Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280016
G. Strobel
While the drive to discover and learn new things about the seemingly never ending world of microbes motivates us in our academic laboratories, it turns out that the world may not benefit in any practical way from all of our efforts. It is usually the case that the discovery process and the excitement that goes with being the first to invent or uncover a hidden secret of a microbe are the critical components that prompt a scientific endeavor. The discovery process is usually terminated by a report at a professional scientific meeting or more importantly, a scientific publication. This is usually followed by a series of professional credits, accolades or prizes associated with the discovery. Once successful, this process can be enhanced and repeated as funds from foundation, government entities and private sources may be further brought to bear on the subject. Basically, the scientific knowledge base about the microbe and its life and function is enhanced. Unfortunately, this may not have any impact on the general public who may be the chief supporters of the scientific investigations.
{"title":"Utilizing Discoveries in Microbiology","authors":"G. Strobel","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280016","url":null,"abstract":"While the drive to discover and learn new things about the seemingly never ending world of microbes motivates us in our academic laboratories, it turns out that the world may not benefit in any practical way from all of our efforts. It is usually the case that the discovery process and the excitement that goes with being the first to invent or uncover a hidden secret of a microbe are the critical components that prompt a scientific endeavor. The discovery process is usually terminated by a report at a professional scientific meeting or more importantly, a scientific publication. This is usually followed by a series of professional credits, accolades or prizes associated with the discovery. Once successful, this process can be enhanced and repeated as funds from foundation, government entities and private sources may be further brought to bear on the subject. Basically, the scientific knowledge base about the microbe and its life and function is enhanced. Unfortunately, this may not have any impact on the general public who may be the chief supporters of the scientific investigations.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74111394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/JBB.2642-9128006
A HajAliAlim, Gasm elseed Ga, A. Ae
Semi-chrome tanned leathers were obtained using spray dried powder which were carried out using leaching of 70% crushed ‘Garad’ and 30% ‘Neem’ barks mixture to develop the fulfillment of ‘Garad’ tanning power. Tanning system was conducted in industrial research consultancies center, Sudan. Mechanical and physio-chemical analyses of the leather were executed using SLTC. Mechanical properties of the produced leather were compared with traditional tanned leather and the strengths, of tensile, one edge tear and two edges tear, of semi chrome tanned leather were: (200 kg/cm2, 52 and 100 kg/cm) respectively where the distension and strength of grain was (10 mm) and the thermal stability (100°C). The experimental explain that the blending ’Garad - Neem’ significantly enhanced the quality of tannins powder and tanned leather.
{"title":"Innovation an Eco Friendly Technology: Tanning System using Semi Chrome and Improved Indigenous Tannins (Acacia Nilotica Pods)","authors":"A HajAliAlim, Gasm elseed Ga, A. Ae","doi":"10.26502/JBB.2642-9128006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/JBB.2642-9128006","url":null,"abstract":"Semi-chrome tanned leathers were obtained using spray dried powder which were carried out using leaching of 70% crushed ‘Garad’ and 30% ‘Neem’ barks mixture to develop the fulfillment of ‘Garad’ tanning power. Tanning system was conducted in industrial research consultancies center, Sudan. Mechanical and physio-chemical analyses of the leather were executed using SLTC. Mechanical properties of the produced leather were compared with traditional tanned leather and the strengths, of tensile, one edge tear and two edges tear, of semi chrome tanned leather were: (200 kg/cm2, 52 and 100 kg/cm) respectively where the distension and strength of grain was (10 mm) and the thermal stability (100°C). The experimental explain that the blending ’Garad - Neem’ significantly enhanced the quality of tannins powder and tanned leather.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84529249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/JBB.2642-9128009
Bruce Kowiatek
The non-enzymatic methylation of cytosine (C) to form 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the intracellular methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), resulting in S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and minor thymine (T) via spontaneous deamination, implicated in certain point mutagenic cancers, has been widely known since the 1980s, as has the proposed Watson-Crick mechanism of the adenine (A) moiety of SAM base-pairing with T or uracil (U). Such analogous base-pairing and non-enzymatic methylation in ribonucleic acid (RNA), however, has not been as widely addressed, particularly with respect to the origins and evolution of the process of translation initiation in the context of the hypothesized RNA world that preceded the current DNA-protein world. It is posited here, with spectrophotometric evidence put forth, that such base-pairing and non-enzymatic methylation with subsequent deamination in RNA may constitute a rudimentary form of metabolism and self-replication with implications for the origins and evolution of translation initiation, possibly including the origin and evolution of the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.
{"title":"Non-enzymatic Methylation of Cytosine in RNA by S-adenosylmethionine and Implications for the Evolution of Translation","authors":"Bruce Kowiatek","doi":"10.26502/JBB.2642-9128009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/JBB.2642-9128009","url":null,"abstract":"The non-enzymatic methylation of cytosine (C) to form 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the intracellular methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), resulting in S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and minor thymine (T) via spontaneous deamination, implicated in certain point mutagenic cancers, has been widely known since the 1980s, as has the proposed Watson-Crick mechanism of the adenine (A) moiety of SAM base-pairing with T or uracil (U). Such analogous base-pairing and non-enzymatic methylation in ribonucleic acid (RNA), however, has not been as widely addressed, particularly with respect to the origins and evolution of the process of translation initiation in the context of the hypothesized RNA world that preceded the current DNA-protein world. It is posited here, with spectrophotometric evidence put forth, that such base-pairing and non-enzymatic methylation with subsequent deamination in RNA may constitute a rudimentary form of metabolism and self-replication with implications for the origins and evolution of translation initiation, possibly including the origin and evolution of the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85736819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/JBB.2642-91280010
M. K. Bhopale, H. Shah, Babu Lal Bamboria, A. Julka, I. Patel, V. K. Mahadik, M. Purohit
Tuberculosis (TB) is an opportunistic infectious disease with more severe forms in HIV-1 infected patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of IFN-γ in the other cytokines belonging to Th1, Th17, Th22, and Th3 groups and CD4+ cell counts in the HIV-1 infection in patients co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinically diagnosed patients of HIV-1, TB and HIV-1 co-infected with TB (HIV-1+TB) groups were selected to test IFN-γ IL-17, IL-22, TGF-β, and also CD4 counts in the blood for the study. Our results showed that IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines were higher in HIV-1 and TB patients in serum when compared with healthy normal subjects, but there was an insignificant difference when compared with those in HIV-1+TB with TB patients’ samples. Pleural fluid samples of the HIV-1+TB patients showed significantly higher in IL-22 and IFN-γ cytokines than in TB patients, whereas IL-17 showed insignificant differences. CD4+ cells were counted in the blood of HIV-1, TB, and HIV-1+TB patients, however, the results showed that the counts were significantly lower than in the healthy normal group. There was a significantly lower CD4+ count in HIV-1+TB co-infected patients compared to TB patients, but not with HIV-1 patients. The present study suggests that IFN-γ and IL-17 play a significant role individually in HIV-1 and tuberculosis infected patients and IL-22 in pleural fluid in tuberculosis, which differs from those in HIV1 co-infected tuberculosis patients due to the severely affected immune system.
{"title":"Cytokine Responses in the Blood and Pleural Fluid of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with and without HIV-1 Co-infection","authors":"M. K. Bhopale, H. Shah, Babu Lal Bamboria, A. Julka, I. Patel, V. K. Mahadik, M. Purohit","doi":"10.26502/JBB.2642-91280010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/JBB.2642-91280010","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is an opportunistic infectious disease with more severe forms in HIV-1 infected patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of IFN-γ in the other cytokines belonging to Th1, Th17, Th22, and Th3 groups and CD4+ cell counts in the HIV-1 infection in patients co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinically diagnosed patients of HIV-1, TB and HIV-1 co-infected with TB (HIV-1+TB) groups were selected to test IFN-γ IL-17, IL-22, TGF-β, and also CD4 counts in the blood for the study. Our results showed that IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines were higher in HIV-1 and TB patients in serum when compared with healthy normal subjects, but there was an insignificant difference when compared with those in HIV-1+TB with TB patients’ samples. Pleural fluid samples of the HIV-1+TB patients showed significantly higher in IL-22 and IFN-γ cytokines than in TB patients, whereas IL-17 showed insignificant differences. CD4+ cells were counted in the blood of HIV-1, TB, and HIV-1+TB patients, however, the results showed that the counts were significantly lower than in the healthy normal group. There was a significantly lower CD4+ count in HIV-1+TB co-infected patients compared to TB patients, but not with HIV-1 patients. The present study suggests that IFN-γ and IL-17 play a significant role individually in HIV-1 and tuberculosis infected patients and IL-22 in pleural fluid in tuberculosis, which differs from those in HIV1 co-infected tuberculosis patients due to the severely affected immune system.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280018
E. Sajdel-Sulkowska
Growing recognition of the microbiota and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) as a significant component of human health calls for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the host-microbiota interactions. The communication between the microbiota in the external milieu of the gut lumen and the host across the gastrointestinal barrier (GIB) involves recognition, selective response to the commensal vs. the pathogenic microorganisms and antigens, and adaptation, and is orchestrated by the GALT. In health, GALT assures GIB integrity and microbiota symbiosis; in disease, altered GALT's functions compromise GIB integrity and lead to dysbiosis associated with gastrointestinal immune pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These pathologies are often accompanied by a "leaky gut syndrome" defined as increased intestinal permeability to pathogens. This review focuses on the microbiota-GALT communication involving intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). It posits that changes in the IELs or their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhRs) jeopardizes GIB integrity and contribute to pathologies such as IBD and ASD. Hence, AhRs activity is regulated by the antiinflammatory dietary ligands present in cruciferous vegetables and fruits, further research is warranted into diet-derived immunotherapies targeting both gastrointestinal immune and neurodevelopmental disorders.
{"title":"Altered Microbiota-GALT Communication in IBD and ASD: Changes in IELs and AhR/ARNT Gene Polymorphism","authors":"E. Sajdel-Sulkowska","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280018","url":null,"abstract":"Growing recognition of the microbiota and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) as a significant component of human health calls for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the host-microbiota interactions. The communication between the microbiota in the external milieu of the gut lumen and the host across the gastrointestinal barrier (GIB) involves recognition, selective response to the commensal vs. the pathogenic microorganisms and antigens, and adaptation, and is orchestrated by the GALT. In health, GALT assures GIB integrity and microbiota symbiosis; in disease, altered GALT's functions compromise GIB integrity and lead to dysbiosis associated with gastrointestinal immune pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These pathologies are often accompanied by a \"leaky gut syndrome\" defined as increased intestinal permeability to pathogens. This review focuses on the microbiota-GALT communication involving intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). It posits that changes in the IELs or their aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhRs) jeopardizes GIB integrity and contribute to pathologies such as IBD and ASD. Hence, AhRs activity is regulated by the antiinflammatory dietary ligands present in cruciferous vegetables and fruits, further research is warranted into diet-derived immunotherapies targeting both gastrointestinal immune and neurodevelopmental disorders.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75171694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280015
Kodchakorn Phetsri, M. Furukawa, R. Yamashiro, Y. Kawamura, J. Hayashi, Ryuta Tobe, Y. Toyotake, M. Wakayama
L-Asparaginase (ASNase; EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. Generally, ASNases from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, few studies focusing on ASNase from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported. The aim of this study is to characterize ASNase genes from four LAB strains: Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, and L. sakei. ASNase genes from each strain amplified by polymerase chain reaction PCR were inserted into NdeI and XhoI sites of pET28a-(+) and cloned in E. coli BL21(DE3). Recombinant ASNases were purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid column chromatography. Among the four strains, the purified recombinant ASNase from S. thermophilus exhibited the highest specific activity of 113.0 U/mg and specificity for L-asparagine. The pH and temperature ranges for S. thermophilus ASNase were pH 8.0-9.0 and 30°C-50°C, respectively. The activity of the enzyme was significantly inhibited by Ni2+. Km and kcat values were 2.91 mM and 1.53 × 102 s–1, respectively. In this study, we described the biochemical properties of ASNases from four LAB and demonstrated that ASNase from S. thermophilus has potential applications in food processing.
{"title":"Comparative Biochemical Characterization of L-Asparaginases from Four Species of Lactic Acid Bacteria","authors":"Kodchakorn Phetsri, M. Furukawa, R. Yamashiro, Y. Kawamura, J. Hayashi, Ryuta Tobe, Y. Toyotake, M. Wakayama","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280015","url":null,"abstract":"L-Asparaginase (ASNase; EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. Generally, ASNases from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, few studies focusing on ASNase from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported. The aim of this study is to characterize ASNase genes from four LAB strains: Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, and L. sakei. ASNase genes from each strain amplified by polymerase chain reaction PCR were inserted into NdeI and XhoI sites of pET28a-(+) and cloned in E. coli BL21(DE3). Recombinant ASNases were purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid column chromatography. Among the four strains, the purified recombinant ASNase from S. thermophilus exhibited the highest specific activity of 113.0 U/mg and specificity for L-asparagine. The pH and temperature ranges for S. thermophilus ASNase were pH 8.0-9.0 and 30°C-50°C, respectively. The activity of the enzyme was significantly inhibited by Ni2+. Km and kcat values were 2.91 mM and 1.53 × 102 s–1, respectively. In this study, we described the biochemical properties of ASNases from four LAB and demonstrated that ASNase from S. thermophilus has potential applications in food processing.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80208867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280020
A. Sachdev, S. Madge
Purpose: The authors aimed to analyse the accuracy in post-operative spherical equivalent outcomes for intraocular lenses implanted for both IOLMaster and VERION systems. Methods: A retrospective audit was carried out of 80 sequential eyes of patients who had cataract surgery using AMO Tecnis monofocal lenses under the care of the senior author using both the IOLMaster and VERION systems from March 2017-November 2017 at Nuffield Health Hereford. A database was used to analyse the results. The patients were measured using both the IOLMaster and VERION systems and the pre-operative spherical predictions were obtained. The actual post-operative spherical equivalent was calculated from the post-operative refraction data and compared to the predictive spherical outcome values using the SRK/T formula for both the IOLMaster and VERION systems. A paired T-test was performed to calculate the statistical significance of the results. Results: There was a mean difference of -0.0496D (95% CI -0.143 to 0.0439) in the post-operative spherical equivalent outcome compared to the IOLMaster prediction and a mean difference of -0.0464D (95% CI -0.14 to 0.0476) compared to the VERION prediction. The range of differences in the post-operative spherical equivalent outcomes was -1.255 to +0.935D compared to the IOLMaster predictions, and -1.305 to +0.89D compared to the VERION predictions. These results did not differ significantly (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in accuracy between the two systems. In addition to its role in astigmatism management, the VERION may be used to help refine postoperative spherical refractive predictions from the IOLMaster.
目的:作者旨在分析IOLMaster和VERION系统人工晶状体植入术后球体等效结果的准确性。方法:对2017年3月至2017年11月在纳菲尔德健康赫里福德医院(Nuffield Health Hereford)使用IOLMaster和VERION系统治疗的80例使用AMO Tecnis单焦点晶体进行白内障手术的患者进行回顾性审计。一个数据库被用来分析结果。使用IOLMaster和VERION系统对患者进行测量，并获得术前球形预测。根据术后屈光数据计算实际的术后球形当量，并使用IOLMaster和VERION系统的SRK/T公式与预测的球形结果值进行比较。采用配对t检验计算结果的统计学显著性。结果:与IOLMaster预测相比，术后球形等效结果的平均差异为-0.0496D (95% CI -0.143至0.0439)，与VERION预测相比，平均差异为-0.0464D (95% CI -0.14至0.0476)。与IOLMaster预测相比，术后球形等效结果的差异范围为-1.255至+0.935D，与version预测相比为-1.305至+0.89D。结果差异无统计学意义(p >0.05)。结论:两种系统在准确性上无显著差异。除了在散光管理中的作用外，VERION还可用于帮助改进IOLMaster的术后球面屈光预测。
{"title":"VERION vs IOLMaster: Which is More Accurate in Predicting Post-op Spherical Equivalent Outcomes for Phacoemulsification with IOL Implant Surgery?","authors":"A. Sachdev, S. Madge","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280020","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The authors aimed to analyse the accuracy in post-operative spherical equivalent outcomes for intraocular lenses implanted for both IOLMaster and VERION systems. Methods: A retrospective audit was carried out of 80 sequential eyes of patients who had cataract surgery using AMO Tecnis monofocal lenses under the care of the senior author using both the IOLMaster and VERION systems from March 2017-November 2017 at Nuffield Health Hereford. A database was used to analyse the results. The patients were measured using both the IOLMaster and VERION systems and the pre-operative spherical predictions were obtained. The actual post-operative spherical equivalent was calculated from the post-operative refraction data and compared to the predictive spherical outcome values using the SRK/T formula for both the IOLMaster and VERION systems. A paired T-test was performed to calculate the statistical significance of the results. Results: There was a mean difference of -0.0496D (95% CI -0.143 to 0.0439) in the post-operative spherical equivalent outcome compared to the IOLMaster prediction and a mean difference of -0.0464D (95% CI -0.14 to 0.0476) compared to the VERION prediction. The range of differences in the post-operative spherical equivalent outcomes was -1.255 to +0.935D compared to the IOLMaster predictions, and -1.305 to +0.89D compared to the VERION predictions. These results did not differ significantly (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in accuracy between the two systems. In addition to its role in astigmatism management, the VERION may be used to help refine postoperative spherical refractive predictions from the IOLMaster.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87088033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280013
Ezequiel Monferrer, P. Domingo-Calap
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health concern. New treatments are needed to combat resistant strains, among which phage therapy is a promising option. Probably the main advantages of phage therapy are its high specificity as well as rapid viral adaptability, which in principle allows using phage evolution to overcome resistance. Here, we have performed serial coevolution passages between Escherichia coli and its phage T7 to investigate the ability of coevolved phages to reduce the emergence of resistances. We find that the initial bacterial population is less likely to undergo resistance when challenged with experimentally coevolved phages than when challenged with the wild-type phage. Hence, our findings suggest that coevolved phage preparations could be used to increase the efficacy of phage therapy.
{"title":"Virus-Host Coevolution as a Tool for Controlling Bacterial Resistance to Phage Therapy","authors":"Ezequiel Monferrer, P. Domingo-Calap","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280013","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health concern. New treatments are needed to combat resistant strains, among which phage therapy is a promising option. Probably the main advantages of phage therapy are its high specificity as well as rapid viral adaptability, which in principle allows using phage evolution to overcome resistance. Here, we have performed serial coevolution passages between Escherichia coli and its phage T7 to investigate the ability of coevolved phages to reduce the emergence of resistances. We find that the initial bacterial population is less likely to undergo resistance when challenged with experimentally coevolved phages than when challenged with the wild-type phage. Hence, our findings suggest that coevolved phage preparations could be used to increase the efficacy of phage therapy.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81297974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280011
J. Marcum
This review covers the current literature, since the completion of the Human Genome Project, on the cancer epigenome, including both cancer epigenetics and epigenomics. To that end, the transition from the human genome to the cancer genome is initially discussed, especially in terms of the hallmarks of cancer and its associated somatic mutation theory of cancer, along with the failure of this theory-based strictly on genetic mutations-to account for carcinogenesis and metastasis. The cancer epigenome (as well as both cancer epigenetics and epigenomics) is examined next, especially with respect to its role in tumorigenesis. The review’s main goal is to address what constitutes the cancer epigenome vis-a-vis the cancer genome and what the relationship is between them.
{"title":"The Cancer Epigenome: A Review","authors":"J. Marcum","doi":"10.26502/jbb.2642-91280011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/jbb.2642-91280011","url":null,"abstract":"This review covers the current literature, since the completion of the Human Genome Project, on the cancer epigenome, including both cancer epigenetics and epigenomics. To that end, the transition from the human genome to the cancer genome is initially discussed, especially in terms of the hallmarks of cancer and its associated somatic mutation theory of cancer, along with the failure of this theory-based strictly on genetic mutations-to account for carcinogenesis and metastasis. The cancer epigenome (as well as both cancer epigenetics and epigenomics) is examined next, especially with respect to its role in tumorigenesis. The review’s main goal is to address what constitutes the cancer epigenome vis-a-vis the cancer genome and what the relationship is between them.","PeriodicalId":15066,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedicine","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80912470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280012
J. Yang, Takeshi Suzuki, Maya Mikami
Non-plasma membrane Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels, particularly those localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, is pro-survival in that inhibition of these channels enhances apoptosis of cancer cells. Paradoxically, cells that lack Kv1.3 show resistance to cytotoxic agents suggesting a pro-death role of the same channels. Currently reported genetic and pharmacological reagents block both plasma membrane and intracellular Kv1.3 and lack absolute selectivity for intracellular Kv1.3. We designed a lentivirus for intracellular expression of the Kv1.3-selective peptide toxin agitoxin and created a Jurkat lymphocyte cell line that constitutively expressed intracellular agitoxin to selectively inhibit intracellular Kv1.3. Agitoxin-expressing Jurkat cells demonstrated relative resistance to cytokine-induced apoptosis, whereas direct extracellular application of agitoxin, or control cells expressing EGFP alone, failed to demonstrate this cyto- protection. We concluded that the intracellular Kv1.3 served a pro-death role, and a selective inhibition of this target reduced lymphocyte apoptosis by cytokine stimulation as reported previously for Kv1.3-null cells.
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