{"title":"Comparative Performance Evaluation of the Least Energy Method and LQR Control for LSCMD System","authors":"Qi-Yang Liao, Chan-Jung Kang, Shih-Yu Chu, Chih-Te Chien, Chih-Hua Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115544","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deterioration Mechanisms of Chloride-Contaminated Concrete under the Combined Attack of Sulfate and Freeze-Thaw Cycles","authors":"Yue Kou, Fei Zhang, Zilong Lian, Zhiping Hu, Li Dai, Liangliang Bao, Feng Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115582
Junxiao He, Meile Li, Linlin Xie, Xiaobin Bai
{"title":"Theoretical model of the restoring bending moment of wooden wedge-reinforced penetrated mortise-tenon joints in traditional timber structure","authors":"Junxiao He, Meile Li, Linlin Xie, Xiaobin Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115556
Zhu Zhang, Eryu Zhu, Bin Wang, Chunqi Zhu, Jiacheng Li, Wenchao Cai
As a typical multiphase composite material, the initial pore defects in concrete cannot be ignored. To evaluate the impact of initial defects on concrete structures, this study investigates it through experimental and numerical methods. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads are firstly used to quantitatively fabricate initial pore defects within the concrete, and their environmental benefits during the construction process are evaluated. Then, based on the stress concentration effect induced by initial pore defects, a prediction model for the mechanical properties of concrete is established. In addition, a voxel-updating method based on int mark is employed to delineate the geometric characteristics of the four-phase material of concrete. Finally, a numerical method is proposed to reveal the damage evolution process in the meso-structure of concrete containing initial pore defects. The results indicate that as porosity increases, the reduction in the effective strength of concrete specimens is greater than the reduction in elastic modulus. And the degree of damage in the specimens decreases with increasing porosity. Moreover, the results from the prediction models and numerical simulations are consistent with experimental results. Environmentally, carbon reduction benefits can be achieved by using recycled EPS beads to prepare concrete structures, which enhances the synergy between optimized structural design and environmental benefits.
{"title":"Influence of initial pore defects on mechanical properties and environmental benefits of concrete: Experimental and numerical study","authors":"Zhu Zhang, Eryu Zhu, Bin Wang, Chunqi Zhu, Jiacheng Li, Wenchao Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115556","url":null,"abstract":"As a typical multiphase composite material, the initial pore defects in concrete cannot be ignored. To evaluate the impact of initial defects on concrete structures, this study investigates it through experimental and numerical methods. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads are firstly used to quantitatively fabricate initial pore defects within the concrete, and their environmental benefits during the construction process are evaluated. Then, based on the stress concentration effect induced by initial pore defects, a prediction model for the mechanical properties of concrete is established. In addition, a voxel-updating method based on int mark is employed to delineate the geometric characteristics of the four-phase material of concrete. Finally, a numerical method is proposed to reveal the damage evolution process in the meso-structure of concrete containing initial pore defects. The results indicate that as porosity increases, the reduction in the effective strength of concrete specimens is greater than the reduction in elastic modulus. And the degree of damage in the specimens decreases with increasing porosity. Moreover, the results from the prediction models and numerical simulations are consistent with experimental results. Environmentally, carbon reduction benefits can be achieved by using recycled EPS beads to prepare concrete structures, which enhances the synergy between optimized structural design and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115481
Xuezhong LI, Zhuguo LI
As natural aggregate resources become increasingly scarce, recycling wastes as aggregates in cementitious materials provides an environmentally sustainable alternative. This study investigates the influence of three low-density waste materials—clinker ash (CA), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and recycled fine aggregate (RFA)—as partial replacements (0–100%) for natural sand on the mechanical strength and carbonation resistance of FA/BFS-based geopolymer (GP) mortars. Five types of alkali activator (AA) solutions with varying sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratios were employed to evaluate the effects of activator composition on material performance. Furthermore, sodium aluminate (AN) surface treatment were performed to enhance carbonation resistance. The relationships between strength and carbonation behavior were examined, and microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and phase characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed. The obtained results show that the porous nature of CA and IBA reduces compressive and flexural strengths, whereas strength loss is negligible when the replacement ratio of sea sand is ≤ 20%. The AN surface treatment significantly improved carbonation resistance by densifying the geopolymer matrix and refining the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The study demonstrates that combining waste-derived fine aggregates with optimized replacement ratio, AA, and AN surface treatment offers a novel and effective approach for producing geopolymer materials with enhanced performance and sustainability.
{"title":"Performance of Geopolymer Materials with Low-Density Waste Fine Aggregates and Enhanced Carbonation Resistance through Surface Modification","authors":"Xuezhong LI, Zhuguo LI","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115481","url":null,"abstract":"As natural aggregate resources become increasingly scarce, recycling wastes as aggregates in cementitious materials provides an environmentally sustainable alternative. This study investigates the influence of three low-density waste materials—clinker ash (CA), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and recycled fine aggregate (RFA)—as partial replacements (0–100%) for natural sand on the mechanical strength and carbonation resistance of FA/BFS-based geopolymer (GP) mortars. Five types of alkali activator (AA) solutions with varying sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratios were employed to evaluate the effects of activator composition on material performance. Furthermore, sodium aluminate (AN) surface treatment were performed to enhance carbonation resistance. The relationships between strength and carbonation behavior were examined, and microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and phase characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed. The obtained results show that the porous nature of CA and IBA reduces compressive and flexural strengths, whereas strength loss is negligible when the replacement ratio of sea sand is ≤ 20%. The AN surface treatment significantly improved carbonation resistance by densifying the geopolymer matrix and refining the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The study demonstrates that combining waste-derived fine aggregates with optimized replacement ratio, AA, and AN surface treatment offers a novel and effective approach for producing geopolymer materials with enhanced performance and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115506
Ju-Hyung Kim, Young Hak Lee, Dae-Jin Kim, Jang-Woon Baek
Reinforced concrete (RC) walls are critical components in seismic design, yet predicting their lateral load-displacement relationships is challenging due to limited experimental data and complex design variables, such as reinforcement detailing and geometry. To address these challenges, this study introduces the Energy-Equivalent Neural Network (EENN), an extension of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) designed for RC wall behavior. By integrating an energy dissipation-based loss function, EENN ensures physical consistency and enhances prediction stability, reducing the coefficient of variation (COV) from 0.75-0.80 (ASCE 41) to 0.29-0.39—a reduction of over 50%. Trained on the SERIES RC Wall Database, EENN outperforms conventional neural networks and captures experimentally and mechanically validated trends, such as revealing that the effectiveness of confinement is highly dependent on failure modes and shows a limited correlation with the deformation capacity. These findings align with observed physical behavior, offering a reliable tool for interpreting complex design variable interactions. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for advancing seismic design practices by delivering accurate, physics-consistent predictions of RC wall behavior under cyclic loading.
{"title":"Energy-Equivalent Neural Networks for Lateral Load-Displacement Prediction in RC Walls for Seismic Design","authors":"Ju-Hyung Kim, Young Hak Lee, Dae-Jin Kim, Jang-Woon Baek","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115506","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced concrete (RC) walls are critical components in seismic design, yet predicting their lateral load-displacement relationships is challenging due to limited experimental data and complex design variables, such as reinforcement detailing and geometry. To address these challenges, this study introduces the Energy-Equivalent Neural Network (EENN), an extension of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) designed for RC wall behavior. By integrating an energy dissipation-based loss function, EENN ensures physical consistency and enhances prediction stability, reducing the coefficient of variation (COV) from 0.75-0.80 (ASCE 41) to 0.29-0.39—a reduction of over 50%. Trained on the SERIES RC Wall Database, EENN outperforms conventional neural networks and captures experimentally and mechanically validated trends, such as revealing that the effectiveness of confinement is highly dependent on failure modes and shows a limited correlation with the deformation capacity. These findings align with observed physical behavior, offering a reliable tool for interpreting complex design variable interactions. The proposed framework provides a robust foundation for advancing seismic design practices by delivering accurate, physics-consistent predictions of RC wall behavior under cyclic loading.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115584
Jian Yang, Kai Luo, Rui Zhang, Xiangguo Wu, Xilun Ma, Xiaolong Li, Junwei Luo, Shilong Li
This paper addresses the insufficient load-bearing capacity and cracking of concrete bridges caused by aging by investigating the influence of steel fibers on the tensile performance of lightweight ultrahigh-performance concrete (LUHPC). We systematically examined the influence of steel fiber volume fractions on the tensile toughness, first-cracking strength, tensile strength, and peak tensile strain of LUHPC and analyzed its failure mode evolution via uniaxial tensile tests. The results indicate that the failure mode of LUHPC becomes more pronounced with increasing steel fiber volume fraction. As the volume fraction rises from 0% to 3%, the fracture mode transitions from brittle single-crack failure to ductile multi-crack propagation, while the direct tensile toughness first increases and then decreases. The first-cracking strength increases from 2.8 MPa to 5.4 MPa, an improvement of 103.57%; the tensile strength rises from 4.6 MPa to 17.4 MPa, an increase of 278.26%; and the peak tensile strain grows from 750×10-6 to 6086.3×10-6, representing an enhancement of 711.51%. Based on fracture mechanics theory, integrated experimental data, and compiled literature datasets, predictive equations for the first-cracking strength, tensile strength, peak tensile strain, and uniaxial tensile toughening coefficient of steel-fiber-reinforced LUHPC were established. Three axial tensile constitutive models for LUHPC were established. Among them, a damage model developed based on acoustic emission, which correlates the damage factor with a Weibull distribution, effectively characterizes the evolution of the material’s tensile performance. The proposed prediction equations and constitutive models can provide a theoretical basis for the design and application of LUHPC in lightweight, high-durability structures.
{"title":"Tensile performance and uniaxial tensile toughness of lightweight ultrahigh-performance concrete: Acoustic emission monitoring and meso-discrete analysis","authors":"Jian Yang, Kai Luo, Rui Zhang, Xiangguo Wu, Xilun Ma, Xiaolong Li, Junwei Luo, Shilong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115584","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the insufficient load-bearing capacity and cracking of concrete bridges caused by aging by investigating the influence of steel fibers on the tensile performance of lightweight ultrahigh-performance concrete (LUHPC). We systematically examined the influence of steel fiber volume fractions on the tensile toughness, first-cracking strength, tensile strength, and peak tensile strain of LUHPC and analyzed its failure mode evolution via uniaxial tensile tests. The results indicate that the failure mode of LUHPC becomes more pronounced with increasing steel fiber volume fraction. As the volume fraction rises from 0% to 3%, the fracture mode transitions from brittle single-crack failure to ductile multi-crack propagation, while the direct tensile toughness first increases and then decreases. The first-cracking strength increases from 2.8 MPa to 5.4 MPa, an improvement of 103.57%; the tensile strength rises from 4.6 MPa to 17.4 MPa, an increase of 278.26%; and the peak tensile strain grows from 750×10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-6</ce:sup> to 6086.3×10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-6</ce:sup>, representing an enhancement of 711.51%. Based on fracture mechanics theory, integrated experimental data, and compiled literature datasets, predictive equations for the first-cracking strength, tensile strength, peak tensile strain, and uniaxial tensile toughening coefficient of steel-fiber-reinforced LUHPC were established. Three axial tensile constitutive models for LUHPC were established. Among them, a damage model developed based on acoustic emission, which correlates the damage factor with a Weibull distribution, effectively characterizes the evolution of the material’s tensile performance. The proposed prediction equations and constitutive models can provide a theoretical basis for the design and application of LUHPC in lightweight, high-durability structures.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115595
Muhammad Akbar Caronge, Nevy Sandra, Jati Sunaryati, M.W. Tjaronge, Muhammad Anshari Caronge, Kazuaki Nishimura, Nurul Hudaya
This study investigates the feasibility of valorizing Sulawesian ferronickel slag (FNS) powder as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for sustainable mortar production. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with FNS at levels of 0–35% (at interval of 5%) by weight, and mixtures were evaluated for fresh density, consistency, setting time, compressive strength, strength activity index (SAI), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), microstructure, and life cycle assessment (LCA). Results showed that consistency slightly decreased with higher FNS substitution, while setting times increased proportionally, with each 1% replacement extending the initial and final setting times by 1.5 and 2.6 minutes, respectively. Fresh density declined linearly from 2366.67 kg/m3 (control) to 2048.53 kg/m3 (35% FNS), representing a 13.45% reduction. Compressive strength remained comparable to the control up to 10% replacement, achieving 28.07 MPa versus 28.27 MPa at 28 days. Beyond 15%, strength decreased, with 35% FNS yielding only 22.06 MPa at 90 days (>30% reduction). The SAI confirmed SCM suitability at 5–10% FNS, meeting pozzolanic material thresholds with values of 99–102%. At these levels, pozzolanic contributions reached up to 11.23% at 7 days. UPV demonstrated strong correlations with compressive strength (R2 = 0.95) and density (R2 = 0.98), with the 10% FNS mix maintaining high matrix compactness (3928 m/s at 28 days). SEM images supported these results, showing refined pores and dense hydration products at 10% FNS, but porous, heterogeneous structures at 30%. LCA revealed that embodied energy reductions from 3751.01 MJ (control) to 2708.02 MJ (35% FNS), and GWP declines from 488.55 kgCO2-eq to 335.35 kgCO2-eq, indicating energy and emission savings of 27.78% and 31.39%, respectively. The sustainability index and economic index both identified 10% FNS as the optimum dosage, combining mechanical stability, minimized environmental impact, and the lowest cost-efficiency ratio of 3.46 $/m3/MPa.
{"title":"Valorization of Sulawesian Ferronickel Slag Powder for Cementitious Materials: Feasibility and Sustainability Assessment","authors":"Muhammad Akbar Caronge, Nevy Sandra, Jati Sunaryati, M.W. Tjaronge, Muhammad Anshari Caronge, Kazuaki Nishimura, Nurul Hudaya","doi":"10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115595","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the feasibility of valorizing Sulawesian ferronickel slag (FNS) powder as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for sustainable mortar production. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with FNS at levels of 0–35% (at interval of 5%) by weight, and mixtures were evaluated for fresh density, consistency, setting time, compressive strength, strength activity index (SAI), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), microstructure, and life cycle assessment (LCA). Results showed that consistency slightly decreased with higher FNS substitution, while setting times increased proportionally, with each 1% replacement extending the initial and final setting times by 1.5 and 2.6 minutes, respectively. Fresh density declined linearly from 2366.67 kg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> (control) to 2048.53 kg/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> (35% FNS), representing a 13.45% reduction. Compressive strength remained comparable to the control up to 10% replacement, achieving 28.07 MPa versus 28.27 MPa at 28 days. Beyond 15%, strength decreased, with 35% FNS yielding only 22.06 MPa at 90 days (>30% reduction). The SAI confirmed SCM suitability at 5–10% FNS, meeting pozzolanic material thresholds with values of 99–102%. At these levels, pozzolanic contributions reached up to 11.23% at 7 days. UPV demonstrated strong correlations with compressive strength (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> = 0.95) and density (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> = 0.98), with the 10% FNS mix maintaining high matrix compactness (3928 m/s at 28 days). SEM images supported these results, showing refined pores and dense hydration products at 10% FNS, but porous, heterogeneous structures at 30%. LCA revealed that embodied energy reductions from 3751.01 MJ (control) to 2708.02 MJ (35% FNS), and GWP declines from 488.55 kgCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-eq to 335.35 kgCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>-eq, indicating energy and emission savings of 27.78% and 31.39%, respectively. The sustainability index and economic index both identified 10% FNS as the optimum dosage, combining mechanical stability, minimized environmental impact, and the lowest cost-efficiency ratio of 3.46 $/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup>/MPa.","PeriodicalId":15064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of building engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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