a difference in image clarity between the two eyes. The two most common causes are clinically significant anisometropia and strabismus. The strabismus may be monocular and constant, alternating and constant, or intermittent. The presence of suppression in anisometropia or constant monocular strabismus often leads to monocular amblyopia. The literature contains extensive animal, laboratory, and clinical evidence on the sensitive period of amblyopia, its causes, and its remediation. It is well established that amblyopia develops prior to about age 7 years, can recur up to about age 10 years, but does not develop, recur, or regress after age 12 years. Generally, response to amblyopia treatment is most robust during the sensitive period, but it is well documented that successful treatment is possible through the teen years and even adulthood. Few reports exist on suppression without amblyopia and most are based on clinical experience. von Noorden and Campos state: “As with other sensorial adaptations, such as amblyopia and anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), the ability to suppress is limited to the immature visual system, that is, it develops only in children. Although no comparative studies exist, it is our clinical impression that the sensitive period during which suppression may develop ends after the age of 8 or 9 years”. The present paper reports an interesting case of an apparent onset of suppression at age 12 years in a patient with acquired, constant, unilateral strabismus secondary to idiopathic increased intracranial pressure.
{"title":"Ocular Suppression Development at Age 12 Years","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p35","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The patient experienced idiopathic increased intracranial pressure (pseudotumor cerebri syndrome) leading to an acquired, constant left exotropia at age 12 years. She had diplopia for about 2 months which resolved due to apparent suppression of the left eye. The patient has maintained the suppression without developing amblyopia through her current age of 17 years despite a stable large left exotropia, optic atrophy, and visual field defect.\u0000SIGNIFICANCE: The case is unusual because suppression has been assumed to develop only prior to age 10 years.\u0000BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ocular suppression is an active neuroplastic process and is presumably limited to a sensitive period in childhood. It occurs when there is a difference in image clarity between the two eyes. The two most common causes are clinically significant anisometropia and strabismus. The strabismus may be monocular and constant, alternating and constant, or intermittent. The presence of suppression in anisometropia or constant monocular strabismus often leads to monocular amblyopia.\u0000The literature contains extensive animal, laboratory, and clinical evidence on the sensitive period of amblyopia, its causes, and its remediation. It is well established that amblyopia develops prior to about age 7 years, can recur up to about age 10 years, but does not develop, recur, or regress after age 12 years. Generally, response to amblyopia treatment is most robust during the sensitive period, but it is well documented that successful treatment is possible through the teen years and even adulthood.\u0000Few reports exist on suppression without amblyopia and most are based on clinical experience. von Noorden and Campos state: “As with other sensorial adaptations, such as amblyopia and anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), the ability to suppress is limited to the immature visual system, that is, it develops only in children. Although no comparative studies exist, it is our clinical impression that the sensitive period during which suppression may develop ends after the age of 8 or 9 years”. \u0000The present paper reports an interesting case of an apparent onset of suppression at age 12 years in a patient with acquired, constant, unilateral strabismus secondary to idiopathic increased intracranial pressure.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122530860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p24
BACKGROUND: Monofixation syndrome is a binocular vision disorder characterized by peripheral fusion with a central suppression of one eye due to smallangle strabismus (microtropia) or anisometropic amblyopia. Reduced stereopsis and acuity are noted in the non-fixating eye. Although often left untreated due to good cosmetic appearance, central suppression and reduced stereopsis can affect visual performance, comfort, and depth perception. CASE REPORT: EJ, a 17-year-old Caucasian female was previously treated for amblyopia of the left eye (OS) with glasses and patching since age 8 with no improvement to vision. EJ experienced the following symptoms: blurred vision at near when reading, blurred vision at far distances, eye pain and fatigue, difficulty copying from the board, difficulty seeing at night while driving, and poor depth perception. Entering uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20-2 OD and 20/50-2 OS with Snellen Letter Chart. Near uncorrected acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/200 OS with a reduced Snellen chart at 40 cm. Microtropia of 2 to 12 prism diopters of esotropia, eccentric fixation on visuoscopy, and central suppression on various tests were measured. EJ was diagnosed with monofixation syndrome, monocular esotropia of the left eye, strabismic amblyopia of the left eye, suppression of binocular vision (OS), and fusion with defective stereopsis. The patient completed 19 sessions of in-office vision therapy with the practice of home reinforcement activities between therapy sessions. Visual performance was reassessed after 10 and 19 sessions of vision training with improvements noted in acuity, accommodation, oculomotor accuracy and speed, eye alignment, fusional vergence skills, and stereopsis. CONCLUSION: Optometric vision therapy can decrease suppression, improve central fusional ability, visual acuity, accommodative accuracy, and stereopsis in a patient with monofixation syndrome.
背景:单注视综合征是一种双眼视力障碍，其特征是小角度斜视(微斜视)或屈光参差性弱视引起的外周融合和单眼中央抑制。在不注视的眼睛中，立体感和敏锐度下降。尽管由于美观，中枢抑制和立体感降低经常不治疗，但会影响视觉表现、舒适度和深度感知。病例报告:EJ，一名17岁的白人女性，自8岁起接受左眼弱视(OS)的眼镜和贴片治疗，视力没有改善。EJ出现以下症状:阅读时近距离视力模糊，远距离视力模糊，眼睛疼痛和疲劳，难以从黑板上抄字，夜间驾驶时视力困难，深度感知差。入组未矫正视力为20/20-2 OD, 20/50-2 OS (Snellen字母表)。近未矫正的视力为20/20 OD和20/200 OS, 40cm处Snellen图减少。测量了内斜视2 ~ 12棱镜屈光度、视镜偏心固定和各项试验的中枢抑制。EJ被诊断为单注视综合征，左眼单眼内斜视，左眼斜视弱视，双眼视力抑制(OS)，融合立体视觉缺陷。患者完成了19次的办公室视力治疗，并在治疗期间进行了家庭强化活动。在进行了10和19次视觉训练后，对视觉表现进行了重新评估，在敏度、适应性、眼球运动的准确性和速度、眼睛对准、融合收敛技能和立体视觉方面都有了改善。结论:验光视力治疗可减轻单注视综合征患者的抑制，提高中枢融合能力、视力、调节精度和立体视觉。
{"title":"Clinical Management of Monofixation Syndrome due to Microtropia","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p24","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Monofixation syndrome is a binocular vision disorder characterized by peripheral fusion with a central suppression of one eye due to smallangle strabismus (microtropia) or anisometropic amblyopia. Reduced stereopsis and acuity are noted in the non-fixating eye. Although often left untreated due to good cosmetic appearance, central suppression and reduced stereopsis can affect visual performance, comfort, and depth perception.\u0000CASE REPORT: EJ, a 17-year-old Caucasian female was previously treated for amblyopia of the left eye (OS) with glasses and patching since age 8 with no improvement to vision. EJ experienced the following symptoms: blurred vision at near when reading, blurred vision at far distances, eye pain and fatigue, difficulty copying from the board, difficulty seeing at night while driving, and poor depth perception. Entering uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20-2 OD and 20/50-2 OS with Snellen Letter Chart. Near uncorrected acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/200 OS with a reduced Snellen chart at 40 cm. Microtropia of 2 to 12 prism diopters of esotropia, eccentric fixation on visuoscopy, and central suppression on various tests were measured. EJ was diagnosed with monofixation syndrome, monocular esotropia of the left eye, strabismic amblyopia of the left eye, suppression of binocular vision (OS), and fusion with defective stereopsis. The patient completed 19 sessions of in-office vision therapy with the practice of home reinforcement activities between therapy sessions. Visual performance was reassessed\u0000after 10 and 19 sessions of vision training with improvements noted in acuity, accommodation, oculomotor accuracy and speed, eye alignment, fusional vergence skills, and stereopsis.\u0000CONCLUSION: Optometric vision therapy can decrease suppression, improve central fusional ability, visual acuity, accommodative accuracy, and stereopsis in a patient with monofixation syndrome.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115386979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p13
It is predicted that half of the world’s population (nearly 5 billion) will be myopic by 2050. There is a large unmet need for myopia prevention in this population. This perspective piece discusses integration of myopia management into a practice that embraces a behavior/developmental vision care philosophy. We outline the 7 foundational steps that have allowed us to develop a successful myopia management practice.
{"title":"Integration of Myopia Management into a Behavioral Vision Practice: How and Why?","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.1.p13","url":null,"abstract":"It is predicted that half of the world’s population (nearly 5 billion) will be myopic by 2050. There is a large unmet need for myopia prevention in this population. This perspective piece discusses integration of myopia management into a practice that embraces a behavior/developmental vision care philosophy. We outline the 7 foundational steps that have allowed us to develop a successful myopia management practice.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129397681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Even Professional Baseball Players Need a Hitting Coach: Why Every VTOD Should Consider a Consultant","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2023.9.2.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2023.9.2.78","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130643418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.4.p248
Early detection of visual deficits in children can lessen the impact of learning difficulties in the classroom. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel dot pattern task as a potential tool for school visual cognition screening programs.
{"title":"A Novel Test for Visual Cognition in School Children","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.4.p248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.4.p248","url":null,"abstract":"Early detection of visual deficits in children can lessen the impact of learning difficulties in the classroom. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel dot pattern task as a potential tool for school visual cognition screening programs.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125019229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.5.3.p177
{"title":"Some Thoughts About My Experience with a Private Practice Residency for the Last 12 Years","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.5.3.p177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.5.3.p177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133872758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p181
There are few documented cases, and no cases with a video journal recording a successful outcome from non-surgical treatment of adult- onset constant esotropia. Resolving diplopia caused by sudden onset esotropia is typically achieved through the application of prisms, or surgery. Surgery can resolve the diplopia and significantly reduce the strabismic angle, sometimes entirely. The application of prisms can resolve the diplopia but not alter the strabismic angle . Optometric vision therapy as a treatment, with or without the use of compensatory prisms, is rarely offered.
{"title":"Case Study: Treatment of Adult-onset Constant Esotropia with Lenses, Optometric Vision Therapy and Prisms","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p181","url":null,"abstract":"There are few documented cases, and no cases with a video journal recording a successful outcome from non-surgical treatment of adult- onset constant esotropia. Resolving diplopia caused by sudden onset esotropia is typically achieved through the application of prisms, or surgery. Surgery can resolve the diplopia and significantly reduce the strabismic angle, sometimes entirely. The application of prisms can resolve the diplopia but not alter the strabismic angle . Optometric vision therapy as a treatment, with or without the use of compensatory prisms, is rarely offered.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115354228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p123
Myopia has reached serious epidemic proportions in many developed countries throughout the world, and is a public health issue with which the optometric profession is deeply concerned. Different clinical approaches are available to the optometrist for treatment of myopia. For the majority of patients, prescribing minus lenses to achieve 20/20 visual acuity at distance does little to prevent a patient from becoming more myopic or to improve vision function in the broadest sense, though it provides immediate improvement in distance visual acuity. A behavioral optometric clinical approach is presented in this paper to give the doctor a clear-cut strategy offering more alternatives to the patient with myopia. Employing this approach has the potential to prevent patients from developing myopia to levels higher than -2.00 diopters, reversing minus lens powers in patients that come to the optometrist already wearing a minus lens prescription, and reducing dependency on using minus lens prescriptions. Vision therapy is addressed as a procedure to improve a patient’s vision function in addition to visual acuity. Book retinoscopy is employed as a valuable technique to arrive at a training eyeglass prescription. At the completion of treatment, a patient typically improves in distance visual acuity, reduces minus lens powers, develops increased confidence in vision capabilities (with and without minus lens wear), develops an awareness and appreciation for additional aspects of vision such as space, forms, colors, patterns, periphery, and feels empowered that they have learned how to improve distance vision through self-initiated control.
{"title":"Myopia: A Behavioral Approach for Prescribing and Vision Therapy","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p123","url":null,"abstract":"Myopia has reached serious epidemic proportions in many developed countries throughout the world, and is a public health issue with which the optometric profession is deeply concerned. Different clinical approaches are available to the optometrist for treatment of myopia. For the majority of patients, prescribing minus lenses to achieve 20/20 visual acuity at distance does little to prevent a patient from becoming more myopic or to improve vision function in the broadest sense, though it provides immediate improvement in distance visual acuity. A behavioral optometric clinical approach is presented in this paper to give the doctor a clear-cut strategy offering more alternatives to the patient with myopia. Employing this approach has the potential to prevent patients from developing myopia to levels higher than -2.00 diopters, reversing minus lens powers in patients that come to the optometrist already wearing a minus lens prescription, and reducing dependency on using minus lens prescriptions.\u0000Vision therapy is addressed as a procedure to improve a patient’s vision function in addition to visual acuity. Book retinoscopy is employed as a valuable technique to arrive at a training eyeglass prescription. At the completion of treatment, a patient typically improves in distance visual acuity, reduces minus lens powers, develops increased confidence in vision capabilities (with and without minus lens wear), develops an awareness and appreciation for additional aspects of vision such as space, forms, colors, patterns, periphery, and feels empowered that they have learned how to improve distance vision through self-initiated control.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126749846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2023.9.1.p15
Stereopsis is important for children’s visual develop- ment, especially binocularity. Reduced stereopsis is associated with strabismus, amblyopia, and significant anisometropia. Stereopsis can be used to detect, evaluate and monitor treatment for these conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the Bernell Evaluation of Stereopsis Test (BEST) and Randot® Stereotests via circles to determine the most efficient way to screen stereoacuity.
{"title":"Comparison of the BEST to the Randot® Circles","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2023.9.1.p15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2023.9.1.p15","url":null,"abstract":"Stereopsis is important for children’s visual develop- ment, especially binocularity. Reduced stereopsis is associated with strabismus, amblyopia, and significant anisometropia. Stereopsis can be used to detect, evaluate and monitor treatment for these conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the Bernell Evaluation of Stereopsis Test (BEST) and Randot® Stereotests via circles to determine the most efficient way to screen stereoacuity.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126369000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p165
Optometric vision therapy has been a treatment modality in place to correct and treat visual dysfunction for over 90 years. Despite the abun- dant support from patients who have bene- fited from treatment, there is disagreement in the medical community about its efficacy. To dispel this notion and provide the best patient- centered care, this paper regards research from developmental psychology and learning and behavior psychology to suggest avenues that will support comprehensive therapist training and improve patient outcomes. Methods to increase patient motivation, interact with patients more effectively, build autonomy in middle childhood patients, and improve retention of visual skills are suggested to enhance therapy training programs. By improving treatment success rates and providing lasting results, this modality will find increased support through the patients and families it is serving. Ongoing research to support the efficacy of vision therapy is welcome. Investigations into special needs populations, brain injury populations, personality types, cultural, and gender differences can give insight into therapist-patient interactions and could prove beneficial in training therapists as well.
{"title":"Enhancing Vision Therapy Through a Psychological Lens: Applications to Build a Better Method","authors":"","doi":"10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31707/vdr2022.8.3.p165","url":null,"abstract":"Optometric vision therapy has been a treatment modality in place to correct and treat visual dysfunction for over 90 years. Despite the abun- dant support from patients who have bene- fited from treatment, there is disagreement in the medical community about its efficacy. To dispel this notion and provide the best patient- centered care, this paper regards research from developmental psychology and learning and behavior psychology to suggest avenues that will support comprehensive therapist training and improve patient outcomes. Methods to increase patient motivation, interact with patients more effectively, build autonomy in middle childhood patients, and improve retention of visual skills are suggested to enhance therapy training programs. By improving treatment success rates and providing lasting results, this modality will find increased support through the patients and families it is serving. Ongoing research to support the efficacy of vision therapy is welcome. Investigations into special needs populations, brain injury populations, personality types, cultural, and gender differences can give insight into therapist-patient interactions and could prove beneficial in training therapists as well.","PeriodicalId":148913,"journal":{"name":"Vision Development & Rehabilitation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131956123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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