imperial center alongside the ways urban residents managed essential tasks. “Urban Culture and Daily Life” encompasses descriptions of cities and urban life, and in this section Lincoln attempts to convey how the experience of inhabiting a city might differ from that of the countryside. The structure of the book is logical, and China specialists will find it useful for the way it crystallizes important themes. Each chapter includes helpful maps and suggestions for further reading. Those unfamiliar with Chinese history, however, may find the early chapters particularly challenging. The “Urban System” section of Chapter 1, for example, describes developments from the earliest settlements to the Han Dynasty, but the “Urban Planning and Governance” and “Urban Culture and Daily Life” sections then jump around within that vast timespan, leaving the reader a bit dizzy. The organization and argument become more manageable in later chapters, where the time periods are much shorter. Lincoln’s textbook is an extremely useful tool, but you will want to use it with care. It is schematic rather than encyclopedic, and despite its wide scope, the emphasis lies mainly on recent developments. If you are looking for an introductory text, or if you are considering assigning chapters of this book in global urban history courses, you would be wise to devote time to helping students navigate the early chapters. More advanced students will appreciate the book’s many strengths on their own. For my part, I admire how Lincoln foregrounds the historical legacies of administrative centralization, economic interconnection, and cultural production in China today while still conveying the many transformations of Chinese urban forms.
{"title":"Ordering the Myriad Things: From Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Botany By Nicholas K. Menzies. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021. 312 pp. $ 99.00 (cloth) $30.00 (paper)","authors":"Jia-Chen Fu","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.17","url":null,"abstract":"imperial center alongside the ways urban residents managed essential tasks. “Urban Culture and Daily Life” encompasses descriptions of cities and urban life, and in this section Lincoln attempts to convey how the experience of inhabiting a city might differ from that of the countryside. The structure of the book is logical, and China specialists will find it useful for the way it crystallizes important themes. Each chapter includes helpful maps and suggestions for further reading. Those unfamiliar with Chinese history, however, may find the early chapters particularly challenging. The “Urban System” section of Chapter 1, for example, describes developments from the earliest settlements to the Han Dynasty, but the “Urban Planning and Governance” and “Urban Culture and Daily Life” sections then jump around within that vast timespan, leaving the reader a bit dizzy. The organization and argument become more manageable in later chapters, where the time periods are much shorter. Lincoln’s textbook is an extremely useful tool, but you will want to use it with care. It is schematic rather than encyclopedic, and despite its wide scope, the emphasis lies mainly on recent developments. If you are looking for an introductory text, or if you are considering assigning chapters of this book in global urban history courses, you would be wise to devote time to helping students navigate the early chapters. More advanced students will appreciate the book’s many strengths on their own. For my part, I admire how Lincoln foregrounds the historical legacies of administrative centralization, economic interconnection, and cultural production in China today while still conveying the many transformations of Chinese urban forms.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"386 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41978707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rise of the Mongols: Five Chinese Sources Edited and translated by Christopher Pratt Atwood, with Lynn Struve. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2021. 229pp. $16.00 (paper)","authors":"M. Biran","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"365 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47502123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
likely that both philosophies (and other schools) had their followers at all times but were more or less favored under different circumstances. Far from sentiments of a bygone age, we can see echoes of the Li and Staunton in the post-1860 era of diplomatic and cultural exchanges, from the diaries of diplomats and travelers telling the same kinds of heroic and complex tales, even in the eras of imperialism and nationalism. It would be interesting to know under which circumstances different approaches to translation prevailed, and how they interacted historically.
{"title":"The Making of Song Dynasty History: Sources and Narratives, 960–1279 CE By Charles Hartman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 400 pp. $120.00 (cloth).","authors":"Christian de Pee","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"likely that both philosophies (and other schools) had their followers at all times but were more or less favored under different circumstances. Far from sentiments of a bygone age, we can see echoes of the Li and Staunton in the post-1860 era of diplomatic and cultural exchanges, from the diaries of diplomats and travelers telling the same kinds of heroic and complex tales, even in the eras of imperialism and nationalism. It would be interesting to know under which circumstances different approaches to translation prevailed, and how they interacted historically.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46899051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract As one of the most influential CCP campaigns that dramatically transformed the Chinese pre-revolutionary society, the early 1950s land reform has not been fully explored in the case of China's ethnic periphery. This article sheds light on the CCP's land reform and its impact on China's ethnic frontier by examining the official policies, implementation, and the reactions of the southern Muslim community in Yunnan between 1949 and 1958. Drawing on county government work team reports and the Party's land reform policy and evaluation records, it argues that although southern Yunnan Muslims were able to selectively internalize some Communist secular ideologies to cope with social and political changes that land reform brought about, the inconsistency between the Party's freedom of religion policy on paper and its local implementation failed to mitigate the ideological discord between Maoist revolutionaries’ atheist worldview and Muslim villagers’ religiosity. This jeopardized the possibility of reconciliation between the class-struggle-focused radical state and the community life of its religious subjects.
{"title":"Land Reform in The Southern Yunnan Muslim Community: Growing Divergence Beneath The Socialist Rhetoric of Unity, 1949–1958","authors":"Xian Wang","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As one of the most influential CCP campaigns that dramatically transformed the Chinese pre-revolutionary society, the early 1950s land reform has not been fully explored in the case of China's ethnic periphery. This article sheds light on the CCP's land reform and its impact on China's ethnic frontier by examining the official policies, implementation, and the reactions of the southern Muslim community in Yunnan between 1949 and 1958. Drawing on county government work team reports and the Party's land reform policy and evaluation records, it argues that although southern Yunnan Muslims were able to selectively internalize some Communist secular ideologies to cope with social and political changes that land reform brought about, the inconsistency between the Party's freedom of religion policy on paper and its local implementation failed to mitigate the ideological discord between Maoist revolutionaries’ atheist worldview and Muslim villagers’ religiosity. This jeopardized the possibility of reconciliation between the class-struggle-focused radical state and the community life of its religious subjects.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"7 1","pages":"157 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44961321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
being his book on space. In one of Lewis’s anecdotes (this time from the Mencius), a court official protests that he alone respects his ruler since he alone offers criticism, while others do not trouble to do so. I share that official’s sentiments, when I say this book does not do what the book on space does: offer a survey of the perspectives of the historical actors themselves. To my mind, an ideal work devoted to honor and shame would map the contours of the shifting terrain of the vocabulary of “honor and shame” and the precise contexts in which new versions of these concepts erupt, sometimes within the same group of “intellectuals” or local magnates. I want to familiarize readers with a broader range of motivations and immediate situations that propelled people, high and low, to take action. The potential appeal of this book is nonetheless very wide—interested readers outside of the academy and undergraduates, as well as professional historians—and I suspect that different readers will happily take away different lessons. General readers outside the academy may find that its arguments resonate with what they have learned elsewhere, while offering a new lens through which to view the issues of honor and shame that introduces them to some classics of Chinese thought in the process. Undergraduates will learn from Lewis that the emotions are a fit topic for historical exploration, also that groups do not command stable power, even in remote antiquity, and many of the translations gathered within its pages are good to “think with.” His decision to trace the emergence of later “formal legal systems” to the honor-shame discourse is surely important, unless we should reverse cause-and-effect. (That the laws, ascriptive as well as descriptive, always reflect the norms of the powerful seems vital to register.) These are not paltry gifts to those of us who labor in “Area Studies,” and I am grateful. The framing is all.
{"title":"An Urban History of China By Toby Lincoln. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 286 pp. $29.99 (paper)","authors":"C. Wooldridge","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.18","url":null,"abstract":"being his book on space. In one of Lewis’s anecdotes (this time from the Mencius), a court official protests that he alone respects his ruler since he alone offers criticism, while others do not trouble to do so. I share that official’s sentiments, when I say this book does not do what the book on space does: offer a survey of the perspectives of the historical actors themselves. To my mind, an ideal work devoted to honor and shame would map the contours of the shifting terrain of the vocabulary of “honor and shame” and the precise contexts in which new versions of these concepts erupt, sometimes within the same group of “intellectuals” or local magnates. I want to familiarize readers with a broader range of motivations and immediate situations that propelled people, high and low, to take action. The potential appeal of this book is nonetheless very wide—interested readers outside of the academy and undergraduates, as well as professional historians—and I suspect that different readers will happily take away different lessons. General readers outside the academy may find that its arguments resonate with what they have learned elsewhere, while offering a new lens through which to view the issues of honor and shame that introduces them to some classics of Chinese thought in the process. Undergraduates will learn from Lewis that the emotions are a fit topic for historical exploration, also that groups do not command stable power, even in remote antiquity, and many of the translations gathered within its pages are good to “think with.” His decision to trace the emergence of later “formal legal systems” to the honor-shame discourse is surely important, unless we should reverse cause-and-effect. (That the laws, ascriptive as well as descriptive, always reflect the norms of the powerful seems vital to register.) These are not paltry gifts to those of us who labor in “Area Studies,” and I am grateful. The framing is all.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"384 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41333389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The way late imperial political elites in China positioned themselves in the tianxia—their life world—can be described as a balance between polity and locality, which was often accompanied by an enduring sense of local identity. This article argues that despite the fall of the tianxia concept in modern China, the age-old locality–polity relationship and the elite local identity did not disappear. Taking the flourishing local gazetteer production of the Republican era as a case, I suggest that instead of suppressing locality, the crisis of the polity and the coming of the nation-state in China brought it more to the foreground. The decline of locality in China's political culture occurred only after the communist takeover. The study makes use of the Local Gazetteer Research Tools (LoGaRT) developed by Max Planck Institute for the History of Sciences.
{"title":"Locality and Local Gazetteers in the Republic: A Case for the Continuity of Spatial Order","authors":"Yongtao Du","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.45","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The way late imperial political elites in China positioned themselves in the tianxia—their life world—can be described as a balance between polity and locality, which was often accompanied by an enduring sense of local identity. This article argues that despite the fall of the tianxia concept in modern China, the age-old locality–polity relationship and the elite local identity did not disappear. Taking the flourishing local gazetteer production of the Republican era as a case, I suggest that instead of suppressing locality, the crisis of the polity and the coming of the nation-state in China brought it more to the foreground. The decline of locality in China's political culture occurred only after the communist takeover. The study makes use of the Local Gazetteer Research Tools (LoGaRT) developed by Max Planck Institute for the History of Sciences.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"7 1","pages":"125 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45178181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper follows the developments in Chinese studies in Moscow and Leningrad–Saint Petersburg during the Soviet and post-Soviet decades. It provides an overview of institutions and key currents in research conducted in these two cities, while also contextualizing the general political conditions under which Sinology existed. The paper examines the ways researchers responded to the ideological requirements placed upon them in the early Soviet period, then outlines the main trends in Chinese studies after the establishment of the PRC and during the Sino-Soviet split, and, finally, traces the continuities and changes of the late Soviet and post-Soviet years. This article provides some information on existing bibliographical publications, conferences, and journals as an aid for following China-related research conducted in Russia. It also demonstrates that, while many problems continue to hamper the development of Sinology in Russia, this field has sound foundations and many promising tendencies.
{"title":"Sinology in Russia during the Soviet and Post-Soviet Periods: Research and Politics","authors":"Mariia Guleva","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.42","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper follows the developments in Chinese studies in Moscow and Leningrad–Saint Petersburg during the Soviet and post-Soviet decades. It provides an overview of institutions and key currents in research conducted in these two cities, while also contextualizing the general political conditions under which Sinology existed. The paper examines the ways researchers responded to the ideological requirements placed upon them in the early Soviet period, then outlines the main trends in Chinese studies after the establishment of the PRC and during the Sino-Soviet split, and, finally, traces the continuities and changes of the late Soviet and post-Soviet years. This article provides some information on existing bibliographical publications, conferences, and journals as an aid for following China-related research conducted in Russia. It also demonstrates that, while many problems continue to hamper the development of Sinology in Russia, this field has sound foundations and many promising tendencies.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"7 1","pages":"591 - 611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44863247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract By examining a series of events involving sightings of multicolored clouds and discoveries of colorful minerals in China's southwestern provinces, this article considers the political implications of natural manifestations of polychromy in the Yongzheng period. Through previously unexamined written and material correspondence between governor-general Ortai (1680–1745) and the Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–35), I argue that physical occurrences of color, both above and below ground, were understood as signs of Heavenly approval of the emperor's governance at a time of questionable military expansion into the Southwest. I also consider how celestial phenomena and colorful stones were translated into design motifs and carved into exclusive items at the Qing court, positing that these objects were understood as signs of the Yongzheng emperor's political legitimacy and concrete evidence of Qing control over the remote reaches of the empire.
{"title":"Ortai, the Yongzheng Emperor, and the Multicolored World of China's Southwestern Frontier","authors":"J. Bellemare","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.43","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract By examining a series of events involving sightings of multicolored clouds and discoveries of colorful minerals in China's southwestern provinces, this article considers the political implications of natural manifestations of polychromy in the Yongzheng period. Through previously unexamined written and material correspondence between governor-general Ortai (1680–1745) and the Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–35), I argue that physical occurrences of color, both above and below ground, were understood as signs of Heavenly approval of the emperor's governance at a time of questionable military expansion into the Southwest. I also consider how celestial phenomena and colorful stones were translated into design motifs and carved into exclusive items at the Qing court, positing that these objects were understood as signs of the Yongzheng emperor's political legitimacy and concrete evidence of Qing control over the remote reaches of the empire.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"254 1","pages":"101 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41262969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
nature of these works, but also because it belies the narratives these works put forward about the triumph of literati governance during the Song. In a companion volume (now in press) to the present book, Hartman will recount the contest between Confucian and non-Confucian practices of governance during the Song, and thus reconstruct the periods of technocratic governance that daoxue historiography has misrepresented or omitted. Because much of the interest and merit of The Making of Song Dynasty History lies in the precise, telling philological detail of Hartman’s analysis, a summary of its chapters and arguments can give only a general impression of its admirable accomplishments. Details matter in this book. By patient philological analysis, Hartman identifies the layers of source texts that compose the compendia and digests, including source texts that do not survive and are known only from descriptions. He counts the number of entries about successive reigns in the major historical sources of the Song in order to show the increasing disproportion between their treatment of the reigns favored by advocates of Confucian literati governance and their treatment of the reigns of emperors and officials opposed to such governance. He proves with greater authority than any previous historian that many cherished anecdotes and tropes of Song political history —such as Emperor Taizu’s retirement of his generals over a cup of wine at a banquet and the correlation of the political character of a reign period to the personal character of the reigning emperor—were invented to create false precedents for advocates of literati governance. In sum, Charles Hartman demonstrates exemplary precision in his methods and in his arguments. With a combination of traditional and innovative approaches, he shows the narrative and ideological cohesion of voluminous historical works and exposes as a fiction what centuries of historians have accepted as fact. Readers should discover the riches of Hartman’s research and analysis for themselves, whether they are interested in the political and intellectual history of the Song dynasty or in history and historiography more generally. For the study of the Song dynasty, certainly, The Making of Song Dynasty History is an indispensable book.
{"title":"The Politics of the Past in Early China By Vincent S. Leung. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 202 pp. $99.99 (cloth), $28.99 (paper), $23.00 (eBook)","authors":"Luke Habberstad","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.34","url":null,"abstract":"nature of these works, but also because it belies the narratives these works put forward about the triumph of literati governance during the Song. In a companion volume (now in press) to the present book, Hartman will recount the contest between Confucian and non-Confucian practices of governance during the Song, and thus reconstruct the periods of technocratic governance that daoxue historiography has misrepresented or omitted. Because much of the interest and merit of The Making of Song Dynasty History lies in the precise, telling philological detail of Hartman’s analysis, a summary of its chapters and arguments can give only a general impression of its admirable accomplishments. Details matter in this book. By patient philological analysis, Hartman identifies the layers of source texts that compose the compendia and digests, including source texts that do not survive and are known only from descriptions. He counts the number of entries about successive reigns in the major historical sources of the Song in order to show the increasing disproportion between their treatment of the reigns favored by advocates of Confucian literati governance and their treatment of the reigns of emperors and officials opposed to such governance. He proves with greater authority than any previous historian that many cherished anecdotes and tropes of Song political history —such as Emperor Taizu’s retirement of his generals over a cup of wine at a banquet and the correlation of the political character of a reign period to the personal character of the reigning emperor—were invented to create false precedents for advocates of literati governance. In sum, Charles Hartman demonstrates exemplary precision in his methods and in his arguments. With a combination of traditional and innovative approaches, he shows the narrative and ideological cohesion of voluminous historical works and exposes as a fiction what centuries of historians have accepted as fact. Readers should discover the riches of Hartman’s research and analysis for themselves, whether they are interested in the political and intellectual history of the Song dynasty or in history and historiography more generally. For the study of the Song dynasty, certainly, The Making of Song Dynasty History is an indispensable book.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"377 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47147529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Honor and Shame in Early China By Mark Edward Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 264 pp. £29.99 (cloth).","authors":"Michael Nylan","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"381 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56717017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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