Summary The article analyzes the application of the current documents related to reducing nitrate pollution of groundwater bodies used for public water supply in the Pleven administrative region. The requirements of the European legislation are fully implemented in the Bulgarian legislation, but the legislative measures have not led to quick and permanent results, i.e., small drinking water sources contaminated with nitrates still exist. Special attention should be paid to the diffusive sources of pollution (mineral fertilization of soils) since they are of the most significant importance in groundwater contamination with nitrates. For settlements with permanently elevated nitrate content (over 50 mg/L), it is necessary to consider the application of an individual approach in dealing with this long-standing problem: changing the water source, mixing the water from two neighboring water sources or implementing specific purification methods (biological denitrification, ion exchange resins, etc.). We analyzed the data from the monitoring of drinking water carried out by the Regional Health Inspectorate – Pleven and found that in the Pleven region, there are 17 towns or villages (out of a total of 123) for which some of the listed measures should be foreseen. The district’s relative share of the exposed population is 3.2%, comparable to the country’s exposed population for 2004-2007.
{"title":"Assessment of the Measures Implemented in Bulgarian Legislation to Reduce the Content of Nitrates in Groundwater Used for Public Water Supply","authors":"Emilia K. Bankova","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The article analyzes the application of the current documents related to reducing nitrate pollution of groundwater bodies used for public water supply in the Pleven administrative region. The requirements of the European legislation are fully implemented in the Bulgarian legislation, but the legislative measures have not led to quick and permanent results, i.e., small drinking water sources contaminated with nitrates still exist. Special attention should be paid to the diffusive sources of pollution (mineral fertilization of soils) since they are of the most significant importance in groundwater contamination with nitrates. For settlements with permanently elevated nitrate content (over 50 mg/L), it is necessary to consider the application of an individual approach in dealing with this long-standing problem: changing the water source, mixing the water from two neighboring water sources or implementing specific purification methods (biological denitrification, ion exchange resins, etc.). We analyzed the data from the monitoring of drinking water carried out by the Regional Health Inspectorate – Pleven and found that in the Pleven region, there are 17 towns or villages (out of a total of 123) for which some of the listed measures should be foreseen. The district’s relative share of the exposed population is 3.2%, comparable to the country’s exposed population for 2004-2007.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"44 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74663034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The objective of this study was to determine the clinical picture of adult celiac disease in the population of eastern Algeria. We conducted a retrospective study on a sample of 156 patients in Internal Medicine service, Hepato-Gastroenterology Service, Endoscopy Service in the University Hospital BENBADIS - Constantine and the Military Regional University Hospital - Constantine. Our results have shown that, in this population, celiac disease can be manifested by a number of signs and related pathologies. A variety of digestive symptoms were reported, primarily chronic diarrhea (81.4%), abdominal pain (57.1%), anorexia (42.9%) and vomiting (48%). Extra-digestive symptoms manifested mainly as weight loss (90.4%), pallorous of skin and mucosa (84%), asthenia (60,3%), edema of the lower limbs (46.8%) and dehydration sings (37.8%). In addition, we noted biological disorders, the most common being hypocalcemia (77.4%) and hypoalbuminemia (57.7%), and a series associated pathologies namely: anemia (67.9%) and digestive diseases (38.46%). CD in adults in our population may express a variety of digestive and extra-digestive symptoms in addition to a number of associated pathologies.
{"title":"Characteristics of Adult Celiac Disease in Eastern Algeria","authors":"Nousseiba Abed, Imen Bouzaroura, Amel Guergour","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The objective of this study was to determine the clinical picture of adult celiac disease in the population of eastern Algeria. We conducted a retrospective study on a sample of 156 patients in Internal Medicine service, Hepato-Gastroenterology Service, Endoscopy Service in the University Hospital BENBADIS - Constantine and the Military Regional University Hospital - Constantine. Our results have shown that, in this population, celiac disease can be manifested by a number of signs and related pathologies. A variety of digestive symptoms were reported, primarily chronic diarrhea (81.4%), abdominal pain (57.1%), anorexia (42.9%) and vomiting (48%). Extra-digestive symptoms manifested mainly as weight loss (90.4%), pallorous of skin and mucosa (84%), asthenia (60,3%), edema of the lower limbs (46.8%) and dehydration sings (37.8%). In addition, we noted biological disorders, the most common being hypocalcemia (77.4%) and hypoalbuminemia (57.7%), and a series associated pathologies namely: anemia (67.9%) and digestive diseases (38.46%). CD in adults in our population may express a variety of digestive and extra-digestive symptoms in addition to a number of associated pathologies.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73855171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Diabetes is a socially significant disease that brings a significant burden to healthcare systems worldwide. The vicious nature of the disease affects almost all of the systems and organs of the body. The foot is one of the most important and clinically significant areas where these complications are manifested. Diabetic foot gangrene is a leading cause of non-traumatic foot loss worldwide. Although the disease has been known for over a decade, understanding it has gone through highs and lows, leading to suboptimal results in many cases. In this review article, we focused on diabetic foot and the methods for evaluation and assessment of the condition to properly initiate adequate treatment.
{"title":"Diabetic Foot: Old Disease, New Challenges","authors":"Dobromir D. Nguen, Vasil M. Dimitrov","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Diabetes is a socially significant disease that brings a significant burden to healthcare systems worldwide. The vicious nature of the disease affects almost all of the systems and organs of the body. The foot is one of the most important and clinically significant areas where these complications are manifested. Diabetic foot gangrene is a leading cause of non-traumatic foot loss worldwide. Although the disease has been known for over a decade, understanding it has gone through highs and lows, leading to suboptimal results in many cases. In this review article, we focused on diabetic foot and the methods for evaluation and assessment of the condition to properly initiate adequate treatment.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135046168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the professional environment and hypersensitivity reactions to various contact allergens, the features of the clinical course, and the type of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in 35 hairdressers. The analysis was based on data on length of professional experience, localization of rashes, clinical diagnosis and allergens, and the cause of positive reactions in patch testing. Skin changes most often affect the hands, palms, face, and neck. The frequency of ACD diagnosed was 46%, followed by dyshidrotic eczema (DE) - 34%. The highest percentage of contact dermatitis (68%) was seen in the upper extremities, followed by dermatitis of the face and hands (26%). Of the patients investigated, 34% had a history of illness up to 3 years. A negative correlation was found between professional experience and “hand eczema” (p=0.005). Patch tests showed that the most frequent positive reactions were to Nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate (Nickel, 15 times) and p-Phenylenediamine (PPD, 14 times). These contact allergens are directly correlated with hand eczema. We compared the results with those published in the literature.
{"title":"A Survey of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Among Hairdressers","authors":"K. Gospodinova, Adriana D. Angelova","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the professional environment and hypersensitivity reactions to various contact allergens, the features of the clinical course, and the type of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in 35 hairdressers. The analysis was based on data on length of professional experience, localization of rashes, clinical diagnosis and allergens, and the cause of positive reactions in patch testing. Skin changes most often affect the hands, palms, face, and neck. The frequency of ACD diagnosed was 46%, followed by dyshidrotic eczema (DE) - 34%. The highest percentage of contact dermatitis (68%) was seen in the upper extremities, followed by dermatitis of the face and hands (26%). Of the patients investigated, 34% had a history of illness up to 3 years. A negative correlation was found between professional experience and “hand eczema” (p=0.005). Patch tests showed that the most frequent positive reactions were to Nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate (Nickel, 15 times) and p-Phenylenediamine (PPD, 14 times). These contact allergens are directly correlated with hand eczema. We compared the results with those published in the literature.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"171 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90056753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Chronic renal failure (CRF) syndrome significantly alters patients’ quality of life. Anaemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases are common complications of CRF. The study aimed to determine the incidence of arterial hypertension (AH), anaemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with CRF and to analyze the relationship between them. The study included 212 patients with CRF, treated at the Clinic of Nephrology and Dialysis at the University Hospital “Dr. G. Stranski,” Pleven, during 2008-2020. The AH accounted for 88.2% of the patients with CRF. The incidence of AH is comparable to that in patients in the predialysis period – 88.6% and among patients on dialysis – 87.9%. LVH was diagnosed in 94.3% of patients with CRF. The incidence of LVH in the predialysis period was 94.3%, and among dialysis patients -94.4%. The incidence of LVH among hypertensive and normotensive patients was comparable. The incidence of anaemia among patients with CRF was 86.3%. Anaemia was present in 94.4% of the patients on dialysis and in 78.1% of the patients in the predialysis period. The difference was significant (p <0.05). There was no correlation between anaemia and AH, nor between AH and LVH. A significant dependence of LVH on the duration of chronic renal failure and dialysis treatment was established.
慢性肾衰竭(CRF)综合征显著改变患者的生活质量。贫血、高血压和心血管疾病是CRF的常见并发症。本研究旨在确定CRF患者动脉高血压(AH)、贫血和左心室肥厚(LVH)的发生率,并分析三者之间的关系。该研究包括2008-2020年期间在普列文大学医院“Dr. G. Stranski”肾内科和透析诊所接受治疗的212例CRF患者。AH占CRF患者的88.2%。AH的发生率与透析前患者的发生率(88.6%)和透析患者的发生率(87.9%)相当。94.3%的CRF患者诊断为LVH。透析前LVH发生率为94.3%,透析患者LVH发生率为-94.4%。高血压患者和正常患者LVH的发生率是相似的。CRF患者中贫血发生率为86.3%。94.4%的透析患者和78.1%的透析前患者存在贫血。差异有统计学意义(p <0.05)。贫血和AH之间没有相关性,AH和LVH之间也没有相关性。LVH与慢性肾功能衰竭和透析治疗的持续时间有显著的相关性。
{"title":"Anemia and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chronic Renal Failure","authors":"Gergana V. Todorova, A. Akisheva, M. Stoimenova","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Chronic renal failure (CRF) syndrome significantly alters patients’ quality of life. Anaemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases are common complications of CRF. The study aimed to determine the incidence of arterial hypertension (AH), anaemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with CRF and to analyze the relationship between them. The study included 212 patients with CRF, treated at the Clinic of Nephrology and Dialysis at the University Hospital “Dr. G. Stranski,” Pleven, during 2008-2020. The AH accounted for 88.2% of the patients with CRF. The incidence of AH is comparable to that in patients in the predialysis period – 88.6% and among patients on dialysis – 87.9%. LVH was diagnosed in 94.3% of patients with CRF. The incidence of LVH in the predialysis period was 94.3%, and among dialysis patients -94.4%. The incidence of LVH among hypertensive and normotensive patients was comparable. The incidence of anaemia among patients with CRF was 86.3%. Anaemia was present in 94.4% of the patients on dialysis and in 78.1% of the patients in the predialysis period. The difference was significant (p <0.05). There was no correlation between anaemia and AH, nor between AH and LVH. A significant dependence of LVH on the duration of chronic renal failure and dialysis treatment was established.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"151 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80319619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) is a trending and promising surgical procedure to treat rectal cancer with oncologically oriented precision. Complication rates are promising after the learning curve is passed. A prospective study on the first 12 consecutive TaTME patients was done. The primary aim was the intraoperative and the early and late postoperative complications rate. Оne persisting failure as an intraoperative complication was reported: two anastomotic leaks and a ventral hernia as postoperative complications. TaTME is safe in terms of intra- and postoperative complications.
{"title":"Complications in Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision (TATME) – Early Experience","authors":"M. Karamanliev, T. Yotsov, D. Dimitrov","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) is a trending and promising surgical procedure to treat rectal cancer with oncologically oriented precision. Complication rates are promising after the learning curve is passed. A prospective study on the first 12 consecutive TaTME patients was done. The primary aim was the intraoperative and the early and late postoperative complications rate. Оne persisting failure as an intraoperative complication was reported: two anastomotic leaks and a ventral hernia as postoperative complications. TaTME is safe in terms of intra- and postoperative complications.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"197 1","pages":"130 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76956442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emiliya M. Ovcharova, M. Danovska, Diana L. Marinova, D. Pendicheva, P. Tonchev, Nicholas M. Shepherd
Summary Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unclear and multifactorial etiology, variable clinical symptoms with different severity, and treatment with limited efficacy. Authors conclude that the immune system has a role in pathogenesis, and many modern therapies target the immune system. Among clinicians, it is accepted that not every patient will progress in the same way, and there is high variability between clinical courses of MS in different patients. Modern therapies have shown to reduce new lesions and clinical relapses but lack effectiveness at halting underlying neurodegeneration at lesions, the localized inflammation on a small scale, chronic demyelination, and axonal and neuronal damage. Dietary metabolites have far-reaching and systemic effects. It has been suggested that diet can play an essential role in helping to modify immune system function to promote regulation as opposed to inflammation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease inflammation through conversion into anti-inflammatory prostaglandins E1 and E2, which affect cytokine production, leukocyte migration, and other immune system components. The Mediterranean style diet is a diet low in saturated fats, high in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, rich in fruits and vegetables, and low in processed foods (low salt content). Eating a Mediterranean-style diet can help reduce fatigue (as reported by patients) and change the clinical course favorably.
{"title":"Role of Diet and Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Managing Chronic Fatigue in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"Emiliya M. Ovcharova, M. Danovska, Diana L. Marinova, D. Pendicheva, P. Tonchev, Nicholas M. Shepherd","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with unclear and multifactorial etiology, variable clinical symptoms with different severity, and treatment with limited efficacy. Authors conclude that the immune system has a role in pathogenesis, and many modern therapies target the immune system. Among clinicians, it is accepted that not every patient will progress in the same way, and there is high variability between clinical courses of MS in different patients. Modern therapies have shown to reduce new lesions and clinical relapses but lack effectiveness at halting underlying neurodegeneration at lesions, the localized inflammation on a small scale, chronic demyelination, and axonal and neuronal damage. Dietary metabolites have far-reaching and systemic effects. It has been suggested that diet can play an essential role in helping to modify immune system function to promote regulation as opposed to inflammation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease inflammation through conversion into anti-inflammatory prostaglandins E1 and E2, which affect cytokine production, leukocyte migration, and other immune system components. The Mediterranean style diet is a diet low in saturated fats, high in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, rich in fruits and vegetables, and low in processed foods (low salt content). Eating a Mediterranean-style diet can help reduce fatigue (as reported by patients) and change the clinical course favorably.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"99 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78332848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary We investigated the effect of the administration of probiotics (PB) for the prevention of neonatal jaundice (NJ) in 315 full-term newborns (NBs). We grouped them according to the type and duration of PB intake: A – 5 days L. rhamnosus; B – 5 days L. reteri; C – 5 days B. animalis; D – 30 days L. rhamnosus; E – 30 days L. reuteri, F – 30 days B. animalis; G – without PB. Bilirubin (BR) was measured from 1st to 5th, on 14th, and on 28th day. The incidence of pathologic NJ in groups A&D, B&E, C&F, and G was 37, 36, 29, and 44%, respectively. During first five days, the lowest BR levels were found in Group C, the highest in Group G. BR levels on 14th and 28th days were not significantly different between groups A and D, B and E, C and F. The lowest levels of BR on the same days were found in group F and the highest in group E. The prophylactic use of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri and B. animalis in full-term NBs significantly reduced the incidence and continuance of NJ. Duration of taking PB significantly affects the development of NJ. The most pronounced effect was when B. animalis was added.
{"title":"Probiotic Prophylaxis of Neonatal Jaundice","authors":"Tatyana D. Itova, V. Georgieva","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Summary We investigated the effect of the administration of probiotics (PB) for the prevention of neonatal jaundice (NJ) in 315 full-term newborns (NBs). We grouped them according to the type and duration of PB intake: A – 5 days L. rhamnosus; B – 5 days L. reteri; C – 5 days B. animalis; D – 30 days L. rhamnosus; E – 30 days L. reuteri, F – 30 days B. animalis; G – without PB. Bilirubin (BR) was measured from 1st to 5th, on 14th, and on 28th day. The incidence of pathologic NJ in groups A&D, B&E, C&F, and G was 37, 36, 29, and 44%, respectively. During first five days, the lowest BR levels were found in Group C, the highest in Group G. BR levels on 14th and 28th days were not significantly different between groups A and D, B and E, C and F. The lowest levels of BR on the same days were found in group F and the highest in group E. The prophylactic use of L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri and B. animalis in full-term NBs significantly reduced the incidence and continuance of NJ. Duration of taking PB significantly affects the development of NJ. The most pronounced effect was when B. animalis was added.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"186 1","pages":"158 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79389677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Acquired enterocutaneous fistulas are a considerable problem of abdominal surgery. In most cases, they result from surgical intervention. There are different classifications based on different signs and factors. We aimed to summarize the management principles for patients with acquired enterocutaneous fistulas. Critical evaluation of the data available from existing studies. The therapeutic regimen includes nutritional support, sepsis control, skin care, and, possibly, surgical treatment. Surgical interventions are considered in high-output small bowel fistulas. The treatment is continuous and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
{"title":"Acquired Enterocutaneous Fistulas: Classification and Treatment","authors":"P. Vladova, S. Iliev","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Acquired enterocutaneous fistulas are a considerable problem of abdominal surgery. In most cases, they result from surgical intervention. There are different classifications based on different signs and factors. We aimed to summarize the management principles for patients with acquired enterocutaneous fistulas. Critical evaluation of the data available from existing studies. The therapeutic regimen includes nutritional support, sepsis control, skin care, and, possibly, surgical treatment. Surgical interventions are considered in high-output small bowel fistulas. The treatment is continuous and requires a multidisciplinary approach.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"24 1","pages":"105 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82562593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The pandemic caused by COVID-19 infection almost two years ago is associated with many unknown multi-organ damages, including the endocrine system. Based on the fact that endocrine gland tissues express ACE-2 and TMPRSS2, it has been suggested that they may be directly attacked by the virus and cause toxic effects on them directly or indirectly by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones are crucial for the course and progression of the disease and modulate the magnitude of the immune response and adaptation to stress. The aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art in the COVID-19 and endocrine problems in its clinical and pathophysiological part and to answer the question of to what extent patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of adverse outcomes.
{"title":"COVID-19: Some Pathophysiological and Endocrine Aspects","authors":"K. Todorova","doi":"10.2478/jbcr-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jbcr-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The pandemic caused by COVID-19 infection almost two years ago is associated with many unknown multi-organ damages, including the endocrine system. Based on the fact that endocrine gland tissues express ACE-2 and TMPRSS2, it has been suggested that they may be directly attacked by the virus and cause toxic effects on them directly or indirectly by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones are crucial for the course and progression of the disease and modulate the magnitude of the immune response and adaptation to stress. The aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art in the COVID-19 and endocrine problems in its clinical and pathophysiological part and to answer the question of to what extent patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of adverse outcomes.","PeriodicalId":15099,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research","volume":"88 1","pages":"112 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90922301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}