The role of artificial intelligence and its place in the new disinformation strategies is perhaps one of the most difficult issues to focus on nowadays, since we are at the beginning of a process of definition and ways of exploration. In this paper, first of all, we analyze the different approaches that are being applied to the regulation of artificial intelligence and that may affect the different disinformation strategies that are being identified. Secondly, we study how artificial intelligence is being used to identify disinformation content. In this regard, from the point of view of verification processes, one of the main challenges is when identifying deepfakes (images and video, mainly) linked to news cycles. From this perspective, a typology of deepfakes is proposed and its main characteristics will be described according to the verifications carried out by the Spanish fact-checking organizations. Finally, a set of recommendations will be presented to work from a media literacy point of view with the identification of deepfakes.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence, disinformation and media literacy proposals around deepfakes","authors":"Miriam Garriga, Raquel Ruiz-Incertis, Raúl Magallón-Rosa","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242445","url":null,"abstract":"The role of artificial intelligence and its place in the new disinformation strategies is perhaps one of the most difficult issues to focus on nowadays, since we are at the beginning of a process of definition and ways of exploration. In this paper, first of all, we analyze the different approaches that are being applied to the regulation of artificial intelligence and that may affect the different disinformation strategies that are being identified. Secondly, we study how artificial intelligence is being used to identify disinformation content. In this regard, from the point of view of verification processes, one of the main challenges is when identifying deepfakes (images and video, mainly) linked to news cycles. From this perspective, a typology of deepfakes is proposed and its main characteristics will be described according to the verifications carried out by the Spanish fact-checking organizations. Finally, a set of recommendations will be presented to work from a media literacy point of view with the identification of deepfakes.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242444
A. F. Oliveira, Margarida Maneta, M. Brites, Vanessa Ribeiro-Rodrigues
The brisky transformation of the internet and the rise of digital technologies have been causing a deep impact on the media and in the ways audiences access, consume and participate. Although in this era information is closer and more available to citizens, concerns have been raised regarding 1) the quality of the information disseminated by digital platforms, 2) the impacts it may have on democracies and 3) the urgency of promoting citizens' MIL competencies. Disseminating unverified content can pose threats towards the status of the Internet as a space for free and informative debate, and as a tool for social inclusion. Portugal is pointed out as the second European country where citizens are most concerned about authenticity and validity of information (Newman et al., 2020). However data also shows that mechanisms of disinformation are quite participated by them. In this way, it becomes relevant to understand how the various sectors of society have been promoting the empowerment of citizens, and their resilience and competence toward information disorder. Within the scope of the project Read Twice, the team carried out a mapping of initiatives focused on tackling disinformation. The aim was to identify good practices and outline Portugal’s experience concerning this issue. After an initial listing of activities (N=20) promoted over the last 13 years, the team identified 3 Top Initiatives and eleven Best Practices. Overall results suggest that media literacy has been in the spotlight in the Portuguese context since the 1980s. There is also a tendency for media literacy initiatives to engage target audiences through active, participatory and creative approaches. However, and although the longest-running activity dates from the late 1980s, the initiatives identified are limited to a specific timeframe, suggesting that there is a lack of continuity repeatedly emphasised in the research.
{"title":"How is Portugal addressing disinformation? Results of a mapping of initiatives (2010-2023)","authors":"A. F. Oliveira, Margarida Maneta, M. Brites, Vanessa Ribeiro-Rodrigues","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242444","url":null,"abstract":"The brisky transformation of the internet and the rise of digital technologies have been causing a deep impact on the media and in the ways audiences access, consume and participate. Although in this era information is closer and more available to citizens, concerns have been raised regarding 1) the quality of the information disseminated by digital platforms, 2) the impacts it may have on democracies and 3) the urgency of promoting citizens' MIL competencies. Disseminating unverified content can pose threats towards the status of the Internet as a space for free and informative debate, and as a tool for social inclusion. Portugal is pointed out as the second European country where citizens are most concerned about authenticity and validity of information (Newman et al., 2020). However data also shows that mechanisms of disinformation are quite participated by them. In this way, it becomes relevant to understand how the various sectors of society have been promoting the empowerment of citizens, and their resilience and competence toward information disorder. \u0000Within the scope of the project Read Twice, the team carried out a mapping of initiatives focused on tackling disinformation. The aim was to identify good practices and outline Portugal’s experience concerning this issue. After an initial listing of activities (N=20) promoted over the last 13 years, the team identified 3 Top Initiatives and eleven Best Practices. Overall results suggest that media literacy has been in the spotlight in the Portuguese context since the 1980s. There is also a tendency for media literacy initiatives to engage target audiences through active, participatory and creative approaches. However, and although the longest-running activity dates from the late 1980s, the initiatives identified are limited to a specific timeframe, suggesting that there is a lack of continuity repeatedly emphasised in the research.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139779697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242443
Silvia Frota, Luísa Cortés, Amanda Melo
In contemporary societies, communication becomes increasingly plural, with the multiplication of information channels, connections, and social actors. On the one hand, this promotes greater democratization of communication and information systems, but, on the other hand, these become increasingly complex, requiring a growing degree of literacy to understand the value of each message and its potential impact. In this context, this article highlights the privileged role that professional journalism has in promoting media literacy, largely thanks to its ability to reach different audiences and actively contribute to opinion-forming processes. With this objective in mind, three projects are discussed involving the newspapers Público (Portugal) and O Estado de S.Paulo (Brazil), as well as the BBC (United Kingdom). It concludes that there is a need to diversify the role of journalism, which is often reduced to promoting knowledge about news production methods. The theoretical-methodological framework adopted is based on Cultural Studies, Critical Discourse Studies and Communication and Media Studies.
{"title":"Literacy for everyone: the privileged role of journalism in promoting media literacy","authors":"Silvia Frota, Luísa Cortés, Amanda Melo","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242443","url":null,"abstract":"In contemporary societies, communication becomes increasingly plural, with the multiplication of information channels, connections, and social actors. On the one hand, this promotes greater democratization of communication and information systems, but, on the other hand, these become increasingly complex, requiring a growing degree of literacy to understand the value of each message and its potential impact. In this context, this article highlights the privileged role that professional journalism has in promoting media literacy, largely thanks to its ability to reach different audiences and actively contribute to opinion-forming processes. With this objective in mind, three projects are discussed involving the newspapers Público (Portugal) and O Estado de S.Paulo (Brazil), as well as the BBC (United Kingdom). It concludes that there is a need to diversify the role of journalism, which is often reduced to promoting knowledge about news production methods. The theoretical-methodological framework adopted is based on Cultural Studies, Critical Discourse Studies and Communication and Media Studies.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"52 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139841977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242446
Juliana Colussi, Paula de Souza Paes, Rainer Rubira-García, Thays Assunção Reis
This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries.
{"title":"Perceptions of University Students in Communication about Disinformation:","authors":"Juliana Colussi, Paula de Souza Paes, Rainer Rubira-García, Thays Assunção Reis","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242446","url":null,"abstract":"This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139780281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242446
Juliana Colussi, Paula de Souza Paes, Rainer Rubira-García, Thays Assunção Reis
This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries.
{"title":"Perceptions of University Students in Communication about Disinformation:","authors":"Juliana Colussi, Paula de Souza Paes, Rainer Rubira-García, Thays Assunção Reis","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242446","url":null,"abstract":"This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139840030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242436
Javier Abuín-Penas, Francisco Fernández-Medina, J. Corbacho-Valencia
In recent years, media literacy has been proposed as one of the alternatives with the greatest potential to fight disinformation, while reducing its effects and consequences for society. In this aspect, fact-checking organizations (known as fact-checkers) also play a relevant role in denying all types of hoaxes and fake news. Therefore, this article aims to know the vision of the people who work within these organizations on media literacy and their role in the face of disinformation. Using empirical research techniques that combine observation and analysis of a series of personal interviews, this study will investigate the perceptions, opinions and assessments of these organizations on media literacy as a tool to combat disinformation. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with journalists from the data verification agencies of each of the countries mentioned below: Chequeado (Argentina), Colombiacheck (Colombia), Fast Check CL (Chile) and Aos Fatos (Brazil), all of them signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). In addition, the main media literacy strategies developed by these fact-checkers and published on their websites are presented, trying to identify common patterns in their strategies. The results of the interviews indicate that media literacy is a strategy considered fundamental by fact-checkers in South America. These entities consider that, although their main task is verification, media literacy seems to be the most appropriate solution to combat disinformation and therefore carry out a variety of actions ranging from workshops and conferences to resources, guides or tools hosted on their websites.
近年来，媒体扫盲被认为是最有可能打击虚假信息，同时减少其对社会的影响和后果的替代方法之一。在这方面，事实核查组织（被称为事实核查者）在否认各种骗局和假新闻方面也发挥着相关作用。因此，本文旨在了解这些组织的工作人员对媒体素养的看法，以及他们在面对假新闻时所发挥的作用。本研究将利用实证研究技术，结合对一系列个人访谈的观察和分析，调查这些组织对媒体素养作为打击虚假信息的工具的看法、意见和评估。对以下每个国家的数据核查机构的记者进行了半结构化访谈：Chequeado （阿根廷）、Colombiacheck（哥伦比亚）、Fast Check CL（智利）和 Aos Fatos（巴西），它们都是国际事实核查网（IFCN）的签约机构。此外，还介绍了这些事实核查机构制定并在其网站上公布的主要媒体扫盲战略，试图找出其战略中的共同模式。访谈结果表明，媒体扫盲被南美洲的事实核查机构视为一项基本战略。这些实体认为，虽然他们的主要任务是核查，但媒体扫盲似乎是打击虚假信息的最适当的解决办法，因此开展了各种行动，从讲习班和会议到其网站上的资源、指南或工具。
{"title":"Media literacy against disinformation: the vision of South American fact-checkers","authors":"Javier Abuín-Penas, Francisco Fernández-Medina, J. Corbacho-Valencia","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242436","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In recent years, media literacy has been proposed as one of the alternatives with the greatest potential to fight disinformation, while reducing its effects and consequences for society. In this aspect, fact-checking organizations (known as fact-checkers) also play a relevant role in denying all types of hoaxes and fake news. Therefore, this article aims to know the vision of the people who work within these organizations on media literacy and their role in the face of disinformation. Using empirical research techniques that combine observation and analysis of a series of personal interviews, this study will investigate the perceptions, opinions and assessments of these organizations on media literacy as a tool to combat disinformation. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with journalists from the data verification agencies of each of the countries mentioned below: Chequeado (Argentina), Colombiacheck (Colombia), Fast Check CL (Chile) and Aos Fatos (Brazil), all of them signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). In addition, the main media literacy strategies developed by these fact-checkers and published on their websites are presented, trying to identify common patterns in their strategies. The results of the interviews indicate that media literacy is a strategy considered fundamental by fact-checkers in South America. These entities consider that, although their main task is verification, media literacy seems to be the most appropriate solution to combat disinformation and therefore carry out a variety of actions ranging from workshops and conferences to resources, guides or tools hosted on their websites. \u0000","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139841885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout all European countries, disinformation, the prevalence of false narratives and the rise of online radicalism are recognized as profound instances of “dysfunctional communication” driving contemporary societies toward populist polarization and conflict. As traditional guardians of knowledge authority and epistemic commons, the news media takes a bold stance in combatting disinformation, even though the profession is facing significant challenges in terms of business and trust production. How should journalism education respond to the increasing epistemic uncertainties and develop the essential skills and capacities for digital information verification, while fostering the commitment for ethical communication and serving the public good? This paper discusses the development and teaching of contemporary journalistic professionalism as a social process sustained via different digital mediums and contextualized within real-world events. Using the example of the pilot study, it suggests that within contemporary journalism education, there is a growing requirement to cultivate a collaborative ethos among journalists and sources, starting within the university setting. The experience gained from the source verification class, tested with Lithuanian journalism students in a collaborative learning situation, reveals fact-checking practices that anticipate the development of epistemic capacities and self-efficacy, crucial for resilient journalistic professionalism.
{"title":"A human-centric approach to countering disinformation","authors":"Auksė Balčytienė, Rimgailė Kasparaitė, Patricija Lenčiauskienė","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242442","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout all European countries, disinformation, the prevalence of false narratives and the rise of online radicalism are recognized as profound instances of “dysfunctional communication” driving contemporary societies toward populist polarization and conflict. As traditional guardians of knowledge authority and epistemic commons, the news media takes a bold stance in combatting disinformation, even though the profession is facing significant challenges in terms of business and trust production. \u0000How should journalism education respond to the increasing epistemic uncertainties and develop the essential skills and capacities for digital information verification, while fostering the commitment for ethical communication and serving the public good? \u0000This paper discusses the development and teaching of contemporary journalistic professionalism as a social process sustained via different digital mediums and contextualized within real-world events. Using the example of the pilot study, it suggests that within contemporary journalism education, there is a growing requirement to cultivate a collaborative ethos among journalists and sources, starting within the university setting. The experience gained from the source verification class, tested with Lithuanian journalism students in a collaborative learning situation, reveals fact-checking practices that anticipate the development of epistemic capacities and self-efficacy, crucial for resilient journalistic professionalism.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"118 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139781063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242441
Luís Miguel Pato, Patrícia Torrijos Fincias, C. Margarido, Ricardo Pocinho
Historically, media have always been a lens through which society witnesses and deciphers the countless events that make up the world. Today, disinformation is one of the scourges of society, and the elderly are regarded as being an age group most susceptible to its effects. However, it is almost commonplace to consider that, despite the persistence of a historical distance, the older generations are not exempt from the incessant dynamics that the imposition of technological development represents in our society. Gone are the days of "laggards" (Rogers, 1995), a term used to characterize the technological gap that occurred among the elderly. As digital media perform numerous ritualistic and instrumental functions in this age group, they are currently “digital immigrants” (Prensky, 2001). In this case, the ability to produce, create, and broadcast content stands out as a characteristic of a society that is increasingly participatory. By underlining the importance that video, television, and television information has traditionally for seniors, the Senior TV project is being developed at the College of Education of Leiria of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, in which, through a team of senior students (from the 60+ program of this school), television content of an informative nature is being produced (interviews and reports), and these students are responsible for all the inherent phases and processes (carried out outdoors and in studio) to the creation of these programs from the preproduction moment to the final one when the content is broadcasted. The results of this study allow us to suggest that, through the administration of skills and methodologies for the production of media content, in this case regarding television production, media literacy is increased in this age group. To this extent, it also allows us to consider that more informed television and media consumption about their production conditions could help combat misinformation, particularly in this age group.
{"title":"Senior TV – producing information as a way of deepening media literacy and defending against misinformation","authors":"Luís Miguel Pato, Patrícia Torrijos Fincias, C. Margarido, Ricardo Pocinho","doi":"10.15847/obsobs18520242441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs18520242441","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, media have always been a lens through which society witnesses and deciphers the countless events that make up the world. Today, disinformation is one of the scourges of society, and the elderly are regarded as being an age group most susceptible to its effects. \u0000 However, it is almost commonplace to consider that, despite the persistence of a historical distance, the older generations are not exempt from the incessant dynamics that the imposition of technological development represents in our society. Gone are the days of \"laggards\" (Rogers, 1995), a term used to characterize the technological gap that occurred among the elderly. As digital media perform numerous ritualistic and instrumental functions in this age group, they are currently “digital immigrants” (Prensky, 2001). \u0000 In this case, the ability to produce, create, and broadcast content stands out as a characteristic of a society that is increasingly participatory. By underlining the importance that video, television, and television information has traditionally for seniors, the Senior TV project is being developed at the College of Education of Leiria of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, in which, through a team of senior students (from the 60+ program of this school), television content of an informative nature is being produced (interviews and reports), and these students are responsible for all the inherent phases and processes (carried out outdoors and in studio) to the creation of these programs from the preproduction moment to the final one when the content is broadcasted. The results of this study allow us to suggest that, through the administration of skills and methodologies for the production of media content, in this case regarding television production, media literacy is increased in this age group. To this extent, it also allows us to consider that more informed television and media consumption about their production conditions could help combat misinformation, particularly in this age group.","PeriodicalId":149155,"journal":{"name":"Observatorio (OBS*)","volume":"16 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139781875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242441
Luís Miguel Pato, Patrícia Torrijos Fincias, C. Margarido, Ricardo Pocinho
Historically, media have always been a lens through which society witnesses and deciphers the countless events that make up the world. Today, disinformation is one of the scourges of society, and the elderly are regarded as being an age group most susceptible to its effects. However, it is almost commonplace to consider that, despite the persistence of a historical distance, the older generations are not exempt from the incessant dynamics that the imposition of technological development represents in our society. Gone are the days of "laggards" (Rogers, 1995), a term used to characterize the technological gap that occurred among the elderly. As digital media perform numerous ritualistic and instrumental functions in this age group, they are currently “digital immigrants” (Prensky, 2001). In this case, the ability to produce, create, and broadcast content stands out as a characteristic of a society that is increasingly participatory. By underlining the importance that video, television, and television information has traditionally for seniors, the Senior TV project is being developed at the College of Education of Leiria of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, in which, through a team of senior students (from the 60+ program of this school), television content of an informative nature is being produced (interviews and reports), and these students are responsible for all the inherent phases and processes (carried out outdoors and in studio) to the creation of these programs from the preproduction moment to the final one when the content is broadcasted. The results of this study allow us to suggest that, through the administration of skills and methodologies for the production of media content, in this case regarding television production, media literacy is increased in this age group. To this extent, it also allows us to consider that more informed television and media consumption about their production conditions could help combat misinformation, particularly in this age group.
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Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.15847/obsobs18520242436
Javier Abuín-Penas, Francisco Fernández-Medina, J. Corbacho-Valencia
In recent years, media literacy has been proposed as one of the alternatives with the greatest potential to fight disinformation, while reducing its effects and consequences for society. In this aspect, fact-checking organizations (known as fact-checkers) also play a relevant role in denying all types of hoaxes and fake news. Therefore, this article aims to know the vision of the people who work within these organizations on media literacy and their role in the face of disinformation. Using empirical research techniques that combine observation and analysis of a series of personal interviews, this study will investigate the perceptions, opinions and assessments of these organizations on media literacy as a tool to combat disinformation. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with journalists from the data verification agencies of each of the countries mentioned below: Chequeado (Argentina), Colombiacheck (Colombia), Fast Check CL (Chile) and Aos Fatos (Brazil), all of them signatories of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). In addition, the main media literacy strategies developed by these fact-checkers and published on their websites are presented, trying to identify common patterns in their strategies. The results of the interviews indicate that media literacy is a strategy considered fundamental by fact-checkers in South America. These entities consider that, although their main task is verification, media literacy seems to be the most appropriate solution to combat disinformation and therefore carry out a variety of actions ranging from workshops and conferences to resources, guides or tools hosted on their websites.
近年来，媒体扫盲被认为是最有可能打击虚假信息，同时减少其对社会的影响和后果的替代方法之一。在这方面，事实核查组织（被称为事实核查者）在否认各类骗局和假新闻方面也发挥着相关作用。因此，本文旨在了解这些组织的工作人员对媒体素养的看法，以及他们在面对假新闻时所发挥的作用。本研究将利用实证研究技术，结合对一系列个人访谈的观察和分析，调查这些组织对媒体素养作为打击虚假信息的工具的看法、意见和评估。对以下每个国家的数据核查机构的记者进行了半结构化访谈：Chequeado （阿根廷）、Colombiacheck（哥伦比亚）、Fast Check CL（智利）和 Aos Fatos（巴西），它们都是国际事实核查网（IFCN）的签约机构。此外，还介绍了这些事实核查机构制定并在其网站上公布的主要媒体扫盲战略，试图找出其战略中的共同模式。访谈结果表明，媒体扫盲被南美洲的事实核查机构视为一项基本战略。这些实体认为，虽然他们的主要任务是核查，但媒体扫盲似乎是打击虚假信息的最适当的解决办法，因此开展了各种行动，从讲习班和会议到其网站上的资源、指南或工具。
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