Abstract The electrical load from irrigation pumps is an important part of the overall electricity demand in many agricultural areas of the U.S. west. The date the pumps turn on and the total electrical load they present over the summer varies from year to year, partly because of climate fluctuations. Predicting this variability would be useful to electricity producers that supply the region. This work presents a contingency analysis and linear regression scheme for forecasting summertime irrigation pump loads in southeastern Idaho. The basis of the predictability is the persistence of spring soil moisture conditions into summer, and the effect it has on summer temperatures. There is a strong contemporaneous relationship between soil moisture and temperature in the summer and total summer pump electrical loads so that a reasonable prediction of summer pump electrical loads based on spring soil moisture conditions can be obtained in the region. If one assumes that decision makers will take appropriate acti...
{"title":"Relationships between the Irrigation-Pumping Electrical Loads and the Local Climate in Climate Division 9, Idaho","authors":"E. Alfaro, D. Pierce, A. Steinemann, A. Gershunov","doi":"10.1175/JAM2315.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2315.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The electrical load from irrigation pumps is an important part of the overall electricity demand in many agricultural areas of the U.S. west. The date the pumps turn on and the total electrical load they present over the summer varies from year to year, partly because of climate fluctuations. Predicting this variability would be useful to electricity producers that supply the region. This work presents a contingency analysis and linear regression scheme for forecasting summertime irrigation pump loads in southeastern Idaho. The basis of the predictability is the persistence of spring soil moisture conditions into summer, and the effect it has on summer temperatures. There is a strong contemporaneous relationship between soil moisture and temperature in the summer and total summer pump electrical loads so that a reasonable prediction of summer pump electrical loads based on spring soil moisture conditions can be obtained in the region. If one assumes that decision makers will take appropriate acti...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"44 1","pages":"1972-1978"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85679797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston’s air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston’s high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with th...
{"title":"Cluster Analysis of Surface Winds in Houston, Texas, and the Impact of Wind Patterns on Ozone","authors":"L. Darby","doi":"10.1175/JAM2320.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2320.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston’s air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston’s high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with th...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"87 1","pages":"1788-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81137743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports on the use of in situ data obtained in midlatitude and tropical ice clouds from airborne sampling probes and balloon-borne replicators as the basis for the development of bulk scattering models for use in satellite remote sensing applications. Airborne sampling instrumentation includes the twodimensional cloud (2D-C), two-dimensional precipitation (2D-P), high-volume precipitation spectrometer (HVPS), cloud particle imager (CPI), and NCAR video ice particle sampler (VIPS) probes. Herein the development of a comprehensive set of microphysical models based on in situ measurements of particle size distributions (PSDs) is discussed. Two parameters are developed and examined: ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter Dm. Comparisons are provided between the IWC and Dm values derived from in situ measurements obtained during a series of field campaigns held in the midlatitude and tropical regions and those calculated from a set of modeled ice particles used for light-scattering calculations. The ice particle types considered in this study include droxtals, hexagonal plates, solid columns, hollow columns, aggregates, and 3D bullet rosettes. It is shown that no single habit accurately replicates the derived IWC and Dm values, but a mixture of habits can significantly improve the comparison of these bulk microphysical properties. In addition, the relationship between Dm and the effective particle size Deff, defined as 1.5 times the ratio of ice particle volume to projected area for a given PSD, is investigated. Based on these results, a subset of microphysical models is chosen as the basis for the development of ice cloud bulk scattering models in Part II of this study.
{"title":"Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part I: Microphysical Data and Models.","authors":"B. Baum, A. Heymsfield, P. Yang, S. Bedka","doi":"10.1175/JAM2308.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2308.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports on the use of in situ data obtained in midlatitude and tropical ice clouds from airborne sampling probes and balloon-borne replicators as the basis for the development of bulk scattering models for use in satellite remote sensing applications. Airborne sampling instrumentation includes the twodimensional cloud (2D-C), two-dimensional precipitation (2D-P), high-volume precipitation spectrometer (HVPS), cloud particle imager (CPI), and NCAR video ice particle sampler (VIPS) probes. Herein the development of a comprehensive set of microphysical models based on in situ measurements of particle size distributions (PSDs) is discussed. Two parameters are developed and examined: ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter Dm. Comparisons are provided between the IWC and Dm values derived from in situ measurements obtained during a series of field campaigns held in the midlatitude and tropical regions and those calculated from a set of modeled ice particles used for light-scattering calculations. The ice particle types considered in this study include droxtals, hexagonal plates, solid columns, hollow columns, aggregates, and 3D bullet rosettes. It is shown that no single habit accurately replicates the derived IWC and Dm values, but a mixture of habits can significantly improve the comparison of these bulk microphysical properties. In addition, the relationship between Dm and the effective particle size Deff, defined as 1.5 times the ratio of ice particle volume to projected area for a given PSD, is investigated. Based on these results, a subset of microphysical models is chosen as the basis for the development of ice cloud bulk scattering models in Part II of this study.","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1885-1895"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87861355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The effects of interannual climate variability on water demand in Albuquerque, New Mexico, are assessed. This city provides an ideal setting for examining the effects of climate on urban water demand, because at present the municipal water supply is derived entirely from groundwater, making supply insensitive to short-term climate variability. There is little correlation between interannual variability of climate and total water demand—a result that is consistent with several previous studies. However, summertime residential demand, which composes about one-quarter of total annual demand in Albuquerque, is significantly correlated with summer-season precipitation and average daily maximum temperature. Furthermore, regressions derived from year-to-year changes in these variables are shown to isolate the climatic modulation of residential water demand effectively. Over 60% of the variance of year-to-year changes in summer residential demand is accounted for by interannual temperature and precipitat...
{"title":"Interannual Variability of Water Demand and Summer Climate in Albuquerque, New Mexico","authors":"D. Gutzler, Joshua S. Nims","doi":"10.1175/JAM2298.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2298.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of interannual climate variability on water demand in Albuquerque, New Mexico, are assessed. This city provides an ideal setting for examining the effects of climate on urban water demand, because at present the municipal water supply is derived entirely from groundwater, making supply insensitive to short-term climate variability. There is little correlation between interannual variability of climate and total water demand—a result that is consistent with several previous studies. However, summertime residential demand, which composes about one-quarter of total annual demand in Albuquerque, is significantly correlated with summer-season precipitation and average daily maximum temperature. Furthermore, regressions derived from year-to-year changes in these variables are shown to isolate the climatic modulation of residential water demand effectively. Over 60% of the variance of year-to-year changes in summer residential demand is accounted for by interannual temperature and precipitat...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"742 1","pages":"1777-1787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90651158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Baum, P. Yang, A. Heymsfield, S. Platnick, M. King, Yongxiang Hu, S. Bedka
Abstract This study examines the development of bulk single-scattering properties of ice clouds, including single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and phase function, for a set of 1117 particle size distributions obtained from analysis of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I, FIRE-II, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program intensive observation period, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), and the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) data. The primary focus is to develop band-averaged models appropriate for use by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imager on the Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua platforms, specifically for bands located at wavelengths of 0.65, 1.64, 2.13, and 3.75 μm. The results indicate that there are substantial differences in the bulk scattering properties of ice clouds formed in areas of deep convectio...
{"title":"Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part II: Narrowband Models","authors":"B. Baum, P. Yang, A. Heymsfield, S. Platnick, M. King, Yongxiang Hu, S. Bedka","doi":"10.1175/JAM2309.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2309.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the development of bulk single-scattering properties of ice clouds, including single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and phase function, for a set of 1117 particle size distributions obtained from analysis of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I, FIRE-II, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program intensive observation period, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), and the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) data. The primary focus is to develop band-averaged models appropriate for use by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imager on the Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua platforms, specifically for bands located at wavelengths of 0.65, 1.64, 2.13, and 3.75 μm. The results indicate that there are substantial differences in the bulk scattering properties of ice clouds formed in areas of deep convectio...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1896-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84790515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper is the second in a two-part series describing recent additions to the microphysics module of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) at Colorado State University. These changes include the addition of a large-cloud-droplet mode (40–80 μm in diameter) into the liquid-droplet spectrum and the parameterization of cloud-droplet nucleation through activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant CCN (GCCN). The large-droplet mode was introduced to represent more precisely the natural dual mode of the cloud-droplet distribution. The parameterized droplet nucleation replaces the former estimation of cloud-droplet formation solely from supersaturation calculations. In Part I of this series, details of the improvements to the microphysics were presented, including the set of equations governing the development of cloud droplets in the Lagrangian parcel model that was employed to parameterize this complex process. Supercell simulations were examined with respect to the model sensi...
{"title":"A Large-Droplet Mode and Prognostic Number Concentration of Cloud Droplets in the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part II: Sensitivity to a Colorado Winter Snowfall Event","authors":"S. Saleeby, W. Cotton","doi":"10.1175/JAM2312.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2312.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is the second in a two-part series describing recent additions to the microphysics module of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) at Colorado State University. These changes include the addition of a large-cloud-droplet mode (40–80 μm in diameter) into the liquid-droplet spectrum and the parameterization of cloud-droplet nucleation through activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant CCN (GCCN). The large-droplet mode was introduced to represent more precisely the natural dual mode of the cloud-droplet distribution. The parameterized droplet nucleation replaces the former estimation of cloud-droplet formation solely from supersaturation calculations. In Part I of this series, details of the improvements to the microphysics were presented, including the set of equations governing the development of cloud droplets in the Lagrangian parcel model that was employed to parameterize this complex process. Supercell simulations were examined with respect to the model sensi...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"93 1","pages":"1912-1929"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamie L. Smedsmo, E. Foufoula‐Georgiou, Venugopal Vuruputur, F. Kong, K. Droegemeier
An understanding of the vertical structure of clouds is important for remote sensing of precipitation from space and for the parameterization of cloud microphysics in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of cloud hydrometeor profiles in high-resolution NWP models has direct applications in inversion-type precipitation retrieval algorithms [e.g., the Goddard profiling (GPROF) algorithm used for retrieval of precipitation from passive microwave sensors] and in quantitative precipitation forecasting. This study seeks to understand how the vertical structure of hydrometeors (liquid and frozen water droplets in a cloud) produced by high-resolution NWP models with explicit microphysics, henceforth referred to as cloud-resolving models (CRMs), compares to observations. Although direct observations of 3D hydrometeor fields are not available, comparisons of modeled and observed radar echoes can provide some insight into the vertical structure of hydrometeors and, in turn, into the ability of CRMs to produce precipitation structures that are consistent with observations. Significant differences are revealed between the vertical structure of observed and modeled clouds of a severe midlatitude storm over Texas for which the surface precipitation is reasonably well captured. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are presented, and the need for future research is highlighted.
{"title":"On the Vertical Structure of Modeled and Observed Deep Convective Storms: Insights for Precipitation Retrieval and Microphysical Parameterization","authors":"Jamie L. Smedsmo, E. Foufoula‐Georgiou, Venugopal Vuruputur, F. Kong, K. Droegemeier","doi":"10.1175/JAM2306.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2306.1","url":null,"abstract":"An understanding of the vertical structure of clouds is important for remote sensing of precipitation from space and for the parameterization of cloud microphysics in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of cloud hydrometeor profiles in high-resolution NWP models has direct applications in inversion-type precipitation retrieval algorithms [e.g., the Goddard profiling (GPROF) algorithm used for retrieval of precipitation from passive microwave sensors] and in quantitative precipitation forecasting. This study seeks to understand how the vertical structure of hydrometeors (liquid and frozen water droplets in a cloud) produced by high-resolution NWP models with explicit microphysics, henceforth referred to as cloud-resolving models (CRMs), compares to observations. Although direct observations of 3D hydrometeor fields are not available, comparisons of modeled and observed radar echoes can provide some insight into the vertical structure of hydrometeors and, in turn, into the ability of CRMs to produce precipitation structures that are consistent with observations. Significant differences are revealed between the vertical structure of observed and modeled clouds of a severe midlatitude storm over Texas for which the surface precipitation is reasonably well captured. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are presented, and the need for future research is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"38 1","pages":"1866-1884"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77515789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modeling the increase in the central pressure of tropical cyclones following landfall plays a critical role in the estimation of the hurricane wind hazard at locations removed from the coastline. This paper describes the development of simple empirical models for estimating the rate at which tropical cyclones decay after making landfall. For storms making landfall along the Gulf of Mexico Coast and the coast of the Florida Peninsula, it is shown that the rate of storm filling is proportional to the central pressure difference and translation speed at the time of landfall and is inversely proportional to the radius to maximum winds. Along the Atlantic Coast the effect of radius to maximum winds does not play as significant a role in the rate of storm decay as compared with that seen in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The models developed here can readily be included in any hurricane simulation model designed for estimating wind speeds in the United States.
{"title":"Simple Empirical Models for Estimating the Increase in the Central Pressure of Tropical Cyclones after Landfall along the Coastline of the United States","authors":"P. Vickery","doi":"10.1175/JAM2310.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2310.1","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling the increase in the central pressure of tropical cyclones following landfall plays a critical role in the estimation of the hurricane wind hazard at locations removed from the coastline. This paper describes the development of simple empirical models for estimating the rate at which tropical cyclones decay after making landfall. For storms making landfall along the Gulf of Mexico Coast and the coast of the Florida Peninsula, it is shown that the rate of storm filling is proportional to the central pressure difference and translation speed at the time of landfall and is inversely proportional to the radius to maximum winds. Along the Atlantic Coast the effect of radius to maximum winds does not play as significant a role in the rate of storm decay as compared with that seen in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The models developed here can readily be included in any hurricane simulation model designed for estimating wind speeds in the United States.","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"48 1","pages":"1807-1826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73627466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme (HTSVS) coupled in a two-way mode with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Meteorological Model (MM5) is evaluated for a typical snowmelt episode in the Baltic region by means of observations at 25 soil temperature, 355 snow-depth, and 344 precipitation sites that have, in total, 1000, 1775, and 1720 measurements, respectively. The performance with respect to predicted near-surface meteorological fields is evaluated using reanalysis data. Snow depth depends on snow metamorphism, sublimation, and snowfall. Because in the coupled model these processes are affected by the predicted surface radiation fluxes and cloud and precipitation processes, sensitivity studies are performed with two different cloud microphysical schemes and/or radiation schemes. Skill scores are calculated as a quality measure for the coupled model’s performance for a typical forecast range of 120 h for a typic...
{"title":"Evaluation of Snow Depth and Soil Temperatures Predicted by the Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme Coupled with the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model","authors":"B. Narapusetty, N. Mölders","doi":"10.1175/JAM2311.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2311.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme (HTSVS) coupled in a two-way mode with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Meteorological Model (MM5) is evaluated for a typical snowmelt episode in the Baltic region by means of observations at 25 soil temperature, 355 snow-depth, and 344 precipitation sites that have, in total, 1000, 1775, and 1720 measurements, respectively. The performance with respect to predicted near-surface meteorological fields is evaluated using reanalysis data. Snow depth depends on snow metamorphism, sublimation, and snowfall. Because in the coupled model these processes are affected by the predicted surface radiation fluxes and cloud and precipitation processes, sensitivity studies are performed with two different cloud microphysical schemes and/or radiation schemes. Skill scores are calculated as a quality measure for the coupled model’s performance for a typical forecast range of 120 h for a typic...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"28 7 1","pages":"1827-1843"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84920494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper investigates wintertime cold-air pools in a basinlike part of the Danube Valley, located in the German state of Bavaria. Specifically, the focus is on cold-pool events restricted to the basin area, that is, not extending to the more elevated parts of the Alpine foreland. An analysis of observational data indicates that the delay of warm-air advection in the basin area relative to the Alpine foreland plays a major role in these events. However, the relationship between warming in the Alpine foreland and a temperature deficit in the northeast–southwest-oriented basin appears to depend sensitively on the ambient wind direction. A statistically significant correlation is found only for westerly and southerly wind directions but not for easterly directions. To examine the dynamical reasons for this phenomenon, idealized numerical simulations have been conducted. They are initialized with a pronounced cold pool in the basin area and examine the response of the cold pool to the dynamical forc...
{"title":"Wintertime Cold-Air Pools in the Bavarian Danube Valley Basin: Data Analysis and Idealized Numerical Simulations","authors":"G. Zängl","doi":"10.1175/JAM2321.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2321.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates wintertime cold-air pools in a basinlike part of the Danube Valley, located in the German state of Bavaria. Specifically, the focus is on cold-pool events restricted to the basin area, that is, not extending to the more elevated parts of the Alpine foreland. An analysis of observational data indicates that the delay of warm-air advection in the basin area relative to the Alpine foreland plays a major role in these events. However, the relationship between warming in the Alpine foreland and a temperature deficit in the northeast–southwest-oriented basin appears to depend sensitively on the ambient wind direction. A statistically significant correlation is found only for westerly and southerly wind directions but not for easterly directions. To examine the dynamical reasons for this phenomenon, idealized numerical simulations have been conducted. They are initialized with a pronounced cold pool in the basin area and examine the response of the cold pool to the dynamical forc...","PeriodicalId":15026,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","volume":"25 1","pages":"1950-1971"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89093533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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