Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-02-20DOI: 10.1186/jbiol120
Hong Lei, Jeffrey A Riffell, Stephanie L Gage, John G Hildebrand
Background: An animal navigating to an unseen odor source must accurately resolve the spatiotemporal distribution of that stimulus in order to express appropriate upwind flight behavior. Intermittency of natural odor plumes, caused by air turbulence, is critically important for many insects, including the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, for odor-modulated search behavior to an odor source. When a moth's antennae receive intermittent odor stimulation, the projection neurons (PNs) in the primary olfactory centers (the antennal lobes), which are analogous to the olfactory bulbs of vertebrates, generate discrete bursts of action potentials separated by periods of inhibition, suggesting that the PNs may use the binary burst/non-burst neural patterns to resolve and enhance the intermittency of the stimulus encountered in the odor plume.
Results: We tested this hypothesis first by establishing that bicuculline methiodide reliably and reversibly disrupted the ability of PNs to produce bursting response patterns. Behavioral studies, in turn, demonstrated that after injecting this drug into the antennal lobe at the effective concentration used in the physiological experiments animals could no longer efficiently locate the odor source, even though they had detected the odor signal.
Conclusions: Our results establish a direct link between the bursting response pattern of PNs and the odor-tracking behavior of the moth, demonstrating the behavioral significance of resolving the dynamics of a natural odor stimulus in antennal lobe circuits.
{"title":"Contrast enhancement of stimulus intermittency in a primary olfactory network and its behavioral significance.","authors":"Hong Lei, Jeffrey A Riffell, Stephanie L Gage, John G Hildebrand","doi":"10.1186/jbiol120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An animal navigating to an unseen odor source must accurately resolve the spatiotemporal distribution of that stimulus in order to express appropriate upwind flight behavior. Intermittency of natural odor plumes, caused by air turbulence, is critically important for many insects, including the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, for odor-modulated search behavior to an odor source. When a moth's antennae receive intermittent odor stimulation, the projection neurons (PNs) in the primary olfactory centers (the antennal lobes), which are analogous to the olfactory bulbs of vertebrates, generate discrete bursts of action potentials separated by periods of inhibition, suggesting that the PNs may use the binary burst/non-burst neural patterns to resolve and enhance the intermittency of the stimulus encountered in the odor plume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We tested this hypothesis first by establishing that bicuculline methiodide reliably and reversibly disrupted the ability of PNs to produce bursting response patterns. Behavioral studies, in turn, demonstrated that after injecting this drug into the antennal lobe at the effective concentration used in the physiological experiments animals could no longer efficiently locate the odor source, even though they had detected the odor signal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results establish a direct link between the bursting response pattern of PNs and the odor-tracking behavior of the moth, demonstrating the behavioral significance of resolving the dynamics of a natural odor stimulus in antennal lobe circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27997400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-06-16DOI: 10.1186/jbiol157
James E Ferrell
{"title":"Q&A: Cooperativity.","authors":"James E Ferrell","doi":"10.1186/jbiol157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 6","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28296211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-06-12DOI: 10.1186/jbiol158
Miranda Robertson
{"title":"Influenza: one or two more questions.","authors":"Miranda Robertson","doi":"10.1186/jbiol158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 5","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28451745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-02-23DOI: 10.1186/jbiol118
Paul Harvey
{"title":"Q&A: What did Charles Darwin prove?","authors":"Paul Harvey","doi":"10.1186/jbiol118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28048447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-03-27DOI: 10.1186/jbiol128
François Bertucci, Daniel Birnbaum
Metastasis is the major cause of death in breast cancer patients. Gene-expression studies have shown that the likelihood of metastasis can be predicted from analysis of primary tumors. Two recent papers in BMC Medicine and BMC Cancer have established new operational expression signatures containing a limited number of genes involved in angiogenesis or cell proliferation.
{"title":"Distant metastasis: not out of reach any more.","authors":"François Bertucci, Daniel Birnbaum","doi":"10.1186/jbiol128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastasis is the major cause of death in breast cancer patients. Gene-expression studies have shown that the likelihood of metastasis can be predicted from analysis of primary tumors. Two recent papers in BMC Medicine and BMC Cancer have established new operational expression signatures containing a limited number of genes involved in angiogenesis or cell proliferation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28092085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-03-05DOI: 10.1186/jbiol121
Ingo Braasch, Walter Salzburger
Gene and genome duplications are considered to be the main evolutionary mechanisms contributing to the unrivalled biodiversity of bony fish. New studies of vitellogenin yolk proteins, including a report in BMC Evolutionary Biology, reveal that the genes underlying key evolutionary innovations and adaptations have undergone complex patterns of duplication and functional evolution.
{"title":"In ovo omnia: diversification by duplication in fish and other vertebrates.","authors":"Ingo Braasch, Walter Salzburger","doi":"10.1186/jbiol121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene and genome duplications are considered to be the main evolutionary mechanisms contributing to the unrivalled biodiversity of bony fish. New studies of vitellogenin yolk proteins, including a report in BMC Evolutionary Biology, reveal that the genes underlying key evolutionary innovations and adaptations have undergone complex patterns of duplication and functional evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28125878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-04-29DOI: 10.1186/jbiol141
John Tower, Michelle Arbeitman
Several possible and potentially overlapping genetic mechanisms have been suggested to explain differences in life span between males and females. Two recent papers in BMC Evolutionary Biology on the effects of inbreeding provide additional insight into the genetic architecture underlying life span differences between genders in two different insects.
{"title":"The genetics of gender and life span.","authors":"John Tower, Michelle Arbeitman","doi":"10.1186/jbiol141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several possible and potentially overlapping genetic mechanisms have been suggested to explain differences in life span between males and females. Two recent papers in BMC Evolutionary Biology on the effects of inbreeding provide additional insight into the genetic architecture underlying life span differences between genders in two different insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28171043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-04-24DOI: 10.1186/jbiol137
David W Burt
The domesticated cow is the latest farm animal to have its genome sequenced and deciphered. The members of the Bovine Genome Consortium have published a series of papers on the assembly and what the sequence reveals so far about the biology of this ruminant and the consequences of its domestication.
{"title":"The cattle genome reveals its secrets.","authors":"David W Burt","doi":"10.1186/jbiol137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The domesticated cow is the latest farm animal to have its genome sequenced and deciphered. The members of the Bovine Genome Consortium have published a series of papers on the assembly and what the sequence reveals so far about the biology of this ruminant and the consequences of its domestication.</p>","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28172139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01Epub Date: 2009-04-17DOI: 10.1186/jbiol136
Miranda Robertson
{"title":"Teaching new dogs old tricks.","authors":"Miranda Robertson","doi":"10.1186/jbiol136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/jbiol136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15075,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/jbiol136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28289522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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