During the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy made it a mission for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to accomplish a lunar landing and return to Earth. The final lunar landing and the last time humans left Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was in December, 1972. However, 47 years have passed and the fascination with traveling into deep space remains alive and flourishing. A major problem with future human missions to Mars is the effects of microgravity and Mars’ 0.38g environment. Unfortunately, space medicine is limited and little is known about the effects of microgravity on the human body after one year in space. Is it possible for astronauts to survive long spaceflight missions to Mars? To help address this question, my research focuses on the effects of microgravity on astronauts in order to find solutions for long-duration space flights to Mars. Bone and muscle loss are factors that could lead to severe, unknown consequences on an astronaut’s health. My methods included doing an analytical interpretation of historical and contemporary research on long-distance spaceflight. In the future, longer missions are going to require more permanent solutions for humans to be an interplanetary species. The current solutions being used in the International Space Station (ISS) are only to treat individual symptoms separately. Only theoretical permanent solutions were found, such as artificial gravity; therefore, further research is needed. Centripetal acceleration has shown great promise to eliminate microgravity effects but more research is needed to understand the health consequences and the limitations of rotation that humans can sustain.
{"title":"Effects and Solutions on the Human Body After Long-Duration Space Flights","authors":"Jose Jaime Esquivel Patricio","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2021.1709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2021.1709","url":null,"abstract":"During the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy made it a mission for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to accomplish a lunar landing and return to Earth. The final lunar landing and the last time humans left Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was in December, 1972. However, 47 years have passed and the fascination with traveling into deep space remains alive and flourishing. A major problem with future human missions to Mars is the effects of microgravity and Mars’ 0.38g environment. Unfortunately, space medicine is limited and little is known about the effects of microgravity on the human body after one year in space. Is it possible for astronauts to survive long spaceflight missions to Mars? To help address this question, my research focuses on the effects of microgravity on astronauts in order to find solutions for long-duration space flights to Mars. Bone and muscle loss are factors that could lead to severe, unknown consequences on an astronaut’s health. My methods included doing an analytical interpretation of historical and contemporary research on long-distance spaceflight. In the future, longer missions are going to require more permanent solutions for humans to be an interplanetary species. The current solutions being used in the International Space Station (ISS) are only to treat individual symptoms separately. Only theoretical permanent solutions were found, such as artificial gravity; therefore, further research is needed. Centripetal acceleration has shown great promise to eliminate microgravity effects but more research is needed to understand the health consequences and the limitations of rotation that humans can sustain.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"592 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116309859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our federal government allows states to pass and ratify new laws every year. Over the last thirty years, America has experienced a polarized fight over the expansion or reduction of government involvement. In terms of education policy, local districts and governments can play an essential role in the implementation, evaluation, and development of equitable educational opportunities. This paper examines federal and state level policies in the context of English Language Learners’ (EL) educational opportunities. In particular, I focus on Mt. Diablo High School, which is located in the Mount Diablo District. According to the California State Department of Education, the percentage of English Language Learners at this school is 33.5%. Out of this percentage, a majority of English Language Learner students at Mt. Diablo High School are Latinx (84.98%). These statistics help to demonstrate that state and district level policies lack inclusivity, student awareness on academic resources, accessibility to career center programs, and a lack of parent and teacher participation. Due to these shortcomings, these policies primarily feed into the undereducation and retention of EL students. By analyzing existing Student Site Council meetings and state-level data sets, I argue that there is a higher need for accountability and support relative to the number of EL students attending Mt. Diablo High School. 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 15 [2019], Art. 10 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol15/iss1/10 106 Introduction During 2013-2014, unaccompanied child migration from Central America to the U.S. reached its peak. According to the article, “As immigration resurges, U.S. public schools help children find their footing” published by the Washington Post in 2016, the influx of immigrant children to our public schools has been a challenge—not only for these newcomers, but also for the teachers, staff, parents, and policymakers. However, as many are aware, migration is not a new topic in this country; in 1965, when The Immigration and Naturalization Act abolished some of the xenophobic quotas in previous times, the demographics of the U.S. significantly changed. Today, one in four children in the U.S. are the children of immigrants (Gandara, 2018). The United States Department of Education faces the great responsibility of educating every child in this nation. One of the programs that attempts to accommodate newcomers into public schools is the English Learner Development program. According to Laura Hill, a researcher at the Institute of Public Policy in California, the number of EL students in the California education system is around 1.3 million. Any student who enrolls in K-12 education in California and speaks a language other than English is automatically considered and classified as an English Learner student—a status that is meant to be temporary. (Hill, 2018) The current population of EL students in California public schools is large and diverse. Mos
{"title":"English Language Minority Students and Education Policy: A Focus on the Latinx Population","authors":"María de los Ángeles De Santos Quezada","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2019.1510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2019.1510","url":null,"abstract":"Our federal government allows states to pass and ratify new laws every year. Over the last thirty years, America has experienced a polarized fight over the expansion or reduction of government involvement. In terms of education policy, local districts and governments can play an essential role in the implementation, evaluation, and development of equitable educational opportunities. This paper examines federal and state level policies in the context of English Language Learners’ (EL) educational opportunities. In particular, I focus on Mt. Diablo High School, which is located in the Mount Diablo District. According to the California State Department of Education, the percentage of English Language Learners at this school is 33.5%. Out of this percentage, a majority of English Language Learner students at Mt. Diablo High School are Latinx (84.98%). These statistics help to demonstrate that state and district level policies lack inclusivity, student awareness on academic resources, accessibility to career center programs, and a lack of parent and teacher participation. Due to these shortcomings, these policies primarily feed into the undereducation and retention of EL students. By analyzing existing Student Site Council meetings and state-level data sets, I argue that there is a higher need for accountability and support relative to the number of EL students attending Mt. Diablo High School. 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 15 [2019], Art. 10 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol15/iss1/10 106 Introduction During 2013-2014, unaccompanied child migration from Central America to the U.S. reached its peak. According to the article, “As immigration resurges, U.S. public schools help children find their footing” published by the Washington Post in 2016, the influx of immigrant children to our public schools has been a challenge—not only for these newcomers, but also for the teachers, staff, parents, and policymakers. However, as many are aware, migration is not a new topic in this country; in 1965, when The Immigration and Naturalization Act abolished some of the xenophobic quotas in previous times, the demographics of the U.S. significantly changed. Today, one in four children in the U.S. are the children of immigrants (Gandara, 2018). The United States Department of Education faces the great responsibility of educating every child in this nation. One of the programs that attempts to accommodate newcomers into public schools is the English Learner Development program. According to Laura Hill, a researcher at the Institute of Public Policy in California, the number of EL students in the California education system is around 1.3 million. Any student who enrolls in K-12 education in California and speaks a language other than English is automatically considered and classified as an English Learner student—a status that is meant to be temporary. (Hill, 2018) The current population of EL students in California public schools is large and diverse. Mos","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116264123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A survey of IT professionals suggested that despite technological advancement and organizational procedures to prevent cyber-attacks, users are still the weakest link in cyber security (Crossler, 2013). This suggests it is important to discover what individual differences may cause a user to be more or less vulnerable to cyber security threats. Cyber security knowledge has been shown to lead to increased learning and proactive cyber security behavior (CSB). Self-efficacy has been shown to be a strong predictor of a user’s intended behavior. Traits such as neuroticism have been shown to negatively influence cyber security knowledge and self-efficacy, which may hinder CSB. In discovering what individual traits may predict CSB, users and designers may be able to implement solutions to improve CSB. In this study, 183 undergraduate students at San José State University completed an online survey. Students completed surveys of self-efficacy in information security, and cyber security behavioral intention, as well as a personality inventory and a semantic cyber security knowledge quiz. Correlational analyses were conducted to test hypotheses related to individual traits expected to predict CSB. Results included a negative relationship between neuroticism and self-efficacy and a positive relationship between self-efficacy and CSB. Overall, the results support the conclusion that individual differences can predict self-efficacy and intention to engage in CSB. Future research is needed to investigate whether CSB is influenced by traits such as neuroticism, if CSB can be improved through video games, and which are the causal directions of these effects.
{"title":"Individual Differences in Cyber Security","authors":"Christopher Conetta","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2019.1504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2019.1504","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of IT professionals suggested that despite technological advancement and organizational procedures to prevent cyber-attacks, users are still the weakest link in cyber security (Crossler, 2013). This suggests it is important to discover what individual differences may cause a user to be more or less vulnerable to cyber security threats. Cyber security knowledge has been shown to lead to increased learning and proactive cyber security behavior (CSB). Self-efficacy has been shown to be a strong predictor of a user’s intended behavior. Traits such as neuroticism have been shown to negatively influence cyber security knowledge and self-efficacy, which may hinder CSB. In discovering what individual traits may predict CSB, users and designers may be able to implement solutions to improve CSB. In this study, 183 undergraduate students at San José State University completed an online survey. Students completed surveys of self-efficacy in information security, and cyber security behavioral intention, as well as a personality inventory and a semantic cyber security knowledge quiz. Correlational analyses were conducted to test hypotheses related to individual traits expected to predict CSB. Results included a negative relationship between neuroticism and self-efficacy and a positive relationship between self-efficacy and CSB. Overall, the results support the conclusion that individual differences can predict self-efficacy and intention to engage in CSB. Future research is needed to investigate whether CSB is influenced by traits such as neuroticism, if CSB can be improved through video games, and which are the causal directions of these effects.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131918114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extant literature on Imposter syndrome primarily focuses on Asian Americans. This current review of literature seeks to make a comparison of Imposter syndrome between two marginalized communities – Asian Americans and African Americans. Imposter syndrome, also referred to as the imposter phenomenon, refers to an individual who doubts their own skills, abilities, successes, and overall capabilities in their life (Parkman, 2016). Asian American students are stereotyped as the model minority and are believed to be intelligent, hardworking, high achieving, and academic and seen to be free from any emotional or adaptive problems. Although these stereotypes are perceived to be positive, they also place a great deal of pressure on Asian American students to excel in school and this can produce increased anxiety and distress. Among African-Americans, shame-proneness manifests differently. It is directly related to a fear of intimacy and self-deprecation (Austin, 2009). Researchers looking at the relationship between Imposter syndrome and mental health among student populations have found it to be a predictor of mental health, it has been found to be positively correlated with anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and minority student status stress (Parkman, 2016). This review will seek to answer which of the two aforesaid stated student populations of first-generation students, Asian American and African American experience a greater detriment in mental health and if there are any specific patterns of mental symptoms of psychological distress that are found among each of these student populations.
{"title":"Unpacking the Imposter Syndrome and Mental Health as a Person of Color First Generation College Student within Institutions of Higher Education","authors":"Lingdan Le","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2019.1505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2019.1505","url":null,"abstract":"Extant literature on Imposter syndrome primarily focuses on Asian Americans. This current review of literature seeks to make a comparison of Imposter syndrome between two marginalized communities – Asian Americans and African Americans. Imposter syndrome, also referred to as the imposter phenomenon, refers to an individual who doubts their own skills, abilities, successes, and overall capabilities in their life (Parkman, 2016). Asian American students are stereotyped as the model minority and are believed to be intelligent, hardworking, high achieving, and academic and seen to be free from any emotional or adaptive problems. Although these stereotypes are perceived to be positive, they also place a great deal of pressure on Asian American students to excel in school and this can produce increased anxiety and distress. Among African-Americans, shame-proneness manifests differently. It is directly related to a fear of intimacy and self-deprecation (Austin, 2009). Researchers looking at the relationship between Imposter syndrome and mental health among student populations have found it to be a predictor of mental health, it has been found to be positively correlated with anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and minority student status stress (Parkman, 2016). This review will seek to answer which of the two aforesaid stated student populations of first-generation students, Asian American and African American experience a greater detriment in mental health and if there are any specific patterns of mental symptoms of psychological distress that are found among each of these student populations.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116065450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An asymmetric beam currently being utilized in a solar powered automated transit system was analyzed for its deflections, stresses, and angle of twist. Finite element analysis (FEA) with ANSYS was used in conjunction with hand calculations from beam theory to determine the response of the guideway to loading anticipated in normal operation. An iterative approach was used for modeling the system, where the geometry was taken from a simplified case and progressed in complexity until the original model was duplicated. After analysis, the deflections, stresses, and angles of twist were found to be within suitable ranges for a suspended transportation system.
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of a Guideway for Automated Transit Networks","authors":"Issac Gendler","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2018.1408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2018.1408","url":null,"abstract":"An asymmetric beam currently being utilized in a solar powered automated transit system was analyzed for its deflections, stresses, and angle of twist. Finite element analysis (FEA) with ANSYS was used in conjunction with hand calculations from beam theory to determine the response of the guideway to loading anticipated in normal operation. An iterative approach was used for modeling the system, where the geometry was taken from a simplified case and progressed in complexity until the original model was duplicated. After analysis, the deflections, stresses, and angles of twist were found to be within suitable ranges for a suspended transportation system.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126228983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peripheral inflammation alters the excitability of dorsal horn interneurons and increases flexor reflex strength (Dubner & Ruda, 1992); however, its effect on the spinal stretch reflex is not well understood. The stretch reflex is a muscle contraction in response to muscle stretch. We hypothesize that the acute inflammation caused by an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will cause an increase in spinal cord excitability. To test this hypothesis, we measured Hoffman’s (H) reflex, the electric analog of the stretch reflex in adult mice receiving an injection of LPS (.5mg/kg) or saline (200μl). Adult male and female mice (C57Bl/6) were anesthetized; then, the sciatic nerve was exposed and stimulated at current strengths from H-wave threshold (T) to 8T (20 x 0.1 ms pulses at 0.1 Hz). Recording electrodes were placed in the foot. We measured the maximum M wave amplitude (Mmax), maximum H wave amplitude (Hmax) and latencies of both waves. We compared the ratio of the maximal H wave over the maximal M wave (Hmax/Mmax), which reports the percentage of motor neurons activated by electrical stimulation of Group Ia muscle sensory neurons. Increased spinal cord excitability would be reflected in a larger Hmax/Mmax. We found that LPS-induced inflammation does not alter the Hmax/Mmax. While we found no evidence of changes in spinal cord excitability, inflammation could be altering Group Ia muscle spindle afferent responses to stretch. Future studies will test whether stretch reflex strength is altered by inflammation. Introduction Hoffman’s reflex (H-reflex) is an electrically induced reflex. The H reflex estimates of alpha motor excitability, which can be used to evaluate the response of the nervous system to different neurological conditions. The M wave is a contraction caused by direct stimulation of motor neuron axons and the H wave is derived from the reflex activation of the motor neurons by electrical stimulation of Group Ia afferents (Palmeri, Ingersoll, & Hoffman, 2004). 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018], Art. 11 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/11 DOI: 10.31979/mrj.2018.1411 142 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin found on the capsule of gram-negative bacteria (Gao et al., 2002). LPS is also known to cause an immune response in animals. Inflammation is synonymous with many neurodegenerative diseases (Qin et al,. 2004). When LPS is injected in an animal, cytokines, specifically TNFα, is released into the body (Qin et al., 2004). These cytokines cause a low level of chronic inflammation, much like a person gets when they catch the flu. Peripheral inflammation alters the excitability of dorsal horn interneurons and increases flexor reflex strength (Dubner & Ruda, 1992); however, its effect on the spinal stretch reflex is not well understood. My hypothesis is that LPS induced inflammation will increase spinal cord excitability; I expect to see an increase in HMax/MMax and earlier latencies in drug groups as c
外周炎症改变背角中间神经元的兴奋性，增加屈肌反射强度(Dubner & Ruda, 1992);然而，其对脊髓拉伸反射的影响尚不清楚。拉伸反射是对肌肉拉伸的肌肉收缩反应。我们假设注射脂多糖(LPS)引起的急性炎症会导致脊髓兴奋性增加。为了验证这一假设，我们测量了霍夫曼(H)反射，这是注射LPS (0.5 mg/kg)或生理盐水(200μl)的成年小鼠拉伸反射的电模拟。麻醉成年雄性和雌性小鼠(C57Bl/6);然后，暴露坐骨神经并以h波阈值(T)至8T的电流强度(20 x 0.1 ms脉冲，0.1 Hz)进行刺激。记录电极放置在足部。我们测量了最大M波振幅(Mmax)、最大H波振幅(Hmax)和两波的潜伏期。我们比较了最大H波与最大M波的比值(Hmax/Mmax)，它报告了电刺激Ia组肌肉感觉神经元激活的运动神经元的百分比。脊髓兴奋性的增加表现为Hmax/Mmax的增大。我们发现lps诱导的炎症不改变Hmax/Mmax。虽然我们没有发现脊髓兴奋性变化的证据，但炎症可能会改变Ia组肌纺锤体对拉伸的传入反应。未来的研究将测试拉伸反射强度是否会因炎症而改变。霍夫曼反射(h反射)是一种电诱导反射。H反射估计α运动兴奋性，可用于评估神经系统对不同神经系统状况的反应。M波是直接刺激运动神经元轴突引起的收缩，H波是通过电刺激Ia组传入事件引起运动神经元反射激活而产生的(Palmeri, Ingersoll， & Hoffman, 2004)。2 McNair Research Journal, SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018]， Art. 11 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/11 DOI: 10.31979/mrj.2018.1411 142脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)是一种发现于革兰氏阴性菌荚膜上的细菌内毒素(Gao et al.， 2002)。众所周知，脂多糖还能引起动物的免疫反应。炎症是许多神经退行性疾病的同义词(Qin et al，;2004)。当LPS被注射到动物体内时，细胞因子，特别是TNFα被释放到体内(Qin et al.， 2004)。这些细胞因子会引起低水平的慢性炎症，就像人感染流感一样。外周炎症改变背角中间神经元的兴奋性，增加屈肌反射强度(Dubner & Ruda, 1992);然而，其对脊髓拉伸反射的影响尚不清楚。我的假设是LPS诱导的炎症会增加脊髓的兴奋性;与对照组相比，我预计药物组的HMax/MMax和更早的潜伏期会增加。此外，我假设雌性小鼠的脊髓兴奋性会比雄性小鼠高，因为雌性小鼠对细菌感染有更强大的免疫系统(Klein, 2000)。方法C57/B16成年(2 ~ 3月龄)雄性小鼠注射脂多糖(LPS);7.5 × 10 EU/kg (200 μl生理盐水)或对照组(200 μl生理盐水)实验前18小时LPS。小鼠腹腔注射氯胺酮(100mg/kg)和噻嗪(10mg/kg)麻醉。暴露坐骨神经，在坐骨神经周围放置刺激电极，在足部第4背骨间肌放置记录电极(图1)。通过电刺激寻找阈值，即触发稳定H波的最低电压。在阈值处进行电刺激，并乘以1.3、1.5、2、3、5、6、7和8T，求最大h波。以0.1 Hz的频率进行20次刺激。所有数据均采用LabChart记录。Hmax/Mmax为H波峰值振幅与肌张力波(m波)之比。从波峰到波谷测量H波和M波的振幅(图2)(Turski, Bressler, Klockgether， & Stephens, 1990)。比较LPS与对照组的Hmax/Mmax。测量从刺激到每个波形开始的潜伏期(图2)(Lee et al.， 2009)。通过将H波的振幅(毫伏)归一化到3个Sanghera来测量被电激活的运动神经元的百分比:急性脂多糖诱导炎症对S的影响发表于SJSU ScholarWorks, 2018 143毫伏肌肉收缩振幅(M波)，其中M波振幅理论上代表可激活的最大运动神经元数量，H波代表实际激活的运动神经元百分比。 图1:在温度控制的加热表面上麻醉小鼠的描述，并附有刺激、记录和接地电极。图2:霍夫曼波振幅和延迟的测量。4《上海大学麦克奈尔研究学报》[2018]，第14卷，第11期https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/11 DOI:结果生理盐水和脂多糖注射组小鼠的Hmax/Mmax比值在体内实验中，经坐骨神经电刺激激活的运动神经元百分比在生理盐水组和脂多糖注射组之间无显著差异，p = .219(图3)，两性之间也无显著差异p = .905。图3:注射LPS后小鼠的Hmax/Mmax比值无变化，SAL小鼠和LPS小鼠的Hmax/Mmax比值无显著差异。单个动物的值与平均值和平均值的标准误差一起显示。我是一个男孩。
{"title":"The Effects of Acute Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation on Spinal Cord Excitability","authors":"Puneet Sanghera","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2018.1411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2018.1411","url":null,"abstract":"Peripheral inflammation alters the excitability of dorsal horn interneurons and increases flexor reflex strength (Dubner & Ruda, 1992); however, its effect on the spinal stretch reflex is not well understood. The stretch reflex is a muscle contraction in response to muscle stretch. We hypothesize that the acute inflammation caused by an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will cause an increase in spinal cord excitability. To test this hypothesis, we measured Hoffman’s (H) reflex, the electric analog of the stretch reflex in adult mice receiving an injection of LPS (.5mg/kg) or saline (200μl). Adult male and female mice (C57Bl/6) were anesthetized; then, the sciatic nerve was exposed and stimulated at current strengths from H-wave threshold (T) to 8T (20 x 0.1 ms pulses at 0.1 Hz). Recording electrodes were placed in the foot. We measured the maximum M wave amplitude (Mmax), maximum H wave amplitude (Hmax) and latencies of both waves. We compared the ratio of the maximal H wave over the maximal M wave (Hmax/Mmax), which reports the percentage of motor neurons activated by electrical stimulation of Group Ia muscle sensory neurons. Increased spinal cord excitability would be reflected in a larger Hmax/Mmax. We found that LPS-induced inflammation does not alter the Hmax/Mmax. While we found no evidence of changes in spinal cord excitability, inflammation could be altering Group Ia muscle spindle afferent responses to stretch. Future studies will test whether stretch reflex strength is altered by inflammation. Introduction Hoffman’s reflex (H-reflex) is an electrically induced reflex. The H reflex estimates of alpha motor excitability, which can be used to evaluate the response of the nervous system to different neurological conditions. The M wave is a contraction caused by direct stimulation of motor neuron axons and the H wave is derived from the reflex activation of the motor neurons by electrical stimulation of Group Ia afferents (Palmeri, Ingersoll, & Hoffman, 2004). 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018], Art. 11 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/11 DOI: 10.31979/mrj.2018.1411 142 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin found on the capsule of gram-negative bacteria (Gao et al., 2002). LPS is also known to cause an immune response in animals. Inflammation is synonymous with many neurodegenerative diseases (Qin et al,. 2004). When LPS is injected in an animal, cytokines, specifically TNFα, is released into the body (Qin et al., 2004). These cytokines cause a low level of chronic inflammation, much like a person gets when they catch the flu. Peripheral inflammation alters the excitability of dorsal horn interneurons and increases flexor reflex strength (Dubner & Ruda, 1992); however, its effect on the spinal stretch reflex is not well understood. My hypothesis is that LPS induced inflammation will increase spinal cord excitability; I expect to see an increase in HMax/MMax and earlier latencies in drug groups as c","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116162043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unlike Salvadorans, Mexican/Mexican Americans have long established communities revolved around their culture. They have advanced in social class, education and political representation. On the other hand, Salvadorans have only just recently begun migrating and settling in predominantly Mexican/Mexican American communities. Competition over resources and the preservation of Mexican/Mexican American culture has caused continuing conflicts among Salvadorans and Mexicans/Mexican Americans. Additionally, inter-ethnic and in-group conflicts are also affected by generational differences (1, 2, 3 generation, etc.). Due to acculturation, Latinos/as struggle to retain their cultural heritage and parents often lose the ability to influence their children’s ethnic identity (customs, language, social norms). My research aims to contribute to the development and maintenance of ethnic identity and understanding of interethnic conflicts they face amongst Mexicans in California. I will briefly explore the migration patterns of Salvadorans and Mexican/Mexican Americans from past research focusing on ethnic identity development and how it may be connected to generational differences, experiences based on acculturation and discrimination, and family ethnic socialization, how ethnic identity is associated with positive self-esteem, and how marginalization can create group conflict among Latinos/as; specifically with Salvadorans and Mexican/Mexican Americans. The purpose of this research is to educate and bring to light the different experiences of Latinos/as and the struggles to retain ethnic identity and positive self-esteem. Although most research focuses on the Mexican experience, my research will attempt to incorporate the Salvadoran experience— one that reflects Salvadorans’ being a double minority: within wider American society and within their Latino/a ethnic group. In doing so, I wish to bring attention to this inter-ethnic conflict that has not been explored enough. 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018], Art. 4 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/4 25 Historical Background In order to better understand the Salvadoran/Mexican conflict, learning about the Latino/a diaspora is important. It is also worth noting that the Salvadoran/Mexican conflict is not the only one that occurs amongst Latinos/as, but it is the one I will focus on. Latinos/as from different nationalities have migrated to the U.S for various reasons throughout history. The three largest groups in the U.S are Mexican Americans (or Chicanos), Puerto Ricans and Cubans (Totti 1987). Geographically these groups migrated to different parts of the U.S.; according to Zong and Betalova (2014), Mexican Americans mostly settled in California, Texas and Illinois. Mexican migration to the U.S was caused by the demand for jobs and political instability in their countries. The first wave of migration occurred prior to WWII, and most of the migrants at the time were agricultural workers wh
DED地位于1996年结束，但那时萨尔瓦多人被允许申请政治庇护(Gammage 2007)。萨尔瓦多人在美国各地定居，但人口最多的是德克萨斯州、纽约州和加利福尼亚州。在加州，洛杉矶和旧金山是萨尔瓦多人居住的重要城市，但洛杉矶是萨尔瓦多人口最多的城市(移民政策研究所)。在谈论种族认同时，我们很难不注意到这样一个事实，即大多数研究都是通过墨西哥/墨西哥裔美国人的经历进行的。然而，为了探讨许多萨尔瓦多人面临的问题，这个镜头是必要的。我的研究探讨了种族认同发展的心理和社会学因素，以及如何导致积极的自尊，以及代际发生的群体内部冲突，以及墨西哥人和萨尔瓦多人之间的冲突。这项研究的目的是教育其他人萨尔瓦多人和墨西哥人在美国面临的类似斗争，希望减少拉丁美洲人/美洲人之间的紧张关系，这种紧张关系可能会阻碍群体团结。由于代际差异(Tover and Feliciano 2009)、文化适应/歧视经历(Baldwin-White, Umaña-Taylor, Marsiglia 2017)和家庭种族社会化(Umaña-Taylor, Zeiders, Updegraff 2013)，拉美裔/美国人的种族认同发展是复杂的。Tover和Feliciano(2009)研究了第1.5代(出生在墨西哥的儿童移民)和第二代(出生在美国的父母都是墨西哥人)拉丁裔/美洲人在种族自我认同方面的关键差异。拉丁美洲人如何自我认同是一个重要的指标，表明他们如何看待自己在一个用于区分美国种族群体的种族分层系统中(Tover和Feliciano 2009)。Rumbaut(1994)描述了四种方式(McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018]， Art. 4 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/4 27拉丁美洲人/as使用种族标签:民族血统(即墨西哥人)，连字符身份(即墨西哥裔美国人)，美国人身份(即“普通”美国人身份)，以及泛民族或种族身份(即拉丁裔/a，西班牙裔)。在第二代移民中，他们比第1.5代移民更有可能将自己定位为墨西哥裔美国人。1.5代的情况正好相反，因为他们更有可能自我认同为墨西哥人。Tover和Feliciano(2009)将代际地位的差异归因于文化适应水平和对美国与墨西哥的归属感。出生在墨西哥的人比第二代人更有可能缺乏归属感，因此更有可能认同“ni de aqui, ni de alla”(“既不是来自这里，也不是来自那里”)的说法(Tover和Feliciano 2009)。种族自我认同的代际差异归因于被嘲笑为“太墨西哥”(第1.5代)和“不够墨西哥”(第二代)的经历。托弗和费利西亚诺(2009)描述了1.5代人在访问原籍国时遇到的独特情况——被告知他们太美国化了，而在美国，他们被嘲笑为“太墨西哥化了”。被戏弄的经历塑造了种族自我认同，从而创造了一个代际差异影响个人如何使用种族自我标签的系统。文化适应/歧视Umaña-Taylor等人(2014)描述说，在青春期，拉丁裔/亚裔不仅要承担身份形成的任务，而且还要承担发展民族-种族身份(ERI)的额外任务。BaldwinWhite等人(2017)指出，ERI是一个“多维结构，反映了探索一个人的民族-种族背景并获得关于一个人身份这方面意义的清晰感的规范性发展任务”(第43页)。ERI在青少年的心理社会适应和自尊的发展和维持中发挥着重要作用(Umaña-Taylor, Gonzales-Backen and Guimond 2009)。ERI被描述为受文化适应影响的一种方式(Baldwin-White等人，2017)。(Berry 2003, Baldwin-White et al. 2017)引用的文化适应一词是指“在两种文化之间发生的价值观的转变，[和]信仰体系的持续接触5 Arevalo:种族认同，自尊和拉丁人之间的群体内部冲突，由SJSU ScholarWorks出版，2018年28，被认为影响青少年ERI发展”(第43页)。Balwin-White等人(2017)研究了文化适应和歧视在拉丁美洲/美洲人的ERI发展中所起的作用。
{"title":"Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem & Intra Group Conflicts Amongst Latinos","authors":"Christian Arévalo","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2018.1404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2018.1404","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike Salvadorans, Mexican/Mexican Americans have long established communities revolved around their culture. They have advanced in social class, education and political representation. On the other hand, Salvadorans have only just recently begun migrating and settling in predominantly Mexican/Mexican American communities. Competition over resources and the preservation of Mexican/Mexican American culture has caused continuing conflicts among Salvadorans and Mexicans/Mexican Americans. Additionally, inter-ethnic and in-group conflicts are also affected by generational differences (1, 2, 3 generation, etc.). Due to acculturation, Latinos/as struggle to retain their cultural heritage and parents often lose the ability to influence their children’s ethnic identity (customs, language, social norms). My research aims to contribute to the development and maintenance of ethnic identity and understanding of interethnic conflicts they face amongst Mexicans in California. I will briefly explore the migration patterns of Salvadorans and Mexican/Mexican Americans from past research focusing on ethnic identity development and how it may be connected to generational differences, experiences based on acculturation and discrimination, and family ethnic socialization, how ethnic identity is associated with positive self-esteem, and how marginalization can create group conflict among Latinos/as; specifically with Salvadorans and Mexican/Mexican Americans. The purpose of this research is to educate and bring to light the different experiences of Latinos/as and the struggles to retain ethnic identity and positive self-esteem. Although most research focuses on the Mexican experience, my research will attempt to incorporate the Salvadoran experience— one that reflects Salvadorans’ being a double minority: within wider American society and within their Latino/a ethnic group. In doing so, I wish to bring attention to this inter-ethnic conflict that has not been explored enough. 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 14 [2018], Art. 4 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol14/iss1/4 25 Historical Background In order to better understand the Salvadoran/Mexican conflict, learning about the Latino/a diaspora is important. It is also worth noting that the Salvadoran/Mexican conflict is not the only one that occurs amongst Latinos/as, but it is the one I will focus on. Latinos/as from different nationalities have migrated to the U.S for various reasons throughout history. The three largest groups in the U.S are Mexican Americans (or Chicanos), Puerto Ricans and Cubans (Totti 1987). Geographically these groups migrated to different parts of the U.S.; according to Zong and Betalova (2014), Mexican Americans mostly settled in California, Texas and Illinois. Mexican migration to the U.S was caused by the demand for jobs and political instability in their countries. The first wave of migration occurred prior to WWII, and most of the migrants at the time were agricultural workers wh","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114232051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Yo No Cruse La Frontera, La Frontera Me Cruzo” (I Didn’t Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Me)","authors":"Heriberto Zavala","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1313","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130894393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Veterans Embracing Transition (VET) Connect Peer Leadership Program is a University-based effort to assist student veterans in transitioning to campus and civilian life. Peer Leaders receive training to provide outreach to educate the campus community about the needs and perspectives of veterans (Klaw, Li, Avalos, & Diaz, 2016). As part of a larger project exploring the effects of VET Connect, exploratory findings in qualitative research indicate that through their participation in VET Connect student veterans gained a sense that civilians do indeed care (12, 92%) about veterans. Over half of the participants (8, 61%) reported changing ideas about themselves as veterans, seeing themselves at first as “not needing anybody” and then discovering that relationships were important to their sense of self. In their services as peer educators, these students discovered that they were not significantly different from other SJSU students as diverse and varied individuals. This study was conducted in collaboration with Jemerson Diaz. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw. Introduction Currently, over one million veterans are receiving VA education benefits, known as the GI Bill, to pursue college diplomas, advanced degrees, or vocational training (Veteran Affairs, 2016). As the number of student veterans increases, colleges need to become more equipped to provide support services for this diverse population. One of the most predominate challenges veterans face according to Rumann & Hamrick (2010) is transitioning into a college environment. The reason many struggle to integrate is due to social barriers, such as not relating to civilian college students. In a college environment, it is probable that student veterans face challenges in having to interact with civilian students (Brookover, 1945). The American Council on Education reports (Radford, 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017], Art. 5 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/5 DOI: 10.31979/mrj.2017.1305 21 2009) that 85% of college student veterans are at least 24 years old, and over 60% have a dependent spouse or child. Student veterans and traditional college students appear to have different lifestyles, which may be a part of the reason for differences in interests, social interactions, and interest in engaging with each other (Rumann & Hamrick, 2010) Difference in lifestyles may also lead to civilians and student veterans holding inaccurate ideas about each other. This study was conducted in collaboration with Jemerson Diaz. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw. Civilians’ Views of Veterans For civilian students, understanding student veterans may be a challenging experience. In a study by Hawn (2011), the “culture gap” between civilian student
{"title":"From Stigma to Standing: The Effects of Peer Leadership Participation on Student Veterans’ Ideas About Self and Others","authors":"Sophia Alcala-Cabrera","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1305","url":null,"abstract":"The Veterans Embracing Transition (VET) Connect Peer Leadership Program is a University-based effort to assist student veterans in transitioning to campus and civilian life. Peer Leaders receive training to provide outreach to educate the campus community about the needs and perspectives of veterans (Klaw, Li, Avalos, & Diaz, 2016). As part of a larger project exploring the effects of VET Connect, exploratory findings in qualitative research indicate that through their participation in VET Connect student veterans gained a sense that civilians do indeed care (12, 92%) about veterans. Over half of the participants (8, 61%) reported changing ideas about themselves as veterans, seeing themselves at first as “not needing anybody” and then discovering that relationships were important to their sense of self. In their services as peer educators, these students discovered that they were not significantly different from other SJSU students as diverse and varied individuals. This study was conducted in collaboration with Jemerson Diaz. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw. Introduction Currently, over one million veterans are receiving VA education benefits, known as the GI Bill, to pursue college diplomas, advanced degrees, or vocational training (Veteran Affairs, 2016). As the number of student veterans increases, colleges need to become more equipped to provide support services for this diverse population. One of the most predominate challenges veterans face according to Rumann & Hamrick (2010) is transitioning into a college environment. The reason many struggle to integrate is due to social barriers, such as not relating to civilian college students. In a college environment, it is probable that student veterans face challenges in having to interact with civilian students (Brookover, 1945). The American Council on Education reports (Radford, 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017], Art. 5 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/5 DOI: 10.31979/mrj.2017.1305 21 2009) that 85% of college student veterans are at least 24 years old, and over 60% have a dependent spouse or child. Student veterans and traditional college students appear to have different lifestyles, which may be a part of the reason for differences in interests, social interactions, and interest in engaging with each other (Rumann & Hamrick, 2010) Difference in lifestyles may also lead to civilians and student veterans holding inaccurate ideas about each other. This study was conducted in collaboration with Jemerson Diaz. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw. Civilians’ Views of Veterans For civilian students, understanding student veterans may be a challenging experience. In a study by Hawn (2011), the “culture gap” between civilian student","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121355427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity is a compelling health issue among African-Americans, who have the highest prevalence of excess weight among all ethnic and racial groups in the United States. This soaring obesity rate contributes to poor health outcomes and significantly inflates the risks for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. The literature provides evidence for the success of health programs aimed at promoting healthy behavior and lifestyles in African-American faithbased organizations, as the influential role of churches in African-American communities is well documented. However, few studies have investigated the criteria essential for improved efficiency of health interventions addressing the problem of obesity in the church-based environment. This paper examines the sociocultural and environmental factors associated with enhanced efficiency of health-promotion programs to reduce obesity in African-American faith-based communities. The databases PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were searched, and ten relevant articles published during the last five years were selected. The findings corroborate prior research about the instrumental role of churches to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce obesity among AfricanAmericans. We identify that a partnership between health educators and the community is crucial to achieve a high success rate in church settings. These results indicate that better success is achieved when the church leadership and churchgoers' input are integrated into the program’s design. Furthermore, health educators need to have a good grasp of the participants’ cultural perceptions, understanding, and expectations of obesity. We recommend that future researchers examine the cultural and spiritual strengths of these faith-based communities and the best strategies to use in order to achieve long-term weight loss.
{"title":"Culturally Competent Health Education in African-Americans’ Faith-based Communities for Better Health Outcomes: A Literature Review","authors":"Kougang Anne Mbe","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1311","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a compelling health issue among African-Americans, who have the highest prevalence of excess weight among all ethnic and racial groups in the United States. This soaring obesity rate contributes to poor health outcomes and significantly inflates the risks for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. The literature provides evidence for the success of health programs aimed at promoting healthy behavior and lifestyles in African-American faithbased organizations, as the influential role of churches in African-American communities is well documented. However, few studies have investigated the criteria essential for improved efficiency of health interventions addressing the problem of obesity in the church-based environment. This paper examines the sociocultural and environmental factors associated with enhanced efficiency of health-promotion programs to reduce obesity in African-American faith-based communities. The databases PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were searched, and ten relevant articles published during the last five years were selected. The findings corroborate prior research about the instrumental role of churches to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce obesity among AfricanAmericans. We identify that a partnership between health educators and the community is crucial to achieve a high success rate in church settings. These results indicate that better success is achieved when the church leadership and churchgoers' input are integrated into the program’s design. Furthermore, health educators need to have a good grasp of the participants’ cultural perceptions, understanding, and expectations of obesity. We recommend that future researchers examine the cultural and spiritual strengths of these faith-based communities and the best strategies to use in order to achieve long-term weight loss.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122508451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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