Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283412
V. Joksimovich
Accidents are characterized by four broad categories of contribution of causes: man, machine; media; and management. Strong management can minimize the contributions of man, machine and media to the risk arising from operation of hazardous facilities. Management can have a positive influence through the establishment of a proper safety culture. Nuclear safety culture is reviewed with specific emphasis on a US nuclear utility. The issue of safety assurance via an integrated risk management program is addressed.<>
{"title":"Safety culture in nuclear utility operations","authors":"V. Joksimovich","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283412","url":null,"abstract":"Accidents are characterized by four broad categories of contribution of causes: man, machine; media; and management. Strong management can minimize the contributions of man, machine and media to the risk arising from operation of hazardous facilities. Management can have a positive influence through the establishment of a proper safety culture. Nuclear safety culture is reviewed with specific emphasis on a US nuclear utility. The issue of safety assurance via an integrated risk management program is addressed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"318 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122317326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283390
E. Davey, K.Q. Guo, S. Russomanno, J. Popovic, P. Archer
The results of the first phase of a multi-year project undertaken by Canadian nuclear power plant designers and utilities to improve CANDU annunciation are described. The overall objective of the project is to develop, evaluate and recommend an architecture for CANDU annunciation that better meets the information needs of plant staff under all plant operating regions. The first phase of the project has established an initial definition of the functional role for CANDU annunciation. Subsequent project phases will define options for solutions to the problem of specific alarm functions of the present CANDU annunciation systems not fully meeting the needs of operations staff. The background of the project is discussed, the place of annunciation in relation to other plant operator support and plant information functions is described, the process by which the functional role was defined is indicated, and the direction of further work is outlined.<>
{"title":"Towards defining the functional role for CANDU annunciation","authors":"E. Davey, K.Q. Guo, S. Russomanno, J. Popovic, P. Archer","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283390","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the first phase of a multi-year project undertaken by Canadian nuclear power plant designers and utilities to improve CANDU annunciation are described. The overall objective of the project is to develop, evaluate and recommend an architecture for CANDU annunciation that better meets the information needs of plant staff under all plant operating regions. The first phase of the project has established an initial definition of the functional role for CANDU annunciation. Subsequent project phases will define options for solutions to the problem of specific alarm functions of the present CANDU annunciation systems not fully meeting the needs of operations staff. The background of the project is discussed, the place of annunciation in relation to other plant operator support and plant information functions is described, the process by which the functional role was defined is indicated, and the direction of further work is outlined.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126646724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368
J. Wreathall, J. Reason
Human error has been identified as a leading contributor to accidents in many fields, including nuclear power operations. In the past, evaluations of accidents in terms of human contributions have most often focused on the immediate proximate human actions that were the final steps in the chain. These analyses now often include evaluation of the human factors elements surrounding those final actions, including procedures, training, and the man-machine interface. There has been an increasing awareness of organizational factors as a source of 'common-mode' influences on these human factors elements. However, these influences and factors do not present an adequate description of the ingredients for a disaster. The context in which the actions take place is a key element that is now only being considered in evaluating human errors and disasters.<>
{"title":"Human errors and disasters","authors":"J. Wreathall, J. Reason","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283368","url":null,"abstract":"Human error has been identified as a leading contributor to accidents in many fields, including nuclear power operations. In the past, evaluations of accidents in terms of human contributions have most often focused on the immediate proximate human actions that were the final steps in the chain. These analyses now often include evaluation of the human factors elements surrounding those final actions, including procedures, training, and the man-machine interface. There has been an increasing awareness of organizational factors as a source of 'common-mode' influences on these human factors elements. However, these influences and factors do not present an adequate description of the ingredients for a disaster. The context in which the actions take place is a key element that is now only being considered in evaluating human errors and disasters.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122424019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347
B. Wahlstrom, L. Norros, L. Reiman
Research in the field of human factors in the Finnish nuclear industry was started more than 15 years ago. Research efforts are directed towards supporting probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) studies of the operational plants, planning of operator training and defining the cognitive content of operational tasks. A survey of research done in Finland, together with an account of studies of organizational performance and the development of personnel expertise in the Finnish nuclear power plants, is given. Specific topics include modeling the human in PSA studies, issues on organization, management and personnel expertise, and work to define the characteristic features of manager and personnel work orientation.<>
{"title":"Human factors research in the nuclear power field in Finland","authors":"B. Wahlstrom, L. Norros, L. Reiman","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283347","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the field of human factors in the Finnish nuclear industry was started more than 15 years ago. Research efforts are directed towards supporting probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) studies of the operational plants, planning of operator training and defining the cognitive content of operational tasks. A survey of research done in Finland, together with an account of studies of organizational performance and the development of personnel expertise in the Finnish nuclear power plants, is given. Specific topics include modeling the human in PSA studies, issues on organization, management and personnel expertise, and work to define the characteristic features of manager and personnel work orientation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121198487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362
E. Blackwood, W. E. Carnes, M. Sturdivant
The commercial nuclear industry, the US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, and the DOE nuclear complex have used various models to operate and manage complex nuclear facilities in a safe manner. These models have focused primarily on operating parameters and design control. Using the idea of a safety envelope, the authors describe a new model that depicts the interrelationship of these and many other factors that contribute to nuclear safety. Management of nuclear facilities can use this model to establish and maintain a safety culture.<>
{"title":"The safety envelope: managing the safety culture","authors":"E. Blackwood, W. E. Carnes, M. Sturdivant","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283362","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial nuclear industry, the US Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, and the DOE nuclear complex have used various models to operate and manage complex nuclear facilities in a safe manner. These models have focused primarily on operating parameters and design control. Using the idea of a safety envelope, the authors describe a new model that depicts the interrelationship of these and many other factors that contribute to nuclear safety. Management of nuclear facilities can use this model to establish and maintain a safety culture.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129387505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441
R. Fuld, D. Harmon
Proposals to implement human factors within large scale design projects place little emphasis on the preponderant integration problem of how to make practical, efficient contributions to a large project, across disciplines, in an integrated fashion. With this problem as a central focus, ABB Combustion Engineering has implemented a program of human factors integration on recent design projects that is more distributed and flexible than some alternatives. The specific organizational structure of the program is described. Human factors activities are categorized into three tiers (core areas, adjunct areas, and peripheral areas). Specific mechanisms of integration (human factors standards and guidelines; and documentation) are discussed.<>
{"title":"Human factors integration for large scale facility designs","authors":"R. Fuld, D. Harmon","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283441","url":null,"abstract":"Proposals to implement human factors within large scale design projects place little emphasis on the preponderant integration problem of how to make practical, efficient contributions to a large project, across disciplines, in an integrated fashion. With this problem as a central focus, ABB Combustion Engineering has implemented a program of human factors integration on recent design projects that is more distributed and flexible than some alternatives. The specific organizational structure of the program is described. Human factors activities are categorized into three tiers (core areas, adjunct areas, and peripheral areas). Specific mechanisms of integration (human factors standards and guidelines; and documentation) are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117059783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283367
A. Singh, G. W. Hannaman
Summary form only given. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is involved in a program to develop state-of-the-art tools and technology to support outage planning and control and for the assessment and reduction of risk during nuclear power station outages. As part of this program, an effort is underway to reduce human error and its impact during outages. A review of past events shows that more than fifty percent are caused by or involve human-system interaction related deficiencies. Some key factors contributing to the human error during outages include: (1) dynamic changes in plant system configuration; (2) reduced availability of safety systems and instrumentation to plant operators due to maintenance; (3) increased stress due to schedule constraints and large number of human activities to be performed; and (4) lack of technical specifications and procedural guidance. Some major elements of the EPRI human reliability enhancement efforts during outages are reported.<>
{"title":"Human reliability assessment and enhancement during outages","authors":"A. Singh, G. W. Hannaman","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283367","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is involved in a program to develop state-of-the-art tools and technology to support outage planning and control and for the assessment and reduction of risk during nuclear power station outages. As part of this program, an effort is underway to reduce human error and its impact during outages. A review of past events shows that more than fifty percent are caused by or involve human-system interaction related deficiencies. Some key factors contributing to the human error during outages include: (1) dynamic changes in plant system configuration; (2) reduced availability of safety systems and instrumentation to plant operators due to maintenance; (3) increased stress due to schedule constraints and large number of human activities to be performed; and (4) lack of technical specifications and procedural guidance. Some major elements of the EPRI human reliability enhancement efforts during outages are reported.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125068910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435
Barry Kirwan
The role of time as a critical determinant of human performance, particularly the diagnostic performance that is essential in potential accident sequences in complex systems such as nuclear power plants, is reviewed. Two main questions are asked. What is the actual role of time in cognitive activity? and how dominant should time be as a performance shaping factor in the prediction of human reliability? The first question is addressed by considering major relevant psychological models for process control-type activities. The second is explored by analyzing how each of fifteen models of human reliability quantification utilize time in their predictions. These various roles of time, some dominant, some negligible, are then considered in the light of realistic accident scenarios.<>
{"title":"Plant control diagnostic failure-just a matter of time?","authors":"Barry Kirwan","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283435","url":null,"abstract":"The role of time as a critical determinant of human performance, particularly the diagnostic performance that is essential in potential accident sequences in complex systems such as nuclear power plants, is reviewed. Two main questions are asked. What is the actual role of time in cognitive activity? and how dominant should time be as a performance shaping factor in the prediction of human reliability? The first question is addressed by considering major relevant psychological models for process control-type activities. The second is explored by analyzing how each of fifteen models of human reliability quantification utilize time in their predictions. These various roles of time, some dominant, some negligible, are then considered in the light of realistic accident scenarios.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"110 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131843973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397
A. Singh
Summary form only given. In order to enhance objectivity and realism of human reliability assessment (HRA) methods, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) initiated a program to systematically collect data on reliability of control room crew actions during simulator training exercises. The operator reliability data have been used to modify the original human cognitive reliability model (HCR), which feature a skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based classification of human actions to a procedure-based cue-response classification. This improved approach allows for the explicit integration of the impact of operating procedures into probabilistic risk analyses (PRAs). Insights gained from the data are being used by EPRI to provide additional guidance to utility analysts on the detailed logic modeling of human actions and its integration with system logic models in the SHARP1 (systematic human action reliability procedure) framework.<>
{"title":"Measurement-based techniques for evaluation of human interfaces","authors":"A. Singh","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283397","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. In order to enhance objectivity and realism of human reliability assessment (HRA) methods, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) initiated a program to systematically collect data on reliability of control room crew actions during simulator training exercises. The operator reliability data have been used to modify the original human cognitive reliability model (HCR), which feature a skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based classification of human actions to a procedure-based cue-response classification. This improved approach allows for the explicit integration of the impact of operating procedures into probabilistic risk analyses (PRAs). Insights gained from the data are being used by EPRI to provide additional guidance to utility analysts on the detailed logic modeling of human actions and its integration with system logic models in the SHARP1 (systematic human action reliability procedure) framework.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-07DOI: 10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357
E. Connelly, K. Myers, J. Wreathall
Deciding whether training is done well or poorly depends on a definition of effectiveness. Many simple or obvious definitions turn out to be misleading or unhelpful. In a project for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), a measure of training effectiveness was formulated that reflects the way some NRC and industry practitioners assess training effectiveness. The measure is systemic and complex, is stated in the language of the industry, and can be applied in the field. The training effectiveness measure is recommended as an aid in the evaluation and improvement of training programs.<>
{"title":"Measures of effectiveness for NPP training programs using subject matter experts","authors":"E. Connelly, K. Myers, J. Wreathall","doi":"10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HFPP.1992.283357","url":null,"abstract":"Deciding whether training is done well or poorly depends on a definition of effectiveness. Many simple or obvious definitions turn out to be misleading or unhelpful. In a project for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), a measure of training effectiveness was formulated that reflects the way some NRC and industry practitioners assess training effectiveness. The measure is systemic and complex, is stated in the language of the industry, and can be applied in the field. The training effectiveness measure is recommended as an aid in the evaluation and improvement of training programs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":150946,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record for 1992 Fifth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132356482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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