Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283401
E. Roth, R. Mumaw, W. Stubler
New control room technologies offer the opportunity, as a result, provide improved support of operator performance. Existing human factors guidelines lag behind the changes in technology and, as a result, provide limited guidance. As part of an effort to develop a verification and validation plan, a framework has been developed for defining critical human performance issues that need to be addressed as part of the design and evaluation of nuclear power plant advanced control rooms. The evaluation framework, together with some of the important human performance issues that may need to be addressed, is described. The issues identified help define a research agenda.<>
{"title":"Human factors evaluation issues for advanced control rooms: a research agenda","authors":"E. Roth, R. Mumaw, W. Stubler","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283401","url":null,"abstract":"New control room technologies offer the opportunity, as a result, provide improved support of operator performance. Existing human factors guidelines lag behind the changes in technology and, as a result, provide limited guidance. As part of an effort to develop a verification and validation plan, a framework has been developed for defining critical human performance issues that need to be addressed as part of the design and evaluation of nuclear power plant advanced control rooms. The evaluation framework, together with some of the important human performance issues that may need to be addressed, is described. The issues identified help define a research agenda.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132484659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283382
G. E. Zhuravlyov, S. O. Parsons, B.V. Lamakin, P. Salcedo
The results of the comparative surveys of operational personnel performed both in the USA and in Russia for design and development of teamwork training programs are presented. Some collateral tasks are to be solved; the insertion of additional blocks in the team structure the need for which became evident during comparison; the determination and analysis of supplemental (adjacent) functions performed by operators; and the correction of the list of problems encountered by operational teams. Teamwork training should develop not only the skills for operational decisions but also the ability to arrange relations with supervisors and managers and to organize cooperation with other shops' personnel.<>
{"title":"Operational personnel teamwork: comparative investigations in the USA and Russia","authors":"G. E. Zhuravlyov, S. O. Parsons, B.V. Lamakin, P. Salcedo","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283382","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the comparative surveys of operational personnel performed both in the USA and in Russia for design and development of teamwork training programs are presented. Some collateral tasks are to be solved; the insertion of additional blocks in the team structure the need for which became evident during comparison; the determination and analysis of supplemental (adjacent) functions performed by operators; and the correction of the list of problems encountered by operational teams. Teamwork training should develop not only the skills for operational decisions but also the ability to arrange relations with supervisors and managers and to organize cooperation with other shops' personnel.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131391569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362
E. Blackwood, W. E. Carnes, M. Sturdivant
The commercial nuclear industry, the US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, and the DOE nuclear complex have used various models to operate and manage complex nuclear facilities in a safe manner. These models have focused primarily on operating parameters and design control. Using the idea of a safety envelope, the authors describe a new model that depicts the interrelationship of these and many other factors that contribute to nuclear safety. Management of nuclear facilities can use this model to establish and maintain a safety culture.<>
{"title":"The safety envelope: managing the safety culture","authors":"E. Blackwood, W. E. Carnes, M. Sturdivant","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial nuclear industry, the US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, and the DOE nuclear complex have used various models to operate and manage complex nuclear facilities in a safe manner. These models have focused primarily on operating parameters and design control. Using the idea of a safety envelope, the authors describe a new model that depicts the interrelationship of these and many other factors that contribute to nuclear safety. Management of nuclear facilities can use this model to establish and maintain a safety culture.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129387505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368
J. Wreathall, J. Reason
Human error has been identified as a leading contributor to accidents in many fields, including nuclear power operations. In the past, evaluations of accidents in terms of human contributions have most often focused on the immediate proximate human actions that were the final steps in the chain. These analyses now often include evaluation of the human factors elements surrounding those final actions, including procedures, training, and the man-machine interface. There has been an increasing awareness of organizational factors as a source of 'common-mode' influences on these human factors elements. However, these influences and factors do not present an adequate description of the ingredients for a disaster. The context in which the actions take place is a key element that is now only being considered in evaluating human errors and disasters.<>
{"title":"Human errors and disasters","authors":"J. Wreathall, J. Reason","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368","url":null,"abstract":"Human error has been identified as a leading contributor to accidents in many fields, including nuclear power operations. In the past, evaluations of accidents in terms of human contributions have most often focused on the immediate proximate human actions that were the final steps in the chain. These analyses now often include evaluation of the human factors elements surrounding those final actions, including procedures, training, and the man-machine interface. There has been an increasing awareness of organizational factors as a source of 'common-mode' influences on these human factors elements. However, these influences and factors do not present an adequate description of the ingredients for a disaster. The context in which the actions take place is a key element that is now only being considered in evaluating human errors and disasters.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122424019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397
A. Singh
Summary form only given. In order to enhance objectivity and realism of human reliability assessment (HRA) methods, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) initiated a program to systematically collect data on reliability of control room crew actions during simulator training exercises. The operator reliability data have been used to modify the original human cognitive reliability model (HCR), which feature a skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based classification of human actions to a procedure-based cue-response classification. This improved approach allows for the explicit integration of the impact of operating procedures into probabilistic risk analyses (PRAs). Insights gained from the data are being used by EPRI to provide additional guidance to utility analysts on the detailed logic modeling of human actions and its integration with system logic models in the SHARP1 (systematic human action reliability procedure) framework.<>
{"title":"Measurement-based techniques for evaluation of human interfaces","authors":"A. Singh","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. In order to enhance objectivity and realism of human reliability assessment (HRA) methods, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) initiated a program to systematically collect data on reliability of control room crew actions during simulator training exercises. The operator reliability data have been used to modify the original human cognitive reliability model (HCR), which feature a skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based classification of human actions to a procedure-based cue-response classification. This improved approach allows for the explicit integration of the impact of operating procedures into probabilistic risk analyses (PRAs). Insights gained from the data are being used by EPRI to provide additional guidance to utility analysts on the detailed logic modeling of human actions and its integration with system logic models in the SHARP1 (systematic human action reliability procedure) framework.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347
B. Wahlstrom, L. Norros, L. Reiman
Research in the field of human factors in the Finnish nuclear industry was started more than 15 years ago. Research efforts are directed towards supporting probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) studies of the operational plants, planning of operator training and defining the cognitive content of operational tasks. A survey of research done in Finland, together with an account of studies of organizational performance and the development of personnel expertise in the Finnish nuclear power plants, is given. Specific topics include modeling the human in PSA studies, issues on organization, management and personnel expertise, and work to define the characteristic features of manager and personnel work orientation.<>
{"title":"Human factors research in the nuclear power field in Finland","authors":"B. Wahlstrom, L. Norros, L. Reiman","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the field of human factors in the Finnish nuclear industry was started more than 15 years ago. Research efforts are directed towards supporting probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) studies of the operational plants, planning of operator training and defining the cognitive content of operational tasks. A survey of research done in Finland, together with an account of studies of organizational performance and the development of personnel expertise in the Finnish nuclear power plants, is given. Specific topics include modeling the human in PSA studies, issues on organization, management and personnel expertise, and work to define the characteristic features of manager and personnel work orientation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121198487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441
R. Fuld, D. Harmon
Proposals to implement human factors within large scale design projects place little emphasis on the preponderant integration problem of how to make practical, efficient contributions to a large project, across disciplines, in an integrated fashion. With this problem as a central focus, ABB Combustion Engineering has implemented a program of human factors integration on recent design projects that is more distributed and flexible than some alternatives. The specific organizational structure of the program is described. Human factors activities are categorized into three tiers (core areas, adjunct areas, and peripheral areas). Specific mechanisms of integration (human factors standards and guidelines; and documentation) are discussed.<>
{"title":"Human factors integration for large scale facility designs","authors":"R. Fuld, D. Harmon","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441","url":null,"abstract":"Proposals to implement human factors within large scale design projects place little emphasis on the preponderant integration problem of how to make practical, efficient contributions to a large project, across disciplines, in an integrated fashion. With this problem as a central focus, ABB Combustion Engineering has implemented a program of human factors integration on recent design projects that is more distributed and flexible than some alternatives. The specific organizational structure of the program is described. Human factors activities are categorized into three tiers (core areas, adjunct areas, and peripheral areas). Specific mechanisms of integration (human factors standards and guidelines; and documentation) are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117059783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357
E. Connelly, K. Myers, J. Wreathall
Deciding whether training is done well or poorly depends on a definition of effectiveness. Many simple or obvious definitions turn out to be misleading or unhelpful. In a project for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), a measure of training effectiveness was formulated that reflects the way some NRC and industry practitioners assess training effectiveness. The measure is systemic and complex, is stated in the language of the industry, and can be applied in the field. The training effectiveness measure is recommended as an aid in the evaluation and improvement of training programs.<>
{"title":"Measures of effectiveness for NPP training programs using subject matter experts","authors":"E. Connelly, K. Myers, J. Wreathall","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357","url":null,"abstract":"Deciding whether training is done well or poorly depends on a definition of effectiveness. Many simple or obvious definitions turn out to be misleading or unhelpful. In a project for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), a measure of training effectiveness was formulated that reflects the way some NRC and industry practitioners assess training effectiveness. The measure is systemic and complex, is stated in the language of the industry, and can be applied in the field. The training effectiveness measure is recommended as an aid in the evaluation and improvement of training programs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132356482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435
Barry Kirwan
The role of time as a critical determinant of human performance, particularly the diagnostic performance that is essential in potential accident sequences in complex systems such as nuclear power plants, is reviewed. Two main questions are asked. What is the actual role of time in cognitive activity? and how dominant should time be as a performance shaping factor in the prediction of human reliability? The first question is addressed by considering major relevant psychological models for process control-type activities. The second is explored by analyzing how each of fifteen models of human reliability quantification utilize time in their predictions. These various roles of time, some dominant, some negligible, are then considered in the light of realistic accident scenarios.<>
{"title":"Plant control diagnostic failure-just a matter of time?","authors":"Barry Kirwan","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435","url":null,"abstract":"The role of time as a critical determinant of human performance, particularly the diagnostic performance that is essential in potential accident sequences in complex systems such as nuclear power plants, is reviewed. Two main questions are asked. What is the actual role of time in cognitive activity? and how dominant should time be as a performance shaping factor in the prediction of human reliability? The first question is addressed by considering major relevant psychological models for process control-type activities. The second is explored by analyzing how each of fifteen models of human reliability quantification utilize time in their predictions. These various roles of time, some dominant, some negligible, are then considered in the light of realistic accident scenarios.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"110 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131843973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283388
D. Harmon, T. M. Starr
The development of a nuclear power advanced control room includes the improvement of previous generation alarm system designs. The Nuplex 80+ Advanced Control Complex alarm methodology utilizes redundant and diverse fixed-location and CRT alarms. These alarms are grouped by panels and presented on system and function display pages to support operator tasks. Plant operational mode-dependency, prioritization, signal-validation and equipment status dependency are used to improve alarm validity, and to reduce and organize alarms. Human engineered visual and audible cuing support prioritization and reduce distractions for new alarms. Critical function and success path alarms directly support operator procedures for power production and emergencies.<>
{"title":"Alarm and status processing and display in the Nuplex 80+ Advanced Control Complex","authors":"D. Harmon, T. M. Starr","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283388","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a nuclear power advanced control room includes the improvement of previous generation alarm system designs. The Nuplex 80+ Advanced Control Complex alarm methodology utilizes redundant and diverse fixed-location and CRT alarms. These alarms are grouped by panels and presented on system and function display pages to support operator tasks. Plant operational mode-dependency, prioritization, signal-validation and equipment status dependency are used to improve alarm validity, and to reduce and organize alarms. Human engineered visual and audible cuing support prioritization and reduce distractions for new alarms. Critical function and success path alarms directly support operator procedures for power production and emergencies.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133386090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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