Because nursing is associated with feminine characteristics, it is mainly considered a woman’s profession (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Despite the increasing number of men choosing nursing as a profession, they often face discrimination in this predominantly female profession (Roth & Coleman, 2008). When men choose a female-dominated profession like nursing, they are questioned regarding their sexual orientation and are considered inappropriate for bed-side nursing (O’Connor, 2015; Meadus, 2000). Patients’ perceptions of male nurses as sexual aggressors or gay affects their ability to do their job (Evans, 2002). The goal of this literature review is to explore challenges commonly faced by male nurses and understand how these perceptions and stereotypes affect their ability to provide care. Introduction When people hear the word “nurse,” they immediately think of a woman in scrubs, so it’s no surprise that nursing is a female-dominated profession (Rajacich et al., 2013). For example, as of 2011, 91% of nurses were women and only 9% were men (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite nursing being a normative career for women, more men are now choosing it as a career option (“Men in nursing,” 2013). For example, the rate of men in nursing has increased from 2.7% in the 1970s to 9.6% in 2011 (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite the efforts to increase the number of men in nursing, they are still a minority in this profession (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Even though historically men provided significant contributions to nursing, they have received little to no recognition (Rajacich, Kane, Williston, & Cameron, 2013). For example, in the U.S, men served as nurses during the Civil War, and they were significant in reducing mortality rates among the troops during the wars (Rajacich, et al., 2013). Even Mahatma Gandhi was a nurse during his time in Africa (Rajacich et al., 2013). Lack of recognition of male nurses in history further encourages society to associate nursing with women (Rajacich et al., 2013). Although both genders have the ability to care and nurture, these characteristics are mostly considered appropriate for women; therefore, 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017], Art. 9 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/9 71 men often face issues with gender identity and stereotypes for choosing a feminine career (Roth & Coleman, 2008; Rajacich et. al., 2013). Many people think that men choose nursing because they are gay, and they face discrimination in clinical settings because of this common stereotype (Evans, 2002; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Even patients have a difficult time considering men as appropriate for a job that requires touching, caring, gentleness, and nurturing (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). As men challenge gender-defined roles and choose a nontraditional career like nursing, they often face discrimination (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). This is interesting because men are criticized for choosing a femaledomina
因为被认证为护理助理是这所特殊学校的入学要求，所以大多数参与者都有在医疗保健机构担任护理助理的经验(Schmidt, 2016)。Evans(2002)对加拿大新斯科舍省的8名男性注册护士(RNs)进行了研究;他们的年龄从20岁到50岁不等。参与者在多个护理领域有7至32年的护士工作经验，包括心理健康、内外科、领导角色和社区卫生(Evans, 2002年)。对这些参与者进行了两轮访谈。Rajacich et al.(2013)在本研究中采用描述性定性设计分析了16名男护士的反应。参与者年龄在21 ~ 48岁之间，护理经验从2个月到21年不等。这些文章的主题围绕着护理的概念以及两性如何表现出来(Schmidt, 2016;埃文斯,2002)。参与者表示，他们甚至在进入护理学校之前就发展了核心专业价值观，比如关怀(Schmidt, 2016)。由于他们的护理价值观受到各种生活经历的影响，因此他们很容易理解护理的概念(Schmidt, 2016)。他们通过患者倡导、安全、有效沟通和团队合作来表达他们的关怀(Schmidt, 2016)。尽管触摸是一种提供舒适和减少焦虑的常用策略，但据报道，男护士对这一概念犹豫不决(Schmidt, 2016;埃文斯,2002)。女护士经常通过触摸病人来表达关怀，而男护士则用幽默来与病人建立联系，因为这有助于减少他们自己和病人的焦虑(Schmidt, 2016;埃文斯,2002)。男护士必须仔细评估病人的情况之前，他们甚至决定触摸(施密特，2016;埃文斯,2002)。即使是男护士为男病人提供护理，他们也报告说他们在触摸时非常小心。4 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017]， Art. 9 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/9 73例如，青少年患者可能会误解男护士的触摸并将其视为同性恋(Evans, 2002)。一位在母婴部门工作的参与者说，他被指控在一个刚出生的男孩换尿布时不适当地触摸他。Rajacich等人(2013)进行的研究探讨了男护士在护理专业中是一个可见的少数群体的观点。与会者说，作为少数群体既有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。一些男性表示，作为少数族裔激励他们尽最大努力，因为他们代表了其他男护士;她们也有机会在学校里向年轻男性宣传护理。另一方面，一些男性报告说，作为一个可见的少数群体是有害的，因为它与歧视和偏见有关(Rajacich et. al.， 2013)。例如，在施密特(2016)的研究中，男护生和护士报告说，他们对病人的护理没有得到足够的认可;相反，他们经常被要求帮助解除病人和技术相关的问题(施密特，2016)。此外，他们中的大多数人讨厌被认定为男护士，因为这将他们与女性同行隔离开来，后者被简单地称为护士(Rajacich et. al.， 2013)。“男护士”一词进一步表明他们在这个职业中确实是少数(Rajacich et. al.， 2013)。这些文章的主题围绕着关心的概念以及男女如何表现出来。为病人提供身体上的舒适，无论他们的年龄和性别，对女护士来说是很自然的(Evans, 2002;Rajacich et al.， 2013)。男护士表示不愿意为病人提供身体上的安慰，因为他们担心他们的触摸可能被视为不合适(Schmidt, 2016;Rajacich et al.， 2013)。例如，Meadus和Twomey的研究(2011)的参与者报告说，在护理学校期间，他们几乎没有收到任何关于触摸使用的信息，所以这使得他们很难过渡到临床环境。因此，男性必须付出额外的努力与患者建立舒适的关系，并委派涉及患者亲密接触的任务，以避免职业并发症(Rajacich et al.， 2013)。5考尔:男护士:一个可见的少数民族，SJSU ScholarWorks出版，2017 74另一个共同的主题是男性讨厌被称为男护士(Schmidt, 2016;Rajacich等人，2013)。性别术语“男护士”让他们觉得自己不属于护理(Schmidt, 2016;Rajacich等人，2013)。这个词进一步强化了男性在这个行业中确实是明显的少数群体的常态。参与者不希望被贴上男护士的标签，而是希望被简单地称为护士。我回顾的文章探讨了男护士在护理环境中面临的常见障碍。 然而，缺乏多样性是这些研究的主要弱点。例如，施密特的研究只包括一所大学的大学生，他们
{"title":"Male Nurses: A Visible Minority","authors":"Jaspinder Kaur","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1309","url":null,"abstract":"Because nursing is associated with feminine characteristics, it is mainly considered a woman’s profession (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Despite the increasing number of men choosing nursing as a profession, they often face discrimination in this predominantly female profession (Roth & Coleman, 2008). When men choose a female-dominated profession like nursing, they are questioned regarding their sexual orientation and are considered inappropriate for bed-side nursing (O’Connor, 2015; Meadus, 2000). Patients’ perceptions of male nurses as sexual aggressors or gay affects their ability to do their job (Evans, 2002). The goal of this literature review is to explore challenges commonly faced by male nurses and understand how these perceptions and stereotypes affect their ability to provide care. Introduction When people hear the word “nurse,” they immediately think of a woman in scrubs, so it’s no surprise that nursing is a female-dominated profession (Rajacich et al., 2013). For example, as of 2011, 91% of nurses were women and only 9% were men (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite nursing being a normative career for women, more men are now choosing it as a career option (“Men in nursing,” 2013). For example, the rate of men in nursing has increased from 2.7% in the 1970s to 9.6% in 2011 (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite the efforts to increase the number of men in nursing, they are still a minority in this profession (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Even though historically men provided significant contributions to nursing, they have received little to no recognition (Rajacich, Kane, Williston, & Cameron, 2013). For example, in the U.S, men served as nurses during the Civil War, and they were significant in reducing mortality rates among the troops during the wars (Rajacich, et al., 2013). Even Mahatma Gandhi was a nurse during his time in Africa (Rajacich et al., 2013). Lack of recognition of male nurses in history further encourages society to associate nursing with women (Rajacich et al., 2013). Although both genders have the ability to care and nurture, these characteristics are mostly considered appropriate for women; therefore, 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017], Art. 9 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/9 71 men often face issues with gender identity and stereotypes for choosing a feminine career (Roth & Coleman, 2008; Rajacich et. al., 2013). Many people think that men choose nursing because they are gay, and they face discrimination in clinical settings because of this common stereotype (Evans, 2002; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Even patients have a difficult time considering men as appropriate for a job that requires touching, caring, gentleness, and nurturing (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). As men challenge gender-defined roles and choose a nontraditional career like nursing, they often face discrimination (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). This is interesting because men are criticized for choosing a femaledomina","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132319900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over 900,000 veterans are using benefits for higher education today; the vast majority of them served in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Over 25% of GWOT service members that have been treated by the Veterans Affairs (VA) are reported to have symptoms of posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTS/PTSD). PTS/PTSD negatively impacts student veterans’ abilities to navigate stressful environments such as college and university settings. The Veterans Embracing Transition (VET) Connect Program at San José State University (SJSU) is designed to connect veterans with non-veterans as peer educators. Five of the 13 VET Connect peer educators (38.5%) who were interviewed reported having symptoms of PTSD. Through their service as peer educators on and off campus, these participants demonstrated signs of healthy coping effects through sharing experiences and educating non-veterans of the struggles related to military culture, service, combat, and loss. This study was conducted in collaboration with Sophia Alcala. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw.
{"title":"From Caution to College: The Effects on Veterans with Self- Reported Trauma Symptoms Sharing their Experiences with the Campus Community","authors":"Jemerson Diaz","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1306","url":null,"abstract":"Over 900,000 veterans are using benefits for higher education today; the vast majority of them served in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Over 25% of GWOT service members that have been treated by the Veterans Affairs (VA) are reported to have symptoms of posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTS/PTSD). PTS/PTSD negatively impacts student veterans’ abilities to navigate stressful environments such as college and university settings. The Veterans Embracing Transition (VET) Connect Program at San José State University (SJSU) is designed to connect veterans with non-veterans as peer educators. Five of the 13 VET Connect peer educators (38.5%) who were interviewed reported having symptoms of PTSD. Through their service as peer educators on and off campus, these participants demonstrated signs of healthy coping effects through sharing experiences and educating non-veterans of the struggles related to military culture, service, combat, and loss. This study was conducted in collaboration with Sophia Alcala. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133861524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ratification of treaties, particularly the Kyoto Protocol (KP), is complicated due to domestic forces such as democracies, presidency, and public opinion. The United States is the second largest emitter of carbon emission and has yet to sign on to the stringent mitigation efforts of the KP. Climate change is an issue considered unrelated to national security; however, it is one of the most dangerous national and global threats. Ratification and implementation are domestic factors that increase the stability and credibility of international agreements. The process may be dreadfully slow, but the commitment level of democratic states tends to be significantly high. The lack of legislative support during President Clinton’s administration and President Bush’s links with the energy industry are additional examples of factors constraining support for the agreement. Lastly, public opposition towards anthropogenic climate change stems from disbelief in global warming. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues present today requiring critical repair. Implementing the stringent goals of the KP is an excellent way towards mitigation and key elements of international governance. The U.S. can maintain its role as a superpower by taking the lead on this issue and avoiding domestic forces constraining the adoption of this agreement. If the U.S. ratifies the KP, other countries are more likely to follow this nation’s footsteps. Although the ratification process is complex, it is important that our current legislative and executive powers push the policy forward by placing it higher on the political agenda through the use of news and online outlets.
{"title":"U.S. Participation in Global Climate Change Resolutions: Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol","authors":"Rashmeen Kaur","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1310","url":null,"abstract":"The ratification of treaties, particularly the Kyoto Protocol (KP), is complicated due to domestic forces such as democracies, presidency, and public opinion. The United States is the second largest emitter of carbon emission and has yet to sign on to the stringent mitigation efforts of the KP. Climate change is an issue considered unrelated to national security; however, it is one of the most dangerous national and global threats. Ratification and implementation are domestic factors that increase the stability and credibility of international agreements. The process may be dreadfully slow, but the commitment level of democratic states tends to be significantly high. The lack of legislative support during President Clinton’s administration and President Bush’s links with the energy industry are additional examples of factors constraining support for the agreement. Lastly, public opposition towards anthropogenic climate change stems from disbelief in global warming. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues present today requiring critical repair. Implementing the stringent goals of the KP is an excellent way towards mitigation and key elements of international governance. The U.S. can maintain its role as a superpower by taking the lead on this issue and avoiding domestic forces constraining the adoption of this agreement. If the U.S. ratifies the KP, other countries are more likely to follow this nation’s footsteps. Although the ratification process is complex, it is important that our current legislative and executive powers push the policy forward by placing it higher on the political agenda through the use of news and online outlets.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121960169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research examines angry and happy (versus neutral) emotions and how they affect ethnic stereotyping. Research has found that both anger and happiness increase a person’s reliance on stereotype information versus neutral emotion when making social judgments. Research has also found that ethnic stereotypes are not exclusively negative, as some stereotypes make positive generalizations of certain groups. However, research on ethnic stereotypes has exclusively been presented in a negative and not a positive context. Furthermore, past studies have only focused on negatively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Hispanics) and not positively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Asians). This research concentrates on both positively and negatively stereotyped groups, in both a negative and a positive context, with positive and negative emotions. This experiment explores Hispanic stereotypes in both a negative and positive context for participants who were induced to be either angry, happy, or neutral. Furthermore, we included an Asian ethnic condition, which is stereotype-inconsistent from the aggressive trait associated with Hispanics. Implications about the effects and limitations that anger and happiness have on increasing stereotyping versus neutrality are also discussed.
{"title":"The Effects of Anger and Happiness on Opposite Valence Racial Stereotypes","authors":"Diego Gómez","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1308","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines angry and happy (versus neutral) emotions and how they affect ethnic stereotyping. Research has found that both anger and happiness increase a person’s reliance on stereotype information versus neutral emotion when making social judgments. Research has also found that ethnic stereotypes are not exclusively negative, as some stereotypes make positive generalizations of certain groups. However, research on ethnic stereotypes has exclusively been presented in a negative and not a positive context. Furthermore, past studies have only focused on negatively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Hispanics) and not positively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Asians). This research concentrates on both positively and negatively stereotyped groups, in both a negative and a positive context, with positive and negative emotions. This experiment explores Hispanic stereotypes in both a negative and positive context for participants who were induced to be either angry, happy, or neutral. Furthermore, we included an Asian ethnic condition, which is stereotype-inconsistent from the aggressive trait associated with Hispanics. Implications about the effects and limitations that anger and happiness have on increasing stereotyping versus neutrality are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127485090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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