{"title":"The Perils of Interpreting: The Extraordinary Lives of Two Translators between Qing China and the British Empire By Henrietta Harrison. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021. 341 pp. $29.95 / £25.00 (cloth).","authors":"J. Day","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"372 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48507797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on a close reading of 118 Tang epitaphs for those who died young, this paper explores how Tang parents remembered and recounted their children's lives as well as factors that contributed to the rise of intense expression of mourning. It finds that while descriptions in epitaphs for adults largely followed Confucian ideals of life course and gender roles, the epitaphs for the young are much less formulaic, allowing space and latitude for parents and families to impart anecdotes and emotions. More importantly, it argues that the rise of epitaphs for children (especially for daughters in the ninth century) reflected a strong influence of Buddhist perception of death and Buddhist mourning rituals. As a result, Tang parents ignored the restrictions and decorum stipulated in The Book of Rites and mourned their children with outward grief, regardless their age and gender.
{"title":"Coping with the Loss of a Child: Evidence from Tang Funerary Writing","authors":"Ping Yao","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.38","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on a close reading of 118 Tang epitaphs for those who died young, this paper explores how Tang parents remembered and recounted their children's lives as well as factors that contributed to the rise of intense expression of mourning. It finds that while descriptions in epitaphs for adults largely followed Confucian ideals of life course and gender roles, the epitaphs for the young are much less formulaic, allowing space and latitude for parents and families to impart anecdotes and emotions. More importantly, it argues that the rise of epitaphs for children (especially for daughters in the ninth century) reflected a strong influence of Buddhist perception of death and Buddhist mourning rituals. As a result, Tang parents ignored the restrictions and decorum stipulated in The Book of Rites and mourned their children with outward grief, regardless their age and gender.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"247 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41759487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"JCH volume 6 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45074762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ing the details of each subject in question that one can reach a more nuanced view of what was unique or common, so that no facile generalizations are made regarding the two cultures. What one used to consider unique to one culture may turn out to be not so unique, and vice versa. This is not to say that the author has reached any definitive conclusion or exhausted every possible explanation in the comparison between Egypt and China. Experts on each side of the comparison could certainly raise numerous quibbles about the details of facts and question the appropriateness of particular comparisons. Yet the purpose of review for these kind of books is to identify the major contributions of the author, pointing out the possible future direction of research that the book may initiate. The author has effectively demonstrated that meaningful comparison between different cultures can be done as long as one follows a principle, in this case structural similarities in cultural-historical developments, and, of course, done enough work on both sides. To compare an apple with an orange could indeed be fruitful, as new appreciation of the taste of each could, when one cuts into the fruit, emerge from a comparison. Where or in what direction should students who are interested in doing comparative work go? I would suggest that comparison for the sake of comparison would not do. There needs to be a genuine interest and passion in seeing humanity as a whole, and different historical traditions as variations of a central theme. If human beings belong to one species, what is the meaning of similarities and differences that we observe, and how should we as students of humanity position ourselves when equipped with some understanding derived from comparison? Professor Barbieri-Low’s new book certainly provides numerous clues to the possible answer to this question, and further elaborations should be encouraged.
{"title":"Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept Since 1840 By Maria Adele Carrai. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2019. xv + 274 pp. $94.60 (cloth).","authors":"P. Zarrow","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.24","url":null,"abstract":"ing the details of each subject in question that one can reach a more nuanced view of what was unique or common, so that no facile generalizations are made regarding the two cultures. What one used to consider unique to one culture may turn out to be not so unique, and vice versa. This is not to say that the author has reached any definitive conclusion or exhausted every possible explanation in the comparison between Egypt and China. Experts on each side of the comparison could certainly raise numerous quibbles about the details of facts and question the appropriateness of particular comparisons. Yet the purpose of review for these kind of books is to identify the major contributions of the author, pointing out the possible future direction of research that the book may initiate. The author has effectively demonstrated that meaningful comparison between different cultures can be done as long as one follows a principle, in this case structural similarities in cultural-historical developments, and, of course, done enough work on both sides. To compare an apple with an orange could indeed be fruitful, as new appreciation of the taste of each could, when one cuts into the fruit, emerge from a comparison. Where or in what direction should students who are interested in doing comparative work go? I would suggest that comparison for the sake of comparison would not do. There needs to be a genuine interest and passion in seeing humanity as a whole, and different historical traditions as variations of a central theme. If human beings belong to one species, what is the meaning of similarities and differences that we observe, and how should we as students of humanity position ourselves when equipped with some understanding derived from comparison? Professor Barbieri-Low’s new book certainly provides numerous clues to the possible answer to this question, and further elaborations should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"148 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42740268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Timber and Forestry in Qing China: Sustaining the Market By Meng Zhang. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021. 280pp. $99.00 (cloth), $30.00 (paper)","authors":"Madeleine Zelin","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"189 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47121187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article analyzes the instrumentalization of “China” in contacts between the Ming and Qing dynasties and Siam-Ayutthaya. It focuses both on the state-to-state relations and those between various members of the Siamese and the imperial societies. “China” and “Chinese-ness” stood for forms of ascribed identity within the Sinocentric world, for a form of social distinction, and for one of many identities assumed in the games of political loyalty. For the Ming and Qing empires, inclusion of a foreign land within “China” was conducted through the ritual and administrative fictions that situated Ayutthaya within a hierarchy vis-à-vis the imperial capital. Beyond the state's discourses, participation in a vaguely defined Chinese culture were means of building social networks within the merchant and official communities in Ayutthaya. For the junkmen that connected Ayutthaya and South China, multiple Chinese identities were instrumentalized and inflected according to the needs and necessities of the moment.
{"title":"Instrumentalization of “China” in Southeast Asia's Global Entrepôt: Ayutthaya in the Times of the Ming and the Early Qing Dynasties","authors":"I. Chabrowski","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.37","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes the instrumentalization of “China” in contacts between the Ming and Qing dynasties and Siam-Ayutthaya. It focuses both on the state-to-state relations and those between various members of the Siamese and the imperial societies. “China” and “Chinese-ness” stood for forms of ascribed identity within the Sinocentric world, for a form of social distinction, and for one of many identities assumed in the games of political loyalty. For the Ming and Qing empires, inclusion of a foreign land within “China” was conducted through the ritual and administrative fictions that situated Ayutthaya within a hierarchy vis-à-vis the imperial capital. Beyond the state's discourses, participation in a vaguely defined Chinese culture were means of building social networks within the merchant and official communities in Ayutthaya. For the junkmen that connected Ayutthaya and South China, multiple Chinese identities were instrumentalized and inflected according to the needs and necessities of the moment.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"69 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43890137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"JCH volume 6 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/jch.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":" ","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47309518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article uses a new theoretical and methodological framework to reconstruct a story of two children from fieldnotes collected by anthropologists Arthur and Margery Wolf in rural Taiwan (1958 to 1960). Through the case of a brother–sister dyad, it examines the moral life of young children and provides a rare glimpse into sibling relationship in peer and family contexts. First, combining social network analysis and NLP text-analytics, this article introduces a general picture of these siblings’ life in the peer community. Moreover, drawing from naturalistic observations and projective tests, it offers an ethnographic analysis of how children support each other and assert themselves. It emphasizes the role of child-to-child ties in moral learning, in contrast to the predominant focus of parent–child ties in the study of Chinese families. It challenges assumptions of the Chinese “child training” model and invites us to take children's moral psychology seriously and re-discover their agency.
{"title":"Learning Morality with Siblings: The Untold Tale of a Mid-Twentieth Century Taiwanese Family","authors":"Jing Xu","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article uses a new theoretical and methodological framework to reconstruct a story of two children from fieldnotes collected by anthropologists Arthur and Margery Wolf in rural Taiwan (1958 to 1960). Through the case of a brother–sister dyad, it examines the moral life of young children and provides a rare glimpse into sibling relationship in peer and family contexts. First, combining social network analysis and NLP text-analytics, this article introduces a general picture of these siblings’ life in the peer community. Moreover, drawing from naturalistic observations and projective tests, it offers an ethnographic analysis of how children support each other and assert themselves. It emphasizes the role of child-to-child ties in moral learning, in contrast to the predominant focus of parent–child ties in the study of Chinese families. It challenges assumptions of the Chinese “child training” model and invites us to take children's moral psychology seriously and re-discover their agency.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"337 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44875391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian M. Miller's important book follows the impact of the Chinese state and economy on the forests of southern China, from the eleventh through sixteenth centuries. Besides providing a new narrative of forest history, based on the scouring of official sources, his helpful comparisons to Europe and Japan ask us to rethink how we periodize Chinese history and evaluate the success of the imperial state.
{"title":"Fir and Empire: The Transformation of Forests in Early Modern China, Reviewed by Peter C. Perdue","authors":"P. Perdue","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.27","url":null,"abstract":"Ian M. Miller's important book follows the impact of the Chinese state and economy on the forests of southern China, from the eleventh through sixteenth centuries. Besides providing a new narrative of forest history, based on the scouring of official sources, his helpful comparisons to Europe and Japan ask us to rethink how we periodize Chinese history and evaluate the success of the imperial state.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"170 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45437657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korea fail? (Perhaps the concept of sovereignty was only tangential.) And what of pan-Asianism in the larger discourse of sovereignty? At times, Carrai seems to accept that modern international law is amoral, or at least less moral than premodern cosmologies, but this is a position that needs better grounding. This work, erudite though it is, also suffers from some odd declarations. For example, “the emperor was in charge of both Heavenly and earthly affairs” (36). It is basically misleading to consider Kang Youwei a Darwinist (99). “The idea of self-determination drove the 1919 Paris Peace Conference after the First World War” (112). “Over the past thirty years, sovereignty, the principle of noninterference, and relations between state and individual have gradually transformed to favor individuals and their rights” (183)—maybe so, but I wonder. The title of Zhang Zhidong’s treatise should be translated as Exhortation to Learning (82). Some of the romanization is inaccurate; particularly annoying are repeated references to the “Sino-Meji War” for the First Sino-Japanese (Meiji) War, and it is unfortunate that Cambridge University Press did not use a better qualified copy-editor. Notwithstanding the quibbles above, this book should be read by historians, political scientists, and diplomats alike. Looking back over China’s century of pursuing national sovereignty, Carrai rightly warns us not to try to match Chinese concepts exactly onto Western ones and that indeed imperial conceptions remain relevant.
{"title":"World History and National Identity in China: The Twentieth Century By Xin Fan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. xiii + 251 pp. £75.00 (cloth)","authors":"P. Zarrow","doi":"10.1017/jch.2021.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jch.2021.26","url":null,"abstract":"Korea fail? (Perhaps the concept of sovereignty was only tangential.) And what of pan-Asianism in the larger discourse of sovereignty? At times, Carrai seems to accept that modern international law is amoral, or at least less moral than premodern cosmologies, but this is a position that needs better grounding. This work, erudite though it is, also suffers from some odd declarations. For example, “the emperor was in charge of both Heavenly and earthly affairs” (36). It is basically misleading to consider Kang Youwei a Darwinist (99). “The idea of self-determination drove the 1919 Paris Peace Conference after the First World War” (112). “Over the past thirty years, sovereignty, the principle of noninterference, and relations between state and individual have gradually transformed to favor individuals and their rights” (183)—maybe so, but I wonder. The title of Zhang Zhidong’s treatise should be translated as Exhortation to Learning (82). Some of the romanization is inaccurate; particularly annoying are repeated references to the “Sino-Meji War” for the First Sino-Japanese (Meiji) War, and it is unfortunate that Cambridge University Press did not use a better qualified copy-editor. Notwithstanding the quibbles above, this book should be read by historians, political scientists, and diplomats alike. Looking back over China’s century of pursuing national sovereignty, Carrai rightly warns us not to try to match Chinese concepts exactly onto Western ones and that indeed imperial conceptions remain relevant.","PeriodicalId":15316,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"150 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43298605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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